Syllabus (Abbreviations after labs indicate their source, # refer to recommended AP Lab Program, Labs are

modied from their original source, with the labs from Advance Chemistry by Randall being the model) The course does not follow the chapter order, for example atomic structure is presented near the end of the year not the beginning and equilibrium and Ka are introduced after chapter 5.

1. Matter and Measurement (3 Weeks) Classifying Matter and Units of Measurement Properties of Matter, Intensive and Extensive properties (Density) Temperature and Heat
Know the formula for density (d = m/V) and the conversion from C to K (K = C + 273) Differentiate between heat and temperature and know the kinetic molecular theory.

2. Atoms and Elements Atomic Theory Atomic Mass and Isotope Abundance
Know isotopes are types of atoms that have the same number of protons and different number of neutrons. Know that with atoms of different mass (isotopes have different mass) the average mass is found by: avg. atomic mass = % abundance isotp. 1 mass iso. 1 + % abun. iso. 2 mass Iso 2 + etc. Know that the nucleus holds protons and neutrons and the electrons make up the boundary of the atom The nucleus is 10,000 times smaller than the atom, but both the protons and neutrons are 1837 times more massive than the electrons. These two characteristics are responsible for the fact that electron movement is the key to chemical reactions, formation of ions, periodic properties, and many physical properties like boiling point. Know that opposite charges attract and that similar charges repel.

3. Molecules, Ions, and Compounds Types of Compounds & Polyatomic Ions Empirical & Molecular Formulas Percent Composition
One entire question is on chemical reactions and you must know how to translate the names of compounds into their formulae. Memorize most ion names (see below) A chemical formula lists the ratio of atoms or the ratio of ions in a compound (e.g. H2O or Al2(SO4)2 The empirical formula is the lowest whole number ratio of the atoms or ions in a compound. This is found by determining the mole ratio of those parts so percentages changed directly to mass or given masses, must be changed to moles. Likewise, reaction products like CO2 and H2O, must be changed to mass of C or H from the original compound before proceding. Molecular mass is a multiple of the empirical formula. For example; CH2O, can be the empirical formula of formaldehyde, CH2O, glyceraldehyde or lactic acid, C3H6O3, or glucose, C6H12O6 (note mole ratio of elements are identical for these three compounds). Percent composition is a mass percent. Find the mass of the atom and divide by the total mass of a substance then convert from mass ratio to percent by multiplying by 100. For chemical formulae, use the atomic mass of the atom and the molar mass of the compound.

Polyatomic Ions to Memorize anions 1 acetate : C2H3O2 or CH3CO2 ; cyanide : CN

2 carbonate : CO32 ; oxalate : C2O42

hydrogen carbonate and bicarbonate: HCO3 ; hydroxide : OH; hydrogen sulte : HSO3 nitrate : NO3 ; nitrite : NO2 perchlorate : ClO4 ; chlorate : ClO3 chlorite : ClO2 ; hypochlorite : ClO bromate: BrO3 ; iodate: IO3 permanganate : MnO4 ;-thiocyanate : SCN 5

3 Cations 1+ ammonium : NH4+ ; hydronium : H3O+

sulfate : SO42 ; sulte : SO32 chromate : CrO42 ; dichromate : Cr2O72 phosphate : PO43; phosphite : PO33

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4. Chemical Equations & Stoichiometry (2Wk) Balancing Chemical Equations Limiting Reactions Percent Yield
Question #4 you have to balance equations. The equation you have to balance are not usually terribly difcult, but you should practice to be ready for anything (I suggest you learn to use fractions to balance equations because it provides more avenues to balance equations). Most chemical reactions involve more than one reactant. Usually one of these reactants is used up rst in a chemical reaction. I suggest that you do two stoichiometry problems to determine the mass or moles of a product of interest and compare the answers. The reactant leading to the smallest product yield is the limiting reactant. Percent yield is the amount of product formed in an experiment / amount of product calculated by a stoichiometry problem (this is the theoretical amount) time 100 (amount is grams or moles but need to be the same units). Percent error is the error or difference between the experiment and the amount calculated by a stoichiometric calculation divided by the same calculated amount, which is called the theoretical amount, time 100.

