FABRICATION & CONSTRUCTION OF CLAP SWITCH

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CHAPTER
3.0 3.01 FABRICATION & CONSTRUCTION INTRODUCTION

The most important factor in assembling your Sound Activated Switch is good soldering techniques. Using the proper soldering iron is of prime importance. A small pencil type soldering iron of 25 - 40 watts is recommended. The tip of the iron must be kept clean at all times and well tinned.

STEP 1
3.02 HARDWARE: I'll start of by listing the part to be used. The box and the screws are not necessary for this project, but I'll add them to the list. RESISTORS R1, R5, R16 R3 R2, R6, R9, R13 R4, R10, R12, R14 R7 R8 = = = = = 22k 220k = 100k 10k

270k 4.7M

Emejom Justine, CSB0525620, OOU Physics, 500L, 2011 Building a Sound Activated Control Switch (Clap Switch)

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R11 R15 R17 P1 CAPACITORS C1, C3 C2, C4 C5, C6, C8, C9 C7 C10 SEMI CONDUCTORS Q1 Q2 U1 U2 LED CONDENSER MIC TRANSFORMER RELAY PROJECT BOX (SINGLE)

= = = =

1M 330k 4.7k 100k Trim Pot

= = = = =

10Nf 100nF 1nF 1F/16V Electrolytic 100F/16V Electrolytic

= = = = =

2N3904 MPS6531 4011 Integrated Circuit 4001 Integrated Circuit LED Red & White = Electret Microphone

12V/300mA = 9V SINGLE CHARGE OVER RELAY

1 ELECTRIC SOCKET WITH BLANK COVER

Emejom Justine, CSB0525620, OOU Physics, 500L, 2011 Building a Sound Activated Control Switch (Clap Switch)

FABRICATION & CONSTRUCTION OF CLAP SWITCH

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DOUBLE

ELECTRIC 13AMPS

SOCKET COVER

WITH &

SINGLE

CONSTRUCTED COVER FOR THE OTHER SIDE = = = = = BULB 13 AMPS PLUG WITH 1 YRD WIRE SCREWS & BOLT VERO BOARD SOLDERING IRON & LEAD LAMP HOLDER WITH 20W ELECTRIC

STEP 2

12V DC

3.03

REGULATED POWER SUPPLY

Fig.I. Block Diagram of Regulated Power Supply System

Fig.II. Regulated power supply using bridge rectifier

Emejom Justine, CSB0525620, OOU Physics, 500L, 2011 Building a Sound Activated Control Switch (Clap Switch)

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Due to the unreliability of a 9v battery being used as the power source for powering the circuit, I decided to use an a.c current of 220v and step it down by a 12v step down transformer and rectified it using a simple bridge rectifier after which the final signal is filtered by a large value electrolytic capacitor.

3.04

BRIDGE RECTIFIER

Fig.III Bridge Rectifier

wave varying DC
Alternate pairs of diodes conduct, changing over the connections so the alternating directions of AC are converted to the one direction of DC

Fig. IV. Output: full-

A bridge rectifier can be made using four individual diodes, but it is also available in special packages containing the four diodes It is a full-wave rectifier because it uses the entire AC wave (both positive and negative sections) and there are always two diodes conducting. 3.05 SMOOTHING (FILTERING)

Smoothing is performed by a large value electrolytic capacitor connected across the DC supply to act as a reservoir, supplying
Emejom Justine, CSB0525620, OOU Physics, 500L, 2011 Building a Sound Activated Control Switch (Clap Switch)

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current to the output when the varying DC voltage from the rectifier is falling. The diagram shows the unsmoothed varying DC (dotted line) and the smoothed DC (solid line). The capacitor charges quickly near peak the of the

varying DC, and then discharges as it supplies current to the output.

Fig.v. Filtering in a full wave rectifier

Smoothing is not perfect due to the capacitor voltage fall a little as it discharges, giving a small ripple voltage. For many circuits a ripple which is 10% of the supply voltage is satisfactory and the equation below gives the required value for the smoothing capacitor. Smoothing capacitor for 10% ripple, C = 12 Io

Emejom Justine, CSB0525620, OOU Physics, 500L, 2011 Building a Sound Activated Control Switch (Clap Switch)

FABRICATION & CONSTRUCTION OF CLAP SWITCH

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Vs x f

12V 12V
12V

STEP 3
4011

3.06

THE SIGNAL AMPLIFIER

3.61 The Microphone and the Amplifier

As you can see from the picture below, we have an electret microphone connected to the ground line, and to one end of a 10k resistor. The other end of the resistor is tied to the 12v line. When an audio sound is sensed by the microphone, it changes that audio signal into a voltage that emulates the tone picked up. We can use that noise, but first we have to condition it. To rid ourselves of the dc component, we ac-couple the signal using a coupling capacitor. This signal will be extremely small, so we must first amplify it. We
Emejom Justine, CSB0525620, OOU Physics, 500L, 2011 Building a Sound Activated Control Switch (Clap Switch)

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are

going to a quad

do that using op-amp has 4x IC. on-

This chip board are only two of

op-amps. We going to use them.

