A Bibliography of Recent Work on Syrian Arab-Byzantine Coinage1 Michael L.

Bates
This bibliography is intended to include all works on the subject published after Walker's 1956 British Museum catalogue, as well as a few earlier works that retain some interest. I would be grateful for any omissions or other errors brought to my attention, as well as for notice of new publications. This bibliography is frequently revised; the date at the bottom of the pages shows when the version you have was printed. As the title indicates, the Arab-Byzantine coinage of Bild al-Shm, known as Syria to the ancients and to historians of today, is the main subject matter here. As suggested by my 1995 article, however, the Arab-Byzantine coinage of Bild al-Shm in the larger sense should include all the coins of late Roman type that circulated in that country from the Arab conquest onward. These would include coins issued officially in Constantinople and other Roman mints, private imitations and counterfeits of these Roman coins, official Arab issues of Roman type, and private imitations and counterfeits of the latter. Coins of seventh-century Egypt found in Syria would be included as well, and a separate bibliography of those coins is appended. No attempt has been made to include the transitional Arab-Byzantine coinages of North Africa and Spain; these are later than the Arab-Byzantine era in Syria and have no connection with it. Many colleagues have offered suggestions that have been incorporated without comment. In particular, I am indebted to Alan Walmsley of the University of Sydney, who brought to the ANS Arab-Byzantine Forum of 1998 A Further Bibliography of Syrian Arab-Byzantine Coinage, which was compiled by R. T. Sparks of the same university. This bibliography of some ten pages was especially strong in listings of excavation reports including Arab-Byzantine coins. All the entries are included here, in most cases copied directly from the Sparks text without reference to the original publication. Other contributors include Harry Bone, Clive Foss, and Lutz Ilisch. The comments that follow the citations are uneven, having been entered on various occasions with different degrees of analysis. Corrections, amplifications, and even complete revisions are welcome. For the most part, I have tried to summarize or characterize fairly the arguments and contents of the publications, but objections to my language will be taken seriously. I will be grateful to authors or others who provide more accurate or more ample summaries.

General bibliography Album, Stephen. "Seventh centuryPart I: Islamic conquerors adapted local Byzantine coinage," The Celator: Numismatic Art of Antiquity 2, no. 4 (April 1988), pp. I, VI, XV, XVII; 2, no. 7 (July 1988).

See addenda at end. 1

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Michael L. Bates Amitai-Preiss, Nitzan. "Some Arab-Byzantine and Umayyad Coins from the Hebrew University Collection," Israel Numismatic Journal 11 (1990-91), 94-99. Brief list of 26 Arab-Byzantine coins, with description of varieties from Hims, Damascus (2); comments on birds, palm-bran. . ches; Umayyad amphora overstruck on Roman 4th century; Atrb Misr; 3 eighth-century lead . coins. Arif, Aida S. A Treasury of Classical and Islamic Coins: The Collection of Amman Museum. London, 1986. Illustrates many Arab-Byzantine coins. J. Ch. Balty, "Un follis d'Antioche date de 623/24 et les campagnes syriennes d'Heraclius," Schweizer Munzblatter 20 (1970), 4-12. See Hahn, 1977. Bartczak, Andrzej. "Mennictwo kalifatu przed i w okresie wprowadzania reform )Abd al-Malika ibn Marwana (685-705 r.)," Wiadomoci numizmatyczne 33 (1989), 1-11. Negligible; no photos; all based on Walker and earlier works; brief English summary indicates no new ideas. Bates, G. E. "The Antioch mint under Heraclius," American Numismatic Society Museum Notes 16 (1970), 80-82. See Hahn, 1977. Bates, Michael L. "The 'Arab-Byzantine' Bronze Coinage of Syria: An Innovation by 'Abd al-Malik," in A Colloquium in Memory of George Carpenter Miles (1904-1975) (New York, 1976), 16-27. Bates, Michael L. "History, Geography, and Numismatics in the First Century of Islamic Coinage," Revue suisse de numismatique 65 (1986), 231-62. Bates, Michael L. "Coins of Umayyad Damascus," in World Coin News (6 October 1987), 14-18; (13 October 1987), 12-16; (20 October 1987), 14-16. Bates, Michael L. "The Coinage of Syria Under the Umayyads, 692-750 A.D.," in The Fourth International Conference On The History Of Bild al-Shm During the Umayyad Period: Proceedings of the Third Symposium, 2-7 Rab) I 1408 A.H./24-29 October 1987, English Section, Vol. II ed. M. Adnan Bakhit and Robert Schick (Amman, 1989), 195-228. Arabic translation by N'if al-Qass, "Maskkt Sriyya f fitrat al-khilfa al-umawiyya, 73 [sic]-132 h. (692-750 m.)," Yarmouk Numismatics 2, no. 1 (1990), 15-51. Bates, Michael L. "Commentaire sur l'tude de Ccile Morrisson," in La Syrie de Byzance l'Islam, VIIe-VIIIe sicles. Actes du Colloque international, Lyon - Maison de l'Orient Mditerranen, Paris - Institut du Monde Arabe, 11-15 Septembre 1990, ed. Pierre Canivet and Jean-Paul Rey-Coquais (Damascus, 1992), 319-21. A response to Morrisson's article in the same volume (below). Suggests that the well-known anonymous Syriac text first published by Nldeke probably reflects eighth-century conditions in its references to silver coins, and is anachronis6 February 2007 2