Learn and understand dimensional analysis. 5. Reactions in Aqueous Solution (3 Wks) Properties of Compounds in Aqueous Solutions; Electrolytes Precipitation Reactions Net Ionic Equations Acid & Bases Metals & Nonmetal Oxides Gas forming Reactions Reaction Driving Forces Determining Oxidation Number Oxidation Reduction Reactions Stoichiometry of Reactions

In this chapter you learn about the 3 basic reactions on the AP exam: Precipitation reactions, Acid-Base reactions, and Reduction Oxidation reactions. Know how to differentiate the reactions, predict products for each reaction, and balance any reaction. Knowing chemical reactions is nearly 1/12th of the test!

Memorize Solubility Rules Nitrates, Acetates, & Chlorates, are soluble Alkali Metals and Ammonia are soluble Lead (II), Pb2+, Mercury (I), Hg2+; Silver, Ag+ (HAPpy) do not dissolve Halogens do dissolve (except with above 3 ions & F is an exception) calcium, barium, and strontium (CBS or chicken breast sandwich) do not dissolve (unless anion above). Sulfates dissolve. Anions that dont dissolve: carbonates, chromates, oxalate, phosphates, sulfide, hydroxide, & oxide (Carb COPS of OHiO).
Oxidation Number Rules: (apply in the order written)

1.Elements (as found in nature) have an ox. # of 0. 6.O is 2 {except rule 3 & 5 Na2O2 and H2O2} 2.Ions with 1 atom have the ox. no. = the charge. 7.If necessary use PT: +1, +2, +3, 4, 3, 2, 1. 3.Alkali Metals are always +1; Alkaline E. Ms are +2 8.The Last Atom will have an ox. #. that makes a 4.F is 1 {except F2 in rule 1} compound neutral or that provides the ion with its 5.H is +1 {except rule 3 NaH or CaH2} given charge. (CrO42 = x + (-2)4 = -2 ) p.s. Oxidation numbers can have fractions, for example, NaO2 : Na = +1; O = -1/2.
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AP Course Description & Syllabus

Common oxidizers/reducers. Oxidizers: MnO4 or MnO2 -> Mn2+ ; MnO4 in base -> MnO2 Cr2O72 or CrO42 -> Cr3+ ; Na2O2 -> NaOH and H2O2 -> HOH

Hot H2SO4 -> SO2 & conc. HNO3 -> NO2 but dil. HNO3 -> NO HClO4 -> Cl and F2, Cl2, Br2 -> F, Cl, Br,

Reducers: F, Cl, Br -> F2,Cl2,Br2; H2O2 -> O2 SO32 -> SO42 ; NO2 -> NO3

Common Reactions to Memorize: Metal oxides + water -> base ; Na2O + H2O -> 2NaOH Nonmetal oxides + H2O -> acid ; SO3 + H2O -> H2SO4 Chlorates -> Chloride + O2 ; KClO3 + heat-> K+ + Cl + O2 Carbonates -> CO2 ; Na2CO3 + heat-> Na2O + CO2 also know (NH4)2CO3 -heat-> 2NH3 + H2O + CO2