STEP 4
3.07 THE BRAIN AND THE RELAY SWITCH

Emejom Justine, CSB0525620, OOU Physics, 500L, 2011 Building a Sound Activated Control Switch (Clap Switch)

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3.071

The Brain:

This chip has an on-board internal oscillator, which exterminates any necessary external driving hardware, such as a crystal oscillator. We really only need 5v ground.

3.072

The Relay Switch:

In order to drive our 9v relay using the output of a PIC, we have to set up a driver circuit, which in this case is a simple NPN transistor, and a diode. The base of the transistor is protected by a 10k ohm resistor. You want to make sure that you are using this, or else you will over-drive your transistor. When outputs 9v (high or set), then the base of the NPN transistor is activated, allowing 9v to pass through the internal coil of the relay, and thereby creating a magnetic field that toggles the internal switch. When 0, is cleared (0v), then the transistor is deactivated, and the path from 9v to ground along the coil stops dead. The magnetic field then

collapses, and the relay switches back to default state. In other words, if you used the configuration below, you have 9v at the common wiper of the SPDT (Single pull double throw) relay. In default setting, the wiper is connected to the NC (Normally
Emejom Justine, CSB0525620, OOU Physics, 500L, 2011 Building a Sound Activated Control Switch (Clap Switch)

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connected) pin of the relay. When the relay is activated, the wiper connects to the NO (Normally open) pin of the relay, and power is applied to the LED. When the relay is deactivated, the wiper reconnects to the NC pin, and the path from 9v to the LED is broken.

3.08

SAFETY PROCEDURES

Wear eye protection when soldering. Locate soldering iron in an area where you do not have to go around it or reach over it. Do not hold solder in your mouth. Solder contains lead and is a toxic substance.
Wash your hands thoroughly after handling solder.

Be sure that there is adequate ventilation present. 3.09 ASSEMBLE COMPONENTS

In all of the following assembly steps, the components must be installed on the top side of the Vero board. The leads pass through the corresponding holes in the board and are soldered on the foil side.

Emejom Justine, CSB0525620, OOU Physics, 500L, 2011 Building a Sound Activated Control Switch (Clap Switch)

FABRICATION & CONSTRUCTION OF CLAP SWITCH

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Emejom Justine, CSB0525620, OOU Physics, 500L, 2011 Building a Sound Activated Control Switch (Clap Switch)

FABRICATION & CONSTRUCTION OF CLAP SWITCH

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3.10. BOARD

SCHEMATIC FOR ASSEMBLING COMPONENTS ON

3.11

TROUBLE SHOOTING

1. One of the most frequently occurring problems is poor solder connections. a) Tug slightly on all parts to make sure that they are indeed soldered. b) All solder connections should be shiny. Re-solder any that are not. c) Solder should flow into a smooth puddle rather than a round ball. Re-solder any connection that has formed into a ball. d) Have any solder bridges formed? A solder bridge may occur if you accidentally touch an adjacent foil by using too much solder or by dragging the soldering iron across adjacent foils. Break the bridge with your soldering iron. 2. Be sure that all components have been mounted in their correct places. a) The LED will not light if it has not been installed correctly. The flat side of the LED should be in the same direction as shown in the top legend.

Emejom Justine, CSB0525620, OOU Physics, 500L, 2011 Building a Sound Activated Control Switch (Clap Switch)

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b) Are capacitors C7 and C10 installed correctly? These capacitors have polarity, be sure that the positive lead is in the correct hole. c) Be sure that the ICs are installed correctly. d) Be sure that transistors Q1 and Q2 have been installed correctly. The flat side should be in the same direction as shown on the top legend. e) Microphones have polarity. The negative lead is always from the pad and shorted to the case. The PC board is marked to show the lead positioning.

Emejom Justine, CSB0525620, OOU Physics, 500L, 2011 Building a Sound Activated Control Switch (Clap Switch)