An Arab-Byzantine Bibliography tic in attributing gold coins to Mu)wiya. The introduction of official caliphal issues must be put in a plausible historical context, rather than arbitrarily assigned to 680 or 685 or some other round number; the history of the period is well known in outline. We should not take for granted that all irregular issues resulted from an official order; the Arabs left the Christian population of Syria largely to its own devices, in coinage as in other civil matters. Bates, Michael. "Byzantine Coinage and Its Imitations, Arab Coinage and Its Imitations: ArabByzantine Coinage," Aram 6 (1994), 381-403. The copper coinage circulating in Syria in the seventh and eighth centuries included official Roman issues from Constantinople; imitations of Roman coins made at various times and places by private persons or local officials, under Roman or Arab rule, or in other sovereignties, or in places not well controlled by anyone; official caliphal coins adapted from Roman prototypes; coins with the image of the caliph; and imitations of the Arab caliphal coins issued privately or semi-officially on the fringes of empire, into the eighth century. Bendall, S. "Four Byzantine Notes," NCirc 95, 1 (February 1987), 3-4. Includes a fals of Diospolis. Berman, Ariel. Islamic coins - Exhibition Winter 1976, L. A. Meyer Memorial Institute for Islamic Art. Jerusalem, 1976. Includes 17 Arab-Byzantine coins, of which 7 are illustrated at least in part; nearly all are from the Irbid hoard and are illustrated by Milstein; nearly all ended up in the Morgenstern collection and are also illustrated in his articles. Broome, Michael. A Handbook of Islamic Coins. London: Seaby, 1985. Includes a discussion of the Arab-Byzantine coinage. Castrizio, Daniele. "Imperatori bizantini," in Roma e Bisanzio, Normanni e Spagnoli: Monete a Messina nella Collezione B. Baldanza (III sec. a.C. - XVIII sec. d.C.) (ed. Maria Caccamo Caltabiano; Messina: Universit degli Studi di Messina, 19 ), 29-51. A dodecanummia of MACP (no. 104), an Emesa bust-type fals (no. 117), and two irregular Constans imitations, all found at Messina in Sicily. Daftar, Nhid )Abd al-Razzq. "Dawfi) wa-asbb ta)rb al-maskkt" [Motives and causes of the . Arabicization of coinage] 17-25. On the reform of )Abd al-Malik. de Roever, W. P. "A Nea(polis) Follis of Heraclius' 26th Regnal Year," Numismatic Circular 99 (1991), 146. Argues that the date 26, with the others dated 25, shows that the dates are meaningful, and fall into the first years of the war with the Arabs; therefore Neapolis in Palestine is more likely, and the coins found in Cyprus must have been carried there by fleeing Neapolitans.

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Michael L. Bates Donald, P. J. "The Neapolis Coins of Heraclius," Numismatic Circular 94 (1986), 116. Coins with an N officina, or with the mint name NEA. Points out that Neapolis was a common town name, and that there was also one in Cyprus where some of these coins have been found. Donald, P. J. "Neapolis Under Heraclius A Further Find," Numismatic Circular 95 (1987), 151. A coin with E (eta) as its officina mark, but stylistically identical to the Neapolis issues; seen as more evidence for a Cypriot origin. Evans, Jane DeRose. "Heraclian Countermarks on Coins Found at Caesarea," American Journal of Numismatics 5-6 (1993-94), 97-104. Counterstamps with HRC monogram or variant on Maurice and Heraclius folles: assigns to Palestine, perhaps Caesarea, 630-34; also ctsps. with an eagle and pellet, all on early 6th century folles, but ctsp. is probably of Heraclius, perhaps Egypt. Foss, Clive. The Coinage of Syria in the Seventh Century: The Evidence of Excavations, Israel Numismatic Journal 13 (1994-99), 119-32. After surveying six sites in Bilad al-Sham, it seems that archeology is of no help in resolving the chronological problems of numismatics, nor do the coins help to date archeological stratae, since they continued to circulate, long after their original issue, alongside newer coins. On the other hand, the archeological finds are important for circulation, indicating a monetary economy that obtained coin in one way or another. Constans II coins were imported until the reign of Mu)wiya, when imports ceased and local Constans II imitations take their place. Official Arab-Byzantine coins are quite rare, but the eighthcentury Islamic copper coinage is abundant everywhere. Foss, Clive. "Syria in Transition, A.D. 550-750: An Archeological Approach," Dumbarton Oaks Papers 51 (1997), 189-269. Detailed urban and regional histories of Antioch, Apamea, Hamh, . and Bostra, based on literary, archeological, and, often, numismatic evidence. Ghalib Edhem, I. "A monsieur Troutowski Prsident de la Socit Numismatique de Moscou. Quelques mots sur les monnaies musulmanes monogrammes himyarites." Constantinople, 1894. 4 pp. A response to Casanova, Revue Numismatique 1893; Ghalib Edhem had a standing caliph copper with Muhammad to right on reverse, which he read as a Himyarite ideogram. . Goodwin, Tony. Arab-Byzantine Coinage. The Nasser D. Khalili Collection of Islamic Art. London & New York: I. B. Tauris, 2005. Goodwin, Tony. "A Hoard of Imitative Byzantine Folles," Numismatic Circular 102, 8 (October 1994), 357-59. Coins from Syria with a distinctive fabric and closely allied with the "Cyprus" issues. Goodwin, Tony. "Imitations of the Folles of Constans II." ONS Occasional Paper no. 28 (April 1993). On imitations mainly of the EN TUTO NIKA type; extremely important general discus6 February 2007 4