Carbonate + acid -> CO2 ; Na2CO3 + HF -> CO2 + H2O + 2NaF Sulfite + acid -> SO2 ; Na2SO3 + HCl -> SO2 + H2O + 2NaCl Sulfide + acid -> H2S ; Na2S + HCl -> H2S + 2NaCl NH4+ + base -> ammonia; NH4Cl + NaOH -> NH3 + H2O + NaCl BF3 + NH3 -> F3BNH3 (Lewis acid and base rxn) Zn2+ + 4OH -> Zn(OH)42 (coordinated complex & Lewis acid-base rxn) Principles of Reactivity: Energy and Chemical Reactions (2 Weeks) Temperature and Heat; System & Surroundings 6. Specic Heat Capacity Energy and Change of State The First Law: Enthalpy and State Functions Hesss Law & Standard Enthalpies of Formation Product and Reactant Favored Reactions
The rst law of thermodynamics states that energy will be conserved from its beginning state to its ending state, though energy can be absorbed or released into the surroundings. From a chemistry point of view the energy of chemical bonds can be directly correlated to the heat energy of a reaction or change. There is a lot of science vocabulary in this section, but the mathematics is straight-forward. When a substance is heated or cooled with the a change in temperature the heat energy added can be calculated with q = mTcP. cP is specic heat capacity that differs with each substance and the state of matter of each substance (that is the liquid has a different cP than the gas or solid). cP is a ratio of the energy absorbed to the change of 1C per gram (or mole). Metals change temperature rapidly so the cP is smallsince only a small amount of energy is needed for the 1C& water has the highest specic heat at 4.18 J/(Cg). When a substance is heated or cooled without the change of temperature (melting, boiling, condensation, or freezing) the energy can be calculated with the equation: q = mHchange (where change can be melting, boiling, etc.). H is enthalpy and Hfus is the enthalpy of fusion which is the energy change per gram or mole for melting or freezing, and Hvap is the enthalpy of vaporization, which is the energy change per gram or mole for vaporization or boiling or condensation. For physical changes where energy is added or removed you add all energy changes formulae together. For chemical reactions the amount of energy in a bond is called bond energy. If a bond is broken then energy is added; thus + H, and if bonds are formed then energy is removed; so () Hexothemic. H = enthalpy. If all elements have a H = 0 by denition, then any reaction from elements that has a measurable amount of heat releasedexothermic and energy is less than 0 or absorbedendothermic and greater than 0can be assigned a Hformation or Hf that represents the enthalpy of the compound (or of the element in non-standard state, like oxygen as a liquid or an atom.

AP Course Description & Syllabus

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H for a reaction can be determined by Product H - Reactant Hremember to multiply by the coefcient (even 1/2) to represent the energy of each product and reactant. Hesss Law: H for a target reaction can be determined by nding several reactions that combine to make the target reaction and then adding the H for each of the added reactions. If you multiply the reaction to get the same number of substances as in the target reaction, then you multiply the H of the reaction. If you need a reaction to work in reverse so the products of the reaction are the reactant of the target reaction, then multiply the H by 1; take its opposite. Standard Enthalpy Change of a Reaction: Hrxn = sum Hproducts sum Hreactants Hesss Law If Rxn1 + Rxn2 = Rxn3 then H is heat of formation & is in tables Hrxn(1) + Hrxn(2) = Hrxn(3)

Other thermodynamic terms that work in a similar fashion are: S = entropy (measure of disorder or chaos) S = SProduct SReactant

Important: H & G in kJ & S in J (1/1000 as large)

G=free energy=H TS AND G= GProduct GReactant AND G=RT lnK (R = 8.314 J mol1 K1) Use this equation to nd Keq (asked often) G indicates a reaction can occur or not. G < 0 is spontaneous and is possible; G > 0 is nonspontaneous and is not possible as written without the input of energy like an electrolysis reaction.

Table of H and S values and the resulting G values (using G=H TS) H has a sign of | | + | | + | S has a sign of | + | + | | | G is negative | always () | High T () | Low T () | Never (only +)
Find T when G is just spontaneous (or nonspontaneous) 0 = H TS and solve for T Also G = 0 then K = 1 (neither products or reactants favored) and system at equilibrium: Melting, Freezing, Boiling are at equilibrium so: 0 = Hfus TSfus and 0 = Hvap TSvap Use these equations to nd Svap and Sfus.

