Professional Documents
Culture Documents
One side believes that the ancient Egyptians, Greeks, and Romans
played a precursor to tennis. Drawings or descriptions of any tennis-like games
have not been discovered, but a few Arabic words dating from ancient Egyptian
times are cited as evidence. The theory says that the name tennis derives from
the Egyptian town of Tinnis alongside the Nile and the word racquet evolved from
the Arabic word for palm of the hand, rahat.
Aside
from these two words, evidence
for any form of tennis preceding the year
1000 is lacking, and most historians
credit the first origins of the game to
11th or 12th century French monks, who
began playing a crude handball against
their monastery walls or over a rope
strung across a courtyard. The game
took on the name jeu de paume, which
means "game of the hand." Many who
dispute more ancient origins argue that tennis derived from the French tenez,
which meant something to the effect of "take this," said as one player would
serve to the other.
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The game's popularity dwindled almost to zero during the 1700s, but in 1850,
Charles Goodyear invented a vulcanization process for rubber, and during the
1850s, players began to experiment with using the bouncier rubber balls
outdoors on grass. An outdoor game was, of course, completely different from an
indoor game played off walls, so several new sets of rules were formulated.
In 1874, Major Walter C. Wingfield patented in London the equipment and rules
for a game fairly similar to modern tennis. In the same year, the first courts
appeared in the United States. By the following year, equipment sets had been
sold for use in Russia, India, Canada, and China.
Croquet was highly popular at this time, and the smooth croquet courts proved
readily adaptable for tennis. Wingfield's original court had the shape of an
hourglass, narrowest at the net, and it was shorter than the modern court. His
rules were subjected to considerable criticism, and he revised them in 1875, but
he soon left the further development of the game to others.
In 1877, the All England Club held the first Wimbledon tournament, and its
tournament committee came up with a rectangular court and a set of rules that
are essentially the game we know today. The net was still five feet high at the
sides, a carryover from the game's indoor ancestor, and the service boxes were
26 feet deep, but by 1882, the specifications had evolved to their current form.
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TENNIS EQUIPMENTS
Racquets
Modern tennis racquets vary in length, weight, and head size. 21" to 26" is
normally a junior's length, while 27" or 27.5" are for stronger and taller adult
players. Weights of a racquet also vary between 8 ounces unstrung and 12.5
ounces unstrung. Head size also plays a role in a racquet's qualities. A larger
head size generally means more power, and a larger "sweet spot" that is more
forgiving on off-center hits. A smaller head size offers more precise control. Head
sizes of recent racquets vary between 85 sq. inches and 137 sq. inches.
Ball
Tennis balls must conform to certain criteria for size, weight, deformation, and
bounce criteria to be approved for regulation play. The International Tennis
Federation (ITF) defines the official diameter as "more than" 2 and 1/2 inches but
"less than" 2 and 5/8 inches. Balls must weigh more than two ounces but less
than 2 and 1/16 ounces. Yellow and white are the only colors approved by the
United States Tennis Association (USTA) and ITF, and most balls produced are
fluorescent yellow (known as "optic yellow") the color first being introduced in
1972 following research demonstrating they were more visible on television.
Tennis balls are filled with air and are surfaced by a uniform felt-covered rubber
compound. Often the balls will have a number on them in addition to the brand
name. This helps distinguish one set of balls from another of the same brand on
an adjacent court.[3][4]
Tennis balls begin to lose their bounce as soon as the tennis ball can is opened
and can be tested to determine their bounce. A ball is tested for bounce by
dropping it from a height of 100 inches (2.5 m) onto concrete; a bounce between
53 and 58 inches (1.35 - 1.47 m) is acceptable (if taking place at sea-level and
20°C / 68°F; high-altitude balls have different characteristics when tested at sea-
level). Modern regulation tennis balls are kept under pressure (approximately two
atmospheres) until initially used.
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Tennis Court
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By winning a coin toss or a spin of the racquet, A gets to choose one of the
following:
• serve
• receive serve
• choose an end of the court
• have B choose
Let's say A chooses to serve. B then gets to choose an end of the court. A may
serve from anywhere behind her baseline between the right singles sideline and
the center mark. The serve must be struck before the ball bounces, and it must
land in the service box diagonally opposite her. She gets two chances to get a
serve in. If she misses both, she loses the point. If a serve that is otherwise good
nicks the net on its way in, it is redone.