An Arab-Byzantine Bibliography sion of the early irregular series. Includes one DIOSPOLIS and a Hims standing emperor struck on an imitation. Goodwin, Tony. "Imitative 7th Century Byzantine Folles with a Single Figure in Military Dress," Numismatic Circular 101, 4 (May 1993), 112-13. Goodwin, Tony. "An Interesting Arab Byzantine Fulus of Damascus," Numismatic Circular 98, 4 (May 1990), 123. An imitation Damascus fals, with delta-theta-mu. "Goodwin, A." [Tony Goodwin]. "Miniature Punchmarks on the Arab-Byzantine Coins of HIMS," Numismatic Circular 101, 4 (May 1993), 114. Goodwin, Tony. "A Neglected Branch of Early Islamic ArtThe Arab Byzantine Copper Coinage," Coin News 28 no. 8 (August 1991), 25-26. General survey, in chronological order. Goodwin, Tony. Notes on the Arab-Byzantine Mint of Baabek, paper given at Seventh Century Syrian Numismatic Round Table-Study Day 4.3.00. So far, 46 obverse dies of three types and 70 reverse dies have been identified, with a number of die chains. One group is linked to a Damascus reverse die. The vast majority seem to be official issues. Eight Baalbek overstrikes on Damascus coins are known, and two Damascus overstrikes on Baalbek. Two main phases of minting can be identified. Goodwin, Tony. "7th Century Arab Imitations of Byzantine Folles," Numismatic Circular 103, 9 (November 1995), 336-37. Miscellaneous crude imitations and miscellaneous observations on them. Goodwin, Tony. Seventh Century Islamic Countermarks from Syria, ONS Newsletter 162 (Winter 2000), 13-16. Collects the information on the various countermarks and their host coins, suggesting that the countermarks are from the era of the Arab-Byzantine coinage (660-80?) and are not Roman. Goodwin, Tony. "Walker's 'Full Weight Dirhams'New Light on an Enigmatic Arab-Byzantine Coin of Damascus," ONS Newsletter 157 (Autumn 1998), 9. The strange inscription on reverse left of Walker ANS.1-2 is convincingly identified as jza hadh, very crudely engraved. Interestingly, these are often found as undertype for normal standing imperial figure coins. One example of the jza hadh series was stamped on a Byzantine weight.

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Michael L. Bates Goussous, Nayef. Umayyad coinage of Bilad al-Sham. Amman: Arab Bank, 1996. A general overview of the coinage. An abundantly illustrated edition of his thesis,2 with English and Arabic text, focused on the copper coinage. Provides chemical analysis results for 17 coins, including 7 Arab-Byzantine (see also al-Sa)ad below). Goussous, Nayef. "A Unique Arab-Byzantine Coin," Yarmouk Numismatics 5 (1993), 37-38. heavy AE with two standing caliphs with ball on staff on steps between them; reverse has M with ANN / OV / ONI below, different from Walker A5-6 (which have Arabic inscription); Goussous attributes it to Jarash. Is the reverse die-linked with the Justin and Sophia series? Graff, Guy. Un follis arabo-byzantin bilingue, rare ou indit, au type syro-palestinien dHraclius, Hraclius Constantin et Martine, in Jean Elsen & ses Fils s.a. (Brussels) List 226 (Sept.-Dc. 2003), 1-3. A crude three-figure imitation overstruck on a follis of Maurice, with about one-third clipped off as well as the corners. Grierson, P. "The Isaurian Coins of Heraclius," Numismatic Chronicle 6th series, 11 (1951), 5667. See Hahn, 1977. Philip Grierson, "The Monetary Reforms of )Abd al-Malik: Their Metrological Basis and Their Financial Repercussions," Journal of the Economic and Social History of the Orient 3 (1960), 241-60. Pp. 246-47 discuss the date of the standing caliph AE. Grierson, Philip, and Alan Shaw. "A New Follis Type of Constans II," Numismatic Circular 94 (1986), 10. A NEA coin, identified as a follis of Constans year 15. Grierson, P., in A Survey of Numismatic Research 1966-1971, II, p. 8. See Hahn, 1977. Gromotka, Gnter E. "Einige Anmerkungen zu Gegenstempeln auf Mnzen des syropalstinensischen Raums aus der 2. Hlfte des 7. Jahrhunderts," Westfalia Numismatica 1988: Festschrift zur Feier des 75jhrigen Bestehens des Vereins der Mnzfreunde fr Westfalen (Schriftenreihe der Mnzfreunde Minden, 13; Minden, Germany, 1988), 14-19. Counterstamps on Constans II imitations and Arab imperial-type issues found in northern Syria; argues that MIB Km 4 is of Justinian II; general remarks on counterstamps. Hahn, W. "Minting Activity in the Diocese of Oriens under Heraclius," Numismatic Circular 85 (1977), 307-08. Discusses a group of folles from a small number of dies, with mint marks THEP, CON, and CONOB, which Grierson, 1951, had labelled "unofficial imitations" (also discussed by Balty, 1970, and G. E. Bates, 1970, above), and argues for their authenticity as pro-

Umayyad Copper-Based Coins of Bilad al-Sham: An Analytical and Chemical Study. Ph.D. thesis, Institute of Archaeology and Anthropology, Yarmouk University, 1995. 6 February 2007 6