7. Atomic Theory and Structure (2 weeks) Electromagnetic Spectra and the Wave Properties of Light & Electrons Photoelectric Effect Wave Properties of Electrons Quantum Mechanical View of the Atom Atomic Orbitals
Understand orbitals, which are the locations, but not the paths, of electrons and the quantum numbers that describe the different orbitals: n principle quantum number (energy level); l, angular momentum quantum number (shape); ml, asmythal (?) quantum number (axis direction); ms, spin Also know how to use the equations :E = hc/ and E = Rhc(1/nnal2 -1/ninitial2) c = . These are the classical physics equations for determining the energy of an electron in an orbital

8. Atomic Electron Congurations and Chemical Periodicity (1 Week) Electron Spin & Paramagnetism Pauli Exclusion Principle Electron Energies and Assignments Electron Conguration
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 Periodic Relationships: Physical and Chemical Properties & Trends

Paramagnetic means that a substance will be attracted towards a magnetic eld: Atoms or ions with unpaired electrons (s, p, or d) are paramagnetic. Other atoms or ions are diamagnetic which are repelled by a magnetic eld. Rules for Filling Electron Orbitals: Lowest energy rst (Auf Bau Principle), ll equal energy orbitals of p, d, and f equally with spin up before adding spin down electrons (Hunds Rule), and only 2 electrons can ll each type of orbital (Pauli Exclusion Principle: Each electron must have a unique set of the 4 quantum numbers). Orbitals listed from lowest to highest energy: 1s 2s 2p 3s 3p 4s 3d 4p 5s 4d 5p 6s 4f 5d 6p 7s 5f 6d 7p Electrons repel each other! and are attracted to the protons in the nucleus. This will be an answer on the AP test, it leads to many observations in chemistry. Electrons around a nucleus have very specic conguration that leads to physical and chemical properties. If an electron is difcult to move then there is a strong pull from protons; if it is easily removed then there is a repulsion of electrons. For example, the trend in radii of atoms decreases along a period as electrons are added because the electrons are being pulled into the nucleus. The energy to remove an electron from nitrogen is lower than expected, because the pattern of electron conguration places two electrons in the same orbital to the close electrons repel each other. Learn the reasons for the different periodic trends and the exceptions. Memorize the types of electron orbitals, when electrons are located in each, and how electrons behave in the quantum orbitals.

s orbitals level : 1

p orbitals

d orbitals

Graph: electron density vs

distance from nucleus. (Note electrons like to be near the nucleus) 9. Bonding and Molecular Structure: Fundamental Concepts (3 Weeks) Valence Electrons and Lewis Structures Chemical Bond Formation Electrostatic Attraction and Lattice Energy Covalent Bonding & Lewis Electron Structures Resonance and Exceptions to the Octet Rule Formal Charge and Polarity Bond order, Length and Energy Molecular Shape & VSEPR Orbitals: sigma, pi, and hybridization: Lab: Geometrical Structure of Molecules-An Experiment Using Molecular Models (M&S)
Essentially, molecules and ions combine to lower the energy of a collection of atoms. By moving electrons into less energetic orbitals forms a more stable compounds. Lewis structures model the movement of electrons and show why certain molecules and ions are stable (lling the orbitals of an energy level, which maximizes p+ e attraction and minimizes e e repulsions).
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Many physical and chemical properties are due to the 3D orientation of a molecule, VSEPR is a set of rules based on e repulsions that help determine the geometry of molecules. Memorize the names for the VSEPR geometries!. Resonance, pi bonds, and hybridization are more sophisticated bonding patterns that will be on the AP test. http://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/A-level_Chemistry/OCR_%28Salters%29/ Molecular_geometry#Molecular_geometry_and_lone_pairs

10. Carbon: Organic Chemistry (0 weeks-included in other content) Introduction to Organic: Hydrocarbon Structure and Naming Functional Groups Structural isomers Lab: Wintergreen and Aromatic Esters; #22)
This chapter is mostly memorizing the names of different molecular congurations : alcohol (ROH), ketone(R2C=O), carboxylic acid (RCO2H), ethers (RaORb), esters (RaCO2Rb) etc. This is your assignment during the winter break. Make ash cards or another study aid.