If A gets her serve in, B must return the ball, after exactly one bounce, into any
part of A's singles court. A and B must then return the ball, after no more than
one bounce, into one another's singles court until one of them misses.
A will serve from the left side of her baseline for the second point of the game,
and she will continue to alternate right and left for the start of each point of the
game.
Let's say A wins the first point. At the start of the next point, she must announce
the score, her point total first: "15 - love." (Love = 0.)
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If B wins the next point, the score is "40 all," which is called "deuce." At deuce,
one player must win the next two points to win the game. If, at deuce, A wins the
next point, she has the advantage, and the score is called "ad in," which means
server's advantage. If B had won that point, the score would have been "ad out."
If the player having the advantage wins the following point, he or she wins that
game. If the player with the advantage loses the point, the score returns to
deuce.
With traditional scoring, games can go back and forth from deuce to ad over and
over. The "No Ad" variation on the scoring within games allows for a game to be
won by a margin of one point. Instead of "15," "30," and "40" used to note points,
players may use "1," "2," and "3." At "3 all," the receiver may choose whether to
receive in the left or right service box. The winner of that point wins the game.
At the end of the first and every odd-numbered game, the players switch ends of
the court, and the player who served the previous game now receives serve. The
server always begins a game by serving from the right. At the start of each game,
she announces the number of games each has won, starting with her own score,
for example, "3 - 2."
Once a player has won six games by a margin of two or more, he or she has won
the set. If the score within a set reaches 6 - 6, the players may either continue to
try to reach a margin of two (such as 8 - 6 or 9 - 7), or they may play a tie-break
to decide the set. In tournament play, this choice will have been determined in
advance, but recreational players often choose whichever option appeals to them
at the moment.
In a standard "12-point tie break" (best of 12), one player must win seven points
by a margin or two or more. The player who received in the game preceding the
tie-break serves the first point of the tie-break, starting from the right. The other
player then serves the next two points, the first from the left, then the second
from the right. Each player continues serving two points per turn. Points are
scored with counting numbers ("1, 2, 3 . . ."). When the point total reaches six
and each multiple of six, the players switch ends of the court.
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If the previous set ended with an odd-numbered total of games, the players
switch ends to begin the new set. (A tie-break counts as one game.) They will
switch ends after every odd game through each set.
At the start of a new set, the player who received in the last game of the previous
set (or received first in the tie-break) now serves.
Completing a Match
In most tournaments, the first player to win two sets (best of three) wins the
match. In a few events, such as men's Grand Slam tournaments, one must win
three sets (best of five). Where time or fitness impose limits on the length of
matches, a tie-break is sometimes used in place of a third set.
Recreational players often keep going until they're exhausted, even if one of
them has won four sets in a row.
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1. Forehands
2. Backhands
* Two-handed backhand
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3. Serves
4. Volleys
Roger Federer
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Country Switzerland
Residence Wollerau, Switzerland
Date of birth August 8, 1981 (age 26)
Place of birth Basel, Switzerland
Height 1.86 m (6 ft 1 in)
Weight 88.0 kg (194 lb/13.86 st)
Turned pro 1998
Right-handed; one-handed
Plays
backhand
Career prize
$41,721,169
money
Singles
Career record: 594–143
Career titles: 55
Highest ranking: No. 1 (February 2, 2004)
Grand Slam results
Australian Open W (2004, 2006, 2007)
French Open F (2006, 2007, 2008)
Wimbledon W (2003, 2004, 2005, 2006, 2007)
US Open W (2004, 2005, 2006, 2007)
Major tournaments
Masters Cup W (2003, 2004, 2006, 2007)
Olympic Games 4th place (2000)
Doubles
Career record: 105–70
Career titles: 7
Highest ranking: No. 24 (June 9, 2003)
Andy Roddick
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Andre Agassi
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Lleyton Hewitt
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Country Australia
Residence Sydney, Australia
Date of birth 24 February 1981 (age 27)
Place of birth Adelaide, Australia
Height 1.80 m (5 ft 11 in)
Weight 78 kg (170 lb/12.3 st)
Turned pro 1998
Right-handed; two-handed
Plays
backhand
Career prize
$17,530,263
money
Singles
Career record: 482 - 159
Career titles: 26
Highest ranking: 1 (19 November 2001)
Grand Slam results
Australian Open F (2005)
French Open QF (2001, 2004)
Wimbledon W (2002)
US Open W (2001)
Major tournaments
Masters Cup W (2001, 2002)
Olympic Games 1R (2000)
Doubles
Career record: 72 - 52
Career titles: 2
Highest ranking: 18 (23 October 2000)
Novak Djokovic
Australian Open
Date of birth W (2001,
September2003)26, 1981 (age 26)
French
Place ofOpen
birth W (1999)
Saginaw, Michigan, U.S.