An Arab-Byzantine Bibliography ducts of a mint in Antioch, 618-26. He places the issues of several eastern mints in chronological sequence: Cyprus, Seleucia Isauriae, Isaura vetus, Antiochia, and then again Cyprus, all before 629. A mobile military mint for gold is also described. Hahn, Wolfgang. Moneta imperii byzantini von Heraclius bis Leo III./Alleinregierung (610-720). (sterreichische Akademie der Wissenschaften, Veroffentlichungen der numismatischen Kommission, X; Vienna, 1981). Imitations of Heraclius: p. 93; Carthage imitations; pp. 108-110: include Jerusalem, Nablus, Antioch mints, imitations of other mints; p. 111: counterstamps; pp. 112-15: Alexandria. Constans II: pp. 140-41: Syrian imitations and countermarks; pp. 141-42: Alexandria and its imitations. Hebert, R. J. "The Early Coinage of Bild al-Shm," in Proceedings of the Second Symposium on Bild al-Shm in the Early Islamic Period up to 40 A.H./640 A.D., I (ed. M. A. Bakhit; Amman: University of Jordan, 1987), 133-54. The story is carried up to the post-reform period, with 26 illustrated examples. Heidemann, Stefan. "The Merger of Two Currency Zones in Early Islam. The Byzantine and Sasanian Impact on the Circulation in Former Byzantine Syria and Northern Mesopotamia," Iran 36 (1998), 95-112. Includes general considerations on the evolution of copper coinage in Syria from the late Byzantine to Abbasid eras, particularly the relationship between Syrian and Constantinople coinage, in a larger monetary history context. Ilisch, Lutz. Griechische Buchstabengegenstempel auf umayyadischen Kupfermnzen", Mnstersche Numismatische Zeitschrift 9, no. 3 (August 1979), 36-37. Ilisch, Lutz. Sylloge Numorum Arabicorum Tbingen. IVa Bild a-m I: Palstina. Tbingen: Ernst Wasmuth Verlag, 1993. An essential reference for the coinage of Junds Filastin and al-Urdunn, and part of Jund Dimashq. Ilisch, Lutz. "Die umayyadischen und )abbsidischen Kupfermnzen von Hims: Versuch einer . . Chronologie," Mnstersche Numismatische Zeitung 10, 3 (August 1980), 23-30. The first attempt to put the copper coinage of a mint in order, and still a model, although some minor corrections can now be made. Janis, Edward. "Arab-Byzantine Coinage in Eretz Yisroal (Part 2)," The Shekel 11, 3 (May-June 1978), 31-33. Brief general discussion; illustrates four coins (Baysan, Tabariyya, Iliya). The other parts are not relevant for this subject. Karukstis, Charles Paul. "Comments on the al-waf lillh coinage," draft paper on file. An analysis of Milstein's group A.

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Michael L. Bates Karukstis, Charles Paul. Meshorer's <Enigmatic Coin' Revisited, presented at ANS ArabByzantine Forum V (1999); draft paper on file. A listing and discussion of the group with m, KALON in various forms, and possibly Tiberiado in corrupt form. El-Kholi, Muhammad. "Neue Aspekte zu arabo-byzantinischen Mnzen min Kaiserbild," in Syrien von den Aposteln zu den Kalifen (Linzer Archologische Forschungen 21; Mainz and Linz, 1993), 501-09. El-Kholi, Muhammad. "al-Sikka f madnat Hims ibn al-)ahd al-umaw," Majallat al-Bahth al. . . Ta'rkh (1990), 45-83. Coinage of Hims during the Umayyad period. Kindler, Arie. The Coins of Tiberias [in Hebrew]. Tiberias: Hamei Tiberias, 1961. Illustrates a three-figure coin of Tabariyya in the Tiberias Museum, as well as two post-reform. Kirkbride, A. S. "Coins of the Byzantine-Arab Transition Period," Quarterly of the Department of Antiquities in Palestine 13 (1948), 59-63. Sixty-three crude imitations "collected in Trans-Jordan," classified, all illustrated. Lane-Poole, S. Catalogue of Arabic Coins in the Khedivial Library, Cairo. London, 1897. Seven Arab-Byzantine coins were included; for more details, see the recent catalogue of the Egyptian National Library collection by Nicol and others. Lowick, N. M. "Early Arab Figure Types," Numismatic Circular 78 (1970), 90-91. Six coins, all illustrated: 2 Baysan K (first publication); wasp-waist figure with bird; Antarado monogram type; Tilimsan coin; image type with palm. Mackensen, Michael. "Die Fundmnzen," in Resafa I: Eine befestigte sptantike Anlage vor den Stadtmauern von Resafa. (Mainz am Rhein: Verlag Philipp von Zabern, 1984), 27-36. As the author notes, the site yielded no Arab-Byzantine coins, unlike most others in Syria. Page 29 note 98 provides a complete list of Byzantine and Arab-Byzantine archeological excavation reports from Syria and nearby places. Mansfield, S. J. "A Byzantine Irregular Issue of 'Year 20'," Numismatic Circular 100 (April 1992), 81-82. Twenty-four coins, one from Cyprus, nearly all others from Beirut, with ONC reversed mintmark and false date XX, perhaps inspired by Constans II folles. Mansfield, Steve, Marcus Phillips and Susan Tyler-Smith. Coinage and History in the Seventh Century Near East - 23 and 24 November 2002, ONS Newsletter 174 (Winter 2003), 2-3. A report on a symposium held at Birmingham University. The papers were by Ccile Morrisson, Coinage and its context in seventh century Syria; Marcus Phillips, Currency in seventh century Syria as a historical source; Simon Bendall, Byzantine Mint of Jerusalem; Tony Goodwin, The strange coinage of Jund Filastin; Susan Tyler-Smith, Calendars and corona6 February 2007 8