11. Gases and Their Properties (2 Weeks) Kinetic Molecular Theory and Pressure Ideal Gases and Gas Laws The Density & Molar Mass of Gases Chemical Reaction and Gas Laws Avogadros Law and the Mole Partial Pressures of Gases Effusion and Diffusion of Gases Non-ideal Behavior of Gases Lab: Molar Volume of a Gas Lab (Von, #5) Gases provide a break to more straightforward calculations and concepts and will be on the test. PV/nT = R P= pressure, V = volume, n = moles, T = temperature, R is a constant for gases ideally. Gases, which take up large spaces compared to the volume of the atoms and travel quickly and randomly, have such limited interactions between molecules. All gases behave nearly the same; thus 1 equation works for all gases. Also this means that gases can be combined so that you would add all the moles of all the gases to determine the pressure or volume or temperature. PV/nT = P2V2/n2T2 is the combined gas law. Gases have energy that can be calculated using basic physics: sq rt(3RT/M) where R = gas law constant, T = temp., M = molar mass. Finally, since temperature is related to kinetic energy, then gas particles at the same temperature have equal energy; however, energy is related to mass and velocity so we end up with the equality: 1/2mv2 = 1/2m2v22

AP Course Description & Syllabus

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12. Bonding & Molecular Structure: Inter-molecular Forces, Liquids, & Solids (1) States of Matter and KMT Intermolecular Forces with Permanent Dipoles and London Forces Molecular Structure, Electronegativity, and Polarity Hydrogen Bonding Vapor Pressure,and Equilibrium: Boiling Point and Critical Temperature & Pressure The Triple Point & Interpreting Phase Diagrams Structures and Lattice Energies in Solids Lab: Determining Molar Mass by Vapor Density of Butane (Von.,#3)
Using the relative strength of different types of bonds, you will have to describe the differences between the physical properties of different substances Covalent Network Bonds (diamond glass) stronger than Ionic bonding, electrostatic attractions, (which are larger for ions with lots of charge and that have small radii) stronger than covalent bonds which have shared electrons for bonding. A much weaker bonding is Intermolecular forces: H-bonding (not really a bond) >> polar or dipole bonding > london forces or Van der Waal forces. This section has become increasingly important in the last few years it seems. You must understand the difference between the chemical bonds of covalent and ionic bonding and the intermolecular bonds that occur between molecules and ions in mixtures and as pure substances. Try several problems and then ask questions that will help you clarify your misunderstandings.

13. Solutions and Their Behavior (2 Weeks) Molarity, Molality and Units of Concentration Dissolving Processes and Heat of Solution Factors Affecting Solubility and Equilibrium Henrys Law Colligative Properties Raoults Law, Boiling Point Elevation, Freezing Point Depression, Osmosis, and Nonideal Behavior Molar Mass Determination Colligative Properties & Number of Ions Lab: Freezing Point Depression (Adv; #4)
Molarity is a way of converting volume to moles so that solutions can easily be used in moles calculations: M = moles solute /liters of solution Molality is a unit used to calculate the properties of a solvent that change with the amount of solute: m=moles solute/kg solvent. This section is hit and miss on the AP test, you should know it well, but dont stress

AP Course Description & Syllabus

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14. Principles of Reactivity: Chemical Kinetics (2Weeks) Rates of Chemical Reactions Reaction Conditions Affecting Rate: Temperature, Concentrations & Catalysts Effect of Concentration on Rate of Reaction Order of Reaction & Using Graphs to Determine the Order of the Reaction Rate constant & Determining a Rate Equation Graphical Methods for Determining the Order of Reaction and Rate Constant Reaction Mechanisms Rate Equations for Elementary Steps Lab: Rates and Order of a Chemical Reaction (Adv. #12 & #17) This will be on the test! Rate is change in concentration (Molarity) over time. Rate can also be calculated as a line versus concentration of the reactants. (see below) Reaction mechanisms are a way of using the reaction order information to choose between alternate reaction pathways. Learn the problem-solving methods presented here; the material we learn is on the test. Graphing to determine Rate of Reaction for a Reactant First Order Second Order loss of reactant [reactant]-1 ln[reactant [reactant] time time

Zero Order

or
time

time

15. Principles of Reactivity: Chemical Equilibria (3Weeks) a b Reaction Quotient & Keq= [A] [B] [C]c [D]d the Equilibrium Constant Writing Equ. Constant Expressions Ksp= [cation]a [anion]b Determining an Equilibrium Constant Equilibrium Constants, Kc & Kp Disturbing a Chemical Equilibrium; + a b {use HA only Ka = [H ] [anion] Le Chateliers Principle [HaA] for weak acids} Lab: Determining the Concentration of a Solution: Beers Law (Adv.; #17) [cation]b[OH]a {use B(OH)b Lab: Determination of Ksp (Adv. #12 & #17) [B(OH)b] for weak bases} Lab: Small scale observation of equilibrium and Le Chteliers Principle This will be on the test! The 1st question SectionII Part A.