Wimbledon
Height W (2000,
5 ft 9 in2002,
(1.752008)
m)[1]
US Open
Weight W (1999)
150 lb (68 kg)[1]
Turned pro Major doubles
1995 tournaments
Olympic
Plays Games Gold medal
Right; (2000)
Two-handed backhand
Career prize money US$20,274,846
(5th in all-time rankings)
Singles
Career record: 388-82
Career titles: 31
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Women's Tennis
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Martina Hingis
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Nickname(s) Masha
Country Russia
Residence Bradenton, Florida, U.S.
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Career titles: 0
Highest ranking: No. 50 (September 25, 2006)
The tournament runs annually for 13 days from late June to early July, with the
climax being the men's singles final, scheduled for a Sunday. As of the 2008
tournament, five major events are contested, as well as four junior events and
four invitational events.
Wimbledon is third in the annual Grand Slam season. The hard court Australian
Open and clay court French Open precede Wimbledon. The hard court U.S.
Open follows. The grass court Queen's Club Championships also in London is a
popular warm up tournament for Wimbledon.
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US Open
The US Open tennis tournament is one of the oldest tennis championships in the
world, first contested in 1881.
The tournament is chronologically the fourth and final event of the Grand Slam
tennis tournaments. It is held annually in August and September over a two-week
period (the weeks before and after Labor Day weekend). The main tournament
consists of five championships: men's and women's singles, men's and women's
doubles, and mixed doubles, with additional tournaments for senior, junior, and
wheelchair players. Since 1978, the tournament has been played on acrylic hard
court at the USTA Billie Jean King National Tennis Center at Flushing Meadows-
Corona Park in the Queens borough of New York City.
The US Open differs from the other three Grand Slam tournaments in that there
are final-set tiebreaks. In the other three majors, the fifth set for the men and the
third set for the women continue until someone wins by two games.
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French Open
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History
In 1968, the French Championships became the first Grand Slam tournament to
go open, allowing both amateurs and professionals to compete.[6]
Since 1981, new prizes have been presented Prix Orange (the most fair-play and
the most press friendly player), Prix Citron (the player with the strongest
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character, personality) and Prix Bourgeon (the tennis player revelation of the
year).
Another novelty, since 2006 the tournament has begun on a Sunday, featuring 12
singles matches played on the three main courts.
In March 2007, it was announced that the event will provide equal prize money
for both men and women in all rounds for the first time ever.
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Tennis competitions at the 2008 Summer Olympics in Beijing were held from
August 10 to August 17 at the Olympic Green Tennis Centre. The DecoTurf
surface rendered the event a hardcourt tournament.
The women's single event proved notable for being one of only two Olympiads —
and the first since 1908 — in which all medalists were from the same country.[1]
Despite their singles victories, however, the Russian women failed to advance
past the quarterfinals of the women's doubles. Instead, Beijing brought the return
of the gold medal to the United States, following their only failure to capture the
gold since the event's re-introduction at the Seoul games.
The men's singles featured the first time an Olympian had medaled in
consecutive Olympiads since the 1920 games,[2] while the men's doubles gave
Switzerland its first medal in the event. The doubles also returned Sweden and
the United States to the medals stand for the first time since the 1988 re-
introduction of the sport.
Qualification
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The majority of players in the singles competitions (56 of 64 players in the draw)
gained entry through their position in either the ATP (men) or WTA (women)
rankings. The remaining eight places were given to six players who gained ITF
places (wild cards) and two who received invitations from the Tripartite
Commission, which were intended to go to National Olympic Committees (NOCs)
with small teams. For the doubles competitions, 10 players qualified directly. The
remaining 86 places were allocated by the International Tennis Federation (ITF)
based on world rankings. In the doubles, as in every team event at the Olympics,
athletes had to compete on the side of athletes from the same NOC. This method
of forming teams meant that Canadian world number one Daniel Nestor had to
find a new partner (his partner at the time was Serb Nenad Zimonjic) and led one
South African player, Liezel Huber, to seek U.S. citizenship so that she had the
opportunity to play. Each NOC could submit a maximum of 6 players; this sextet
could be composed of a maximum of four singles players and four doubles
players (two teams).