An Arab-Byzantine Bibliography tions: the numismatic and literary evidence for the accession of Khusrau II; Henri Pottier, Coinage in Syria under the Persian Occupation; Alan Walmsley, Operation of the mint at Jarash in the jund al-Urdunn; Lutz Ilisch, Mints and minting rights for copper coinage in jund Qinnasrin in the early Islamic period; Andrew Oddy, Die Study of the Constans II bust type coins of Hims (Emesa); John Haldon, System and Tradition, Continuity and Opportunism in post-Conquest Syrian administration. Most of the papers are to be published. Marot, Teresa. "Monedas omeyas halladas en el mercado romano de Gerasa," in III Jarique de Numismtica Hispano-rabe, Museo Arqueolgico Nacional, Madrid, 13-16 diciembre 1990 (Madrid, 1992), 291-98. The coins found at Jerash included Baysan issues, Arab-Byzantine from other mints, standing caliph, and post-reform Arabic. Meshorer, Yaacov. Coins of Jerusalem under the Umayyads and Abbasids [in Hebrew], in The History of Jerusalem: The Early Islamic Period (638-1099) (ed. Joshua Prawer; Jerusalem, 1987), 337-44. Includes coppers of IEROSO and IEROSOL, attributed to the Persian invasion period, and standing caliph coppers of liy, as well as reformed Arabic coins of liy and alQuds. Meshorer, Yaacov. "An Enigmatic Arab-Byzantine Coin," Israel Numismatic Journal 3 (1965-66), 32-36. An example of Walker, p. 46 figs. 5-6, illustrated; Meshorer reads reverse as KALONOLAK and reads TIB on obverse. Metcalf, D. M. "An Early Arab-Byzantine Coin From Cyprus?" Numismatic Report (Cyprus Numismatic Society) 22-25 (1991-94), 43. With KP obverse right, possibly. Metcalf, D. M. "Some Byzantine and Arab-Byzantine Coins from Palaestina Prima," Israel Numismatic Journal 2, nos. 3-4 (1964), 32-46. Interesting general discussion on the supply of coinage to Syria. The coins listed are from Lachish, near Eleutherapolis, now in the Ashmolean Museum, Oxford. The catalogue includes 4 Egyptian Arab-Byzantine, listed as genuine Heraclius; 1 or 2 Constans II imitations, listed under that emperor; fals of Ba)alabakk; 21 coins of crude imitation type. Most are illustrated. Metcalf, D. M., and S. Payne. "Some Byzantine and Arab-Byzantine Coins Obtained in Jerusalem," NCirc 73, 6 (June 1965), 130-32; NCirc 73, 12 (December 1965), 257-58, 255. (Only the sections of this serial article with Arab-Byzantine coins are listed.) Coins were acquired in Jerusalem on several occasions in 1963. Numerous heavy Justin-Sophia coins, but all seem to be original Roman issue. Five Alexandrian, incl. 3 "PersoByzantine"; 9 Ba)alabakk, Damascus & imitations, Hims, Tabariyya (5 illustrated); 1 Antardo monogram type. Metcalf, D. M.: see also Pitsillides, below.

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Michael L. Bates Metcalf, William E. "Three Seventh-Century Byzantine Gold Hoards," American Numismatic Society Museum Notes 25 [1980], 97-101. The hoards are from Bilad al-Sham; one of them includes an Arab-Byzantine solidus. Miles, George C. "The Iconography of Umayyad Coinage," Ars Orientalis 3 (1959), 207-13. Review of Walker's BM catalogues. Illustrates 8 imperial types, 8 standing caliph, and one Arabic fals overstruck on Hims bust type, all from ANS collection. Milstein, Rachel. "A Hoard of Early Arab Figurative Coins," Israel Numismatic Journal 10 (1988-89), 3-26. Catalogues 158 coins from the Irbid hoard. The first attempt at a die-study of the crude imitative coins. Mitchiner, Michael. Oriental Coins and their Values: The World of Islam. London: Hawkins, 1977. Includes 15 Arab-Byzantine coins, with mints Damascus, Hims, Iliya Filastin and with alwaf' lillh inscription. Morgenstern, Rudolf. "Comentario sobre algunas monedas orientales de la poca de transicin," Numisma 28 (1978), 399-408. Seven imperial type fulus (Baysan, Tabariyya, Ba)alabakk); 5 standing caliph (Halab, Dimashq, Iliya); 5 post-reform with images, no mints (lion, cup, pomegranate, scorpion, eagle); all from his collection. Morgenstern, Rudolf. "Comentario sobre algunas monedas orientales de la poca de transicin," Gaceta Numismatica 49 (June 1978), 54-62. Seems to be identical to his Numisma article, above. Morrisson, Ccile. "La monnaie en Syrie byzantine," in Archeologie et histoire de la Syrie, II (ed. Jean-Marie Dentzer and Winfried Orthmann; Saarbrcken, 1989), 191-204. Includes an important detailed survey of seventh-century material, discussing imitations both official and unofficial from the Arab period. Morrisson, Ccile. "Le monnayage omeyyade et l'histoire administrative et conomique de la Syrie," in La Syrie de Byzance l'Islam, VIIe-VIIIe sicles. Actes du Colloque international, Lyon - Maison de l'Orient Mditerranen, Paris - Institut du Monde Arabe, 11-15 Septembre 1990, ed. Pierre Canivet and Jean-Paul Rey-Coquais (Damascus: Institute Franais de Damas, 1992), 309-21. A very important reaction by a leading Byzantinist to Bates' articles, with useful corrections and refinements. In a survey of the coinage of Syria under the Umayyads based largely on the work of Bates, it is proposed, in contrast to Bates' very restricted dating of all Byzantine-type Arab gold and copper to 692-94, to place the imitation solidi without crosses earlier, perhaps as early as 660, and the bilingual Arab-Byzantine bronze coinage in the period ca. 680-94, because of its abundance and the extensive wear of many specimens. The decentralization of copper minting in Umayyad Syria and its economic implications are discussed, with remarks on the distribution of finds at archeological sites. 6 February 2007 10