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 Equilibrium is simply a ratio of concentrations: Keq = [reactants]/[products]. While it seems straight forward, there are equilibrium constants with solutions, acids, bases, gases, and precipitate solutions. You will solve for an unknown concentration x and can use a quadratic equation. Like so much of chemistry, there are proven problem solving methods that will help you solve any problem. Spend as much time as possible doing problems of various types. This will continue to give you the ability to be comfortable with a wide variety problems, while developing the skills to use this problem-solving method correctly. Notice similarities, learn the vocabulary, & recognize the logic of the math. Le Chteliers principle is a verbal recognition of the change in the forward or reverse rates due to the increase in rate of reaction caused by an increase in the concentration of a reacting substance.

16. Principles of Reactivity: The Chemistry of Acids and Bases (2 Weeks) Acids and Bases and The Equilibrium Concept Bronsted Concept of Acids and Bases Amphoteric Substances pH Scale and Determination Equilibrium Constants for Acids and Bases Polyprotic Acids and Bases Lewis Concept of Acids and Bases Lab: Determining Ka of a Weak Acid (Adv. #7)
As well as continuing to learn about equilibrium calculations, you must learn about different classications of acid and bases, pH calculations, and naming acids. Even more vocabulary.

At this point in the year you must begin looking through and using your AP review book.! 17. Principles of Reactivity: Aqueous Equilibria (2Weeks) Common Ion Effect Buffer Solutions Acid Base Titrations and pKa Solubility Product Constant, Ksp Precipitation Reactions Lab: Selecting Indicators for Acid-Base Titration (Von.; #11) Lab: Small ScaleAffects of a Buffer (#19) Almost guaranteed to have a titration question on the test. Because of this I usually, spend extra time at the beginning of the year (chapter 4) going over titrations. Here we look at them again and tie the titration to the new learning from chapter 16. 18. Principles of Reactivity: Entropy and Free Energy (1 Week) Spontaneous Change and Equilibrium Heat and Spontaneity Second Law: Entropy Calculating Entropy Change Calculating Gibbs Free Energy Gibbs Free Energy, Equilibrium Constant & Product Favorability Lab: Thermodynamics-Ethalpy of Reaction and Hesss Law (Von. #13) This will be on the test!! but I should have covered a good deal during chapter 6.

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19. Principles of Reactivity: Electron Transfer Reactions (2 Weeks) The Redox Reaction & the Role of the Electron Half Reactions and Balancing Redox Reactions Half-Cell Potentials & Predicting Reactions Voltaic Cells & b Standard Reduction Potentials Electrochemical Cells Under Nonstandard Conditions: The Nernst Equation Electrochemistry and Free Energy & K` Lab: Electroplating (Adv.; #21) Lab: Small ScaleVoltaic Cells
Again This will be on the test!!! But I usually am rushing at this point in the year. Be prepared to study this section on your own.

20. Transition Elements (1 Week) Electron Conguration of Transition Elements Coordination Compounds Isomers of Coordination Compounds
Not explicitly covered.

21. Nuclear Chemistry (review) Nuclear Reactions & Radioactive Decay Stability of Atomic Nuclei Rates of Nuclear Decay Nuclear Fission & Fusion, & Applications
This is another section you must learn on your own. I cover it in regular chemistry, and will assign it as self learning or cover it throughout the year in different parts of the course.