The rankings of July 9 were used to determine the direct entrants. A number of
tournaments, including the prestigious Wimbledon Championships took place
between this date and the time of the Games beginning, and some players re-
entered the qualification places during this time. Rainer Schuettler, who was
propelled up the rankings by his semi-final appearance at Wimbledon, went to
the Court of Arbitration for Sport and won his right to play at the Olympics,
provoking a hostile response from the ITF, as it was a deviation from their original
regulations.
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Pengerusi:
Naib Pengerusi:
Setiausaha:
AJK:
Muhaini Muning(Peralatan)
1. OBJEKTIF
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2. PERATURAN
2.1
Selain dari peraturan-peraturan yang terkandung, pertandingan ini akan
dijalankan mengikut Peraturan Tenis (Rules of Tennis) yang telah diluluskan dan
disediakan oleh Persekutuan Tenis Antarabangsa (ITF), bagi kesemua kategori
(Berpasukan dan Individu).
2.2
Semua keputusan yang dibuat oleh Jawatankuasa Teknikal ( Pengarah
Kejohanan & Referee ) dan Pertandingan Tenis Peringkat Sekolah 2008 adalah
muktamad
3. TARIKH PERTANDINGAN
Pertandingan Tenis Peringkat Sekolah akan diadakan pada 20hb Jun hingga
28hb Jun 2008.
4. TEMPAT PERTANDINGAN
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5. PENYERTAAN
5.1
Penyertaan adalah terbuka kepada semua pelajar Tahap II Sekolah Rendah
Kebangsaan Sijangkang.
5.2
Setiap kelas bolehlah mendaftarkan Satu (1) Pasukan Lelaki, iaitu seramai 6
orang maksima dan 4 orang minima bagi Acara Berpasukan. Acara Berpasukan
terbahagi kepada Dua (2) Perlawanan Perseorangan dan Satu (1) Perlawanan
Bergu.
5.3
Bagi Acara Individu, ianya terbuka kepada kesemua kelas dan setiap pemain
yang bermain di dalam Acara Berpasukan hanya dihadkan untuk menyertai Dua
(2) acara sahaja.
6.1
Hanya peserta yang bersekolah di Sekolah Kebangsaan sahaja layak
didaftarkan oleh setiap kelas.
6.2
Hanya peserta Pasukan Jemputan Luar yang mendapat kebenaran dari Urusetia
Pertandingan Sekolah Kebangsaan Sijangkang boleh menyertai.
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6.3
Setiap peserta yang didaftarkan mestilah disertakan dengan Salinan Surat
Beranak mereka bagi rujukan Jawatankuasa Penganjur Pertandingan Sekolah
Kebangsaan Sijangkang.
6.4
Semua senarai nama peserta kontinjen bagi Pertandingan Tenis mestilah
diberikan kepada pihak penganjur mengikut tarikh yang tersedia di Peraturan
Pertandingan Tenis Sekolah Kebangsaan Sijangkang. Mana-mana nama yang
diberikan selepas tarikh tutup pengantaran nama adalah tertakluk kepada
kebenaran Jawatankuasa Tertinggi Penganjur Pertandingan Sekolah
Kebangsaan Sijangkang
6.5
Kelayakan peserta bagi mewakili kontinjen mereka adalah tertakluk kepada
Peraturan Am Penganjur Pertandingan Sekolah Kebangsaan Sijangkang
7. SISTEM PERTANDINGAN
7.1
Semua perlawanan (Berpasukan dan Individu) akan dikira mengikut Tiga (3) set
tie break (3 Tie Break Set).
7.2
Semua peserta hendaklah melaporkan diri Lima Belas (15) minit sebelum
perlawanan dimulakan.
7.3
Bagi Acara Berpasukan:
7.3.1
Pusingan Awal
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Jikalau lebih dari Lima Pasukan, semua pasukan akan di undi dan di bahagikan
kepada 2 (Dua) Kumpulan A & B. Dua pasukan teratas di tiap kumpulan akan
mara ke separuh akhir. Perlawanan dalam Pusingan Awal ialah secara Liga
ataupun ”Knock-Out” (tertakluk kepada keramaian pasukan) bagi kedua-dua
Kumpulan atau sebaliknya. Setiap pasukan yang menang ditiap perlawanan
dalam pusingan awal akan mendapat Tiga (3) mata dan pasukan yang kalah
akan mendapat Kosong (0) mata. Sekiranya mata bagi pasukan adalah sama
maka kiraan ’Set’ akan di buat dan seterusnya jika masih mempunyai jumlah
yang sama maka jumlah ’Games’ akan diambil kira.