An Arab-Byzantine Bibliography C. Morrisson, Ann. de l'Ecole des hautes tudes IV sec., 1972/73, p. 334. See Hahn, 1977. C. Morrisson, RN 6, 16 (1975), 198. See Hahn, 1977. al-Nabarawi, Rafat. "Fuls )Ammn wa-Jarash f sadr al-Islm," Yarmouk Numismatics 1 (1989), . 15-30. Illustrates 2 figure imperial and standing caliph issues of Amman (1 each), but no Arab-Byzantine coins of Jerash. Naghaw, )'ida. "Umayyad Filses Minted at Jerash," Syria 66 (1989), 219-22. Describes 3 AE of Justin and Sophia type counterstamped tayyib. . Nassar, N.G. Arabic Mints in Palestine and Trans Jordan, Quarterly of the Department of Antiquities of Palestine 13 (1948), 121-27. The list includes mints from every period, with brief references to published examples, but no coin descriptions. Hans-Christoph Noeske, Mnzfunde aus gypten, I: Die Mnzfunde des gyptischen Pilgerzentrums Abu Mina und die Vergleichsfunde aus den Diocesen Aegyptus und Orients vom 4.-8. Jh. n. Chr. Studien zu Fundmnzen der Antike, 12. Berlin: Mann, 2000. Nearly all the coins from many Syrian and Egyptian sites are tabulated and discussed in three volumes. Norman D. Nicol, Rfat el-Nabarawy, and Jere L. Bacharach. Catalog of the Islamic Coins, Glass Weights, Dies and Medals in the Egyptian National Library, Cairo. American Research Center in Egypt / Catalogs. Malibu, CA: Undena, 1982. Oddy, Andrew. "Arab Imagery on Early Umayyad Coins in Syria and Palestine: Evidence for Falconry," NC 1991, 59-66. Discusses the birds on coins, arguing that they are falcons; illustrates 30 examples, mostly Damascus and imitations but also 2 Tabariyya standing emperor. Oddy, Andrew, and Paul Pavlou. "A Barbarous Bronze from Seventh Century Syria," ONS Newsletter 145 (Summer 1995), 3. Three imitations based on Hims prototypes, or combining elements from Hims and Damascus, die-linked to one another. Oddy, W. A. "The 'Constans II' Bust Type of Arab-Byzantine Coins of Hims," Revue numismatique 1987, 192-97. Two new varieties; 11 coins illustrated. Oddy, W. A. "The Early Islamic Coinage of Hims: A New Type," ONS Newsletter 124 (May-June 1990), unpaged. A new subvariety of the Greek-only bust type. Oddy, Andrew. "The Early Umayyad Coinage of Baisn and Jerash," Aram 6 (1994), 405-18. Notes die-linkage between coins of the two mints; and illustrates an important overstrike of a Baysn coin on a three-figure Tabariyya coins, proving the former issue to be contemporary with . or later than the latter. 6 February 2007 11