Examples of Nuclear Reactions: {the term decay and emission are synonyms} Alpha Decay: Beta Decay:
23 4 9 2U

23 0 Th + 4 He or 23 4 U 23 0 Th + (4 He is an -particle) 90 2 92 90 2 21 4 Bi +0 e or 83 1
21 4 8 2Pb

21 4 8 2Pb

21 4 Bi + (0 e is an -particle) 83 1

Positron Emission (antimatter electron) : 20 7 Po 21 7 Bi ++0 e or 20 7 Po 21 7 Bi + + 84 83 1 84 83 Gamma Decay: 6 0 Co* 6 0 Co + (* means the Co-60 isotope has excess energy) 27 27 Neutron Capture & Gamma Emission: Neutron Capture & Proton Emission:
59 2 7Co

+ 1 n 6 0 Co + 0 27

16 8O

+ 1 n 16 N + 1 H 0 7 1

Fission: 23 5 U + 1 n 13 9 Ba + 9 4 Kr + 3 1 n (A typical reaction in a nuclear power plant.) 92 0 56 36 0 Fusion: 2 H + 3 H 4 He + 1 n (The fusion reaction between hydrogen-2 and hydrogen-3 1 1 2 0 2 deuterium, 1H, and tritium, 3 H. A principle reaction in the sun.) 1 Comparison of Radioactive Emission Particles
Particle Mass 4 amu 0.0005 amu none 1 amu 2+ 1 none none 14 Charge Penetrating Power Blocked by paper Blocked by steel plate or thick wood Blocked by thick lead or feet of concrete More than beta but less than gamma Aug 13, 2010

Alpha Particle, , 42He Beta Particle, , 01e, Gamma Ray, {light} neutron, 10n,

AP Course Description & Syllabus

Note Taking
Note taking is a skill like card tricks, playing a piano, soccer, dance, etc. It takes practice to improve, and it takes some effort to do a good job each time you sit down in class (although it becomes easier with practice) Be Engaged. Taking notes keeps you involved and active so you are more likely to succeed, as well as, create a record of the lesson for review and as a resource. Listen. The most important thing you can do in class is listen! Your teacher will tell you exactly what you need to know, but they may not write it down. If you do not pay attention to the teacher when you take notes, then your notes are interfering with your learning. Try to: write less, use abbreviations (make a list of abbrev. b/f lecture begins), paraphrase and write incomplete sentences, and prepare reading notes before lecture. Be prepared. Your notes are more effective if you know what will be covered. Go through your text or review the previous notes. Consider what direction the teacher will go next. Knowing the probable content of the lecture lets you follow the lecture more easily, see relationships between topics, and listen for answers to your questions. Read the Text. One of the best preparations for a lecture is to read the text before the teacher lectures (at the very least scanning the text). Not only will you understand what is important in the lecture, but you are prepared to ask questions. If your teacher follows the text closely, then take notes from the textbook (be brief & organized). Use these reading notes as a guide during the oral lecture so you are listening and understanding more. Be attentive. Clear your mind of distractions, listen carefully, avoid being distracted by others, think about the presentation, and ask questions. This is your chance to nd out what the teacher thinks is important and how they expect you to answer a question. Review your notes. Be active when you review. One technique is to summarize each page of notes daily. This allows you to generate questions and see gaps in your understanding before the next lecture. Another technique is to review with the textbook and to add notes for greater comprehension and completeness.

Choosing a Note Taking Style.

Outline style is effective for well organized lectures or book notes. Main points are listed, the subtopics are indented away from the margin in line with each other, and examples or subsubtopics are further indented. Cornell method. This method creates a good deal of white space in your notes that allow you to add comments, questions, or notes from a text book. Split the page 1/2 to 1/3 from the left. Write heading on the left side. Fill in your notes on the right. Leave a space at the bottom for summarizing. The left side is like a index to your notes, and the white space on this side is to add textbook notes, pictures, questions, comments, etc.

Resources:
http://sas.calpoly.edu/asc/ssl/notetaking.systems.html http://www.dartmouth.edu/~acskills/success/notes.html http://www.yorku.ca/cdc/lsp/skillbuilding/notetaking.html http://counseling.uchicago.edu/services/asap/

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