7.3.2
Pusingan Kedua / Separuh Akhir
Pasukan teratas akan di pisahkan manakala Pasukan kedua akan di undi untuk
memastikan pasukan yang mana akan mereka temui di pusingan separuh akhir
(Bagi Liga sahaja).
7.3.3
Pusingan Akhir
Dua Pasukan yang menang bertanding di pusingan separuh akhir akan mara
untuk menentukan Johan dan Naib Johan. Sementara Pasukan yang kalah di
pusingan Separuh Akhir akan bertanding bagi tempat Ketiga.
7.3.4
Untuk di istiharkan sebagai pemenang dalam setiap perlawanan berpasukan,
setiap pasukan mestilah memangi sekurang-kurangnya Dua (2) perlawanan.
Iaitu Dua (2) perlawanan perseorangan ataupun Satu (1) perlawanan
Perseorangan dan Satu (1) perlawanan Bergu.
7.3.5
Jika peserta perseorangan juga akan bermain di perlawanan Bergu, maka
tempoh rehat yang akan diberikan ialah Tiga Puluh (30) minit sahaja.
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7.3.6
Semua perlawanan berpasukan hendaklah di mulakan dengan Perseorangan
Pertama dan Kedua dan seterusnya Bergu sesudah selesainya perlawanan
perseorangan pertama dan kedua.
7.3.7
Senarai nama peserta bagi perseorangan pertama, kedua dan bergu mestilah
diserahkan kepada Ketua Pengadil (Referee) Tiga Puluh (30) minit sebelum
masa perlawanan yang akan ditetapkan oleh Ketua Pengadil. Hanya senarai
nama peserta bergu sahaja boleh diubah Lima Belas (15) sebelum perlawanan
bergu di jalankan.
7.4.1
Format bagi Acara Individu ialah ’Knock-Out’ sistem.
7.4.2
Senarai nama peserta bagi Acara Individu hendaklah diberikan kepada Ketua
Pengadil Sehari (1) sebelum acara dimulakan.
7.4.3
Undian bagi semua Acara Individu akan dibuat Sehari (1) sebelum acara
dimulakan.
7.4.4
Semua Jadual perlawanan bagi Acara Individu akan dikeluarkan sehari sebelum
perlawanan dijalankan.
8. PENGADIL
8.1
Pengadil Perlawanan hanya akan disediakan di semua Pusingan Separuh Akhir
Acara Berpasukan dan Individu.
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8.2
Jika terdapat sebarang perselisihan faham di sebarang perlawanan maka
peserta bolehlah memanggil Ketua Pengadil bagi membuat keputusan
muktamad.
9. HADIAH – HADIAH
Anggaran Perbelanjaan
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b. Kelembutan.
Kebolehan meregang otot atau ligamen bagi membolehkan sendiϖ
bergerak dengan bebas dalam julat pergerakan yang maksimum.
Contohnya aktiviti split.
c. Kekuatan Otot.
Daya yang dapat dikenakan kepada otot atau sekumpulan otot dalam
satu pengecutan maksimum.
Contohnyaϖ mengangkat objek besar.
e. Komposisi Badan.
Ia merujuk kepada peratus lemak dalam badan.
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a. Kordinasi.
Kebolehan menyesuaikan deria dengan otot bagi menghasilkan ketepatan,
kelicinan dan keharmonian pergerakan.
b. Ketangkasan.
Keupayaan menukar arah dengan cepat dan berkesan.
c. Kelajuan.
Keupayaan bergerak dariϖ satu titik ke titik berikut dengan cepat.
d. Imbangan.
Jenis koordinasi yang melibatkan penglihatan reflek dan sistem otot rangka
yang mana dapat mengekalkan keseimbangan.
e. Masa Tindakbalas.
Masa yangϖ diperlukan untuk bergerak balas atau memulakan pergerakan
setelah diberikan rangsangan.
f. Kuasa.
Keupayaan melakukan kerja dalam masa yang singkat.
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2. LATIHAN FIZIKAL
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