Michael L. Bates Oddy, Andrew. "Imitations of Constans II Folles of Class 1 or 4 Struck in Syria," Numismatic Circular 103, 4 (May 1995), 142-43. Lists some known examples of crude imitations with ANA NEOS and suggests that they were local municipal issues, the predecessors of official Arab issues with mint names. One of these has dots within the m connecting it with other classes of crude imitations. Oddy, W. A. "New Varieties of the Arab-Byzantine Coinage of Hims," ONS Newsletter 137 (1993), unpaged. Six new coins. Pavlou, P. "A Byzantine countermark on a 'follis' bearing the mint signature of Theoupolis (Antioch)," ONS Newsletter 127 (11/1990-1/1991), [5]. The counterstamp HPAK, identified as a validating mark of Heraclius or his sons datable ca. 629-42, on an imitative coin with THEY for Antioch, which the author identifies as neither Byzantine nor Persian, but early Arab, or rather of that epoch. Pavlou, P. "Was There Ever a Mint in Cyprus?" unpublished paper delivered to the ONS study day, British Museum, 3 July 1993. Phillips, Marcus, and Tony Goodwin. "A Seventh-Century Syrian Hoard of Byzantine and Imitative Copper Coins," Numismatic Chronicle 157 (1997), 61-87. An article of great importance for the imitations issued before `Abd al-Malik's minting. Pitsillides, A.G., and D. M. Metcalf. "Islamic and Byzantine Coins in Cyprus during the Condominium Centuries," Epetiris tou Kentrou Epistimonikon Ereunon (Leukosia) 21 (1995), 1-13. Brief reference to Cypriote counterstamps of the era of Constantine IV, noting that the coins of Constans on which the counterstamps are found are the last Roman issues to be brought to Cyprus in quantity. The article itself is concerned with finds from ca. 691 to 1100. Pitsillides, A. G., and D. M. Metcalf, "Some More Finds of Islamic and Byzantine Coins from the Condominium Centuries," Epetirida tou Kentrou Epistimonikon Ereunon (Leukosia) 23 (1997), 1-7. Coins found in Cyprus, all eighth century or later. Plant, Richard. "The Arab-Byzantine (Greek) Series," Seaby Coin & Medal Bulletin 735 (November 1979), 357-63. Nice clear summary of Walker Classes I-IV illustrated by line drawings; with a map, but nothing new. Prawdzic-Golemberski, E. J., and D. M. Metcalf. "The Circulation of Byzantine Coins on the South-Eastern Frontiers of the Empire," NC 1963, 83-92. Examines a parcel of 28 coins purchased in Baghdad at various times in the early sixties. Includes coins of Alexandria and Carthage; the authors believe coins passed to Iraq not through Antioch, because the composition of this lot is not paralleled by site finds at Antioch, but rather eastwards from Alexandria through Palestine. Interesting discussion of Alexandrian issues in sixth century, mentioning Egyptian 6 February 2007 12

An Arab-Byzantine Bibliography hoards of seventh century. Coins include Egyptian Arab-Byzantine; Hims BM.64; Constans II overstruck on Heraclius; some illustrated. Reis, Leonhard, and Nikolaus Schindel, Von Musen und Menschen: Frhislamische Bronzemnzen mit bildlichen Darstellungen, Money Trend (Vienna) February 1999, 56-63; March 1999, 60-63; April 1999, 56-61; July-August 1999, 60-65; November 1999, 60-65. Summary, p. 56: 1. Historical overview; predecessors and the beginning of Islamic coinage. 2. Umayyad coinage; an investigative overview of the image coins. 3. Unusual image types in detail. 4. Catalogue of the coins from private collections. A series of the greatest importance, summarizing the state of the art in 1999, with many new insights. Section headings: 1) [2/99, 56] Introduction. 2) [2/99, 56-58] Historical sketch of early Islamic history up to the beginning of the Abbasids. 3) [2/99, 58-62; 3/99, 60-63; 4/99, 56-59] A short sketch of early Islamic numismatics until the end of the Umayyads (AD 750). 4) [4/99, 59-60; 7-8/99, 60-65] The early Islamic image coins. 11/99: Catalogue of pieces from Austrian private collections. Qedar, Shraga. "The Coins of Tiberias in the Period of Arab Rule" [in Hebrew] in The Book of Tiberias (ed Oded Avissar; Jerusalem 1973), 60-68. Includes several irregular issues assigned to Tabariyya, the regular Tabariyya series with three figures, and the reform coinage with mint names Tabariyya and al-Urdunn (as well as Fatimid issues). Qedar Collection photographs: 206 coins total, all Arab-Byzantine; among the present writer's personal papers; very strong on Baysan series; also on irregular types (e.g., BON); also Tiberias (Tabariyya); also Filastin standing caliph. Qedar, Shraga. "Copper Coinage of Syria in the Seventh and Eighth Century A.D.," Israel Numismatic Journal 10 (1988-89), 27-39. Illustrates 18 image types, 6 standing caliph. Mints Baysan, Jerusalem, Damascus, Diospolis, Tiberias, Tabariyya, Amman, Iliya, Ludd, Yubna. Qedar, Shraga. "A Hoard of Monetary Reform Fulus," Israel Numismatic Journal 8 (1984-85), 65-75. A hoard of 90 AE, reformed type with simple shahada, 6 of Iliya, 7 of Ludd, and 77 with no mint name; all apparently overstruck on Arab-Byzantine and Byzantine imitation types, of which 7 are of Ludd, 2 of Diospolis (Ludd; identified here for the first time), 3 Iliya, 1 Amman, 3 Tabariyya, 3 Yubna, 3 Dimashq, and 4 Hims. Two of the underlying coins were countermarked, one "bi-Ludd." Undertypes include imperial and standing caliph types. The hoard offers important evidence for the chronology of the introduction of Arabic fulus. al-Sa`ad, Ziad, and Nayef Goussous. "Scientific Analysis of a Collection of Early Ummayad [sic] Copper-Based Coins of Bilad al-Sham," Yarmouk Numismatics 9 (1997), 19-38. Provides metal composition data for 17 different seventh and eighth-century coins (illustrated), showing copper, tin, lead, zinc, iron, nickel, arsenic, gold and antimony. See Goussous, Umayyad, above.

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Michael L. Bates Salm `Araft al-Mubayyad. al-Nuqd al-`arabiyya al-filistniyya wa-sikkatuh al-madaniyya . . wa'l-ajnabiyya min al-qarn al-sdis qabl al-mld wa-hatta `m 1946. Cairo: General Egyptian . Book Commission, 1989. Review by Nyif al-Quss, Yarmouk Numismatics 3 (1991), 59-74. Shamma, Samir. al-Nuqd al-Islmiyya allat duribat f Filastn (Damascus, 1980). Includes 6 . . illustrated imperial image types, from Baysan, Jarash, Iliya, Tabariyya. Shamma, Samr. "Nuqd al-jazra al-`arabiyya athn'a khilfat Ban Umayya." Yarmouk Numismatics 5 (1993), 13-27. Treadwell, W. L. The Chronology of the Pre-Reform Copper Coinage of Early Islamic Syria, Supplement to ONS Newsletter 162 (Winter 2000), 1-14. Argues that the extensive coinage of Damascus, Hims, and Tabariyya; the many diverse types in addition to the standard types at each mint; and the difference between the copper coinage and the gold and silver coinage of Damascus in 72, including the crosses on copper; and the improbability that imitation imperial-type coins were produced in Syria in a later epoch when the official coinage was Arabic, all suggest that the Official Imperial Image coinage began earlier, in the late Sufyanid period. M. Abu-l-Faraj al-Ush, "Traces du classicisme dans la numismatique arabe-islamique," Annales Archeologiques Arabes Syriennes 21 (1971), pp. 303-27. Discusses several different ArabByzantine issues in general, including the first publication of an Arab-Byzantine-Pahlavi coin of Roman Sicilian prototype, now believed not to have any Pahlavi inscription. Walmsley, Alan G. The Administrative Structure and Urban Geography of the Jund of Filastin and the Jund of al-Urdunn. Ph.D. thesis, University of Sydney, Australia, 1987. Walmsley, Alan G. "The Social and Economic Regime at Fihl (Pella) Between the 7th and 9th Centuries," in La Syrie de Byzance l'Islam VIIe-VIIIe sicles: Actes du Colloque international, Lyon - Maison de l'Orient Mditerranen, Paris - Institut du Monde Arabe, 11-15 Septembre 1990 (ed. Pierre Canivet et Jean-Paul Rey-Coquais; Damascus: Institut Franais de Damas, 1992), 249-61. Lists coins from Jarash, pp. 258-59: pre-reform, 48 from Baysan and Jarash, 3 from Dimashq, no others; post-reform: much wider geographical distribution. Zuhd [Zouhdi], Bashr. "Aqdam al-nuqd al-Dimashqiyya wa-namdhijuh f al-Mathaf al. Watan bi-Dimashq," Annales archologiques arabes syriennes 26 (1976), 73-102. Primarily on . the pre-Islamic era, from Seleucids onward, but pages 96-97 list (without illustration) some "Byzantine" and Arab-Byzantine coins in the National Museum, Damascus, as well as Umayyad dinars and dirhams, and an outline list of subsequent Muslim issues.

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An Arab-Byzantine Bibliography Excavation reports This section in particular has been largely taken from the bibliography compiled by Alan Walmsley and R. T. Sparks (see introduction). Amman: Hadidi, Adnan, Some Bronze Coins from Amman, Annual of the Department of Antiquities of Jordan 18 (1973), 51-53. Include a copper from Damascus and an Arab-Byzantine copper from Tabariyya. Amman: Northedge, A.E. Qal`at `Amman in the Early Islamic Period. Ph.D. thesis, University of London, 1984. Finds included a copper of Constans II and a standing caliph coin possibly of Amman. Antioch: Miles, George C. "Islamic Coins," in Antioch on-the-Orontes, IV, 1, Ceramics and Islamic Coins (ed. Frederick O. Waage; Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1948), 109-124. Assur: Heidemann, Stefan, and Peter A. Miglus, Fundmnzen aus Assur und Lokalgeschichte in Islamischer Zeit, in Peter A. Miglus. Das Wohngebiet von Assur, Stratigraphie und Architektur. Wissenschaftliche Verffentlichung der Deutschen Orientgesellschaft, 93 (Berlin: Gebr. Mann, 1996), pp. 353-376. Although Assur lies outside the boundaries of the Byzantine empire, Constans II coins were found there, showing their spread in circulation under the Arabs. Bethany: Saller, Sylvester J. Excavations at Bethany (1949-1953). Jerusalem: Franciscan Printing Press, 1957. The finds included a trimmed copper of Constantinople, a fals with cut sides, and an SCL copper, clipped. Caesarea Maritima: Adamesteanu, Dinu (et al.). Scavi di Caesarea Maritima (Rome: Bretschneider, 1966). A dodecanummia of Alexandria was found. Caesarea Maritima: Lampinen, Peter, The Coins, Preliminary Report, 1990, in Caesarea Papers: Straton's Tower, Herod's Harbour, and Roman and Byzantine Caesarea (ed. R. L. Vann; Ann Arbor, 1992), 169170. Describes 10 dodecanummi of Alexandra, identified as Tiberius, Phocas (DOC 106), and Phocas-type with Arabic inscription. Capernaum: Wilson, J.F. The Bronze and Silver Coins, in Vassilios Tzaferis, ed., Excavations at Capernaum volume 1: 1978-1982 (Winona Lake, WI: Eisenbrauns, 1989), 139-143. Three Arab-Byzantine coins, of Damascus, Scythopolis, and Tabariyya. Dhs: Morrisson, Ccile. "Les monnaies," in J.-P. Sodini et al., "Dhs (Syrie du Nord), Campagnes I-III (1976-78): Recherches sur l'habitat rural," Syria 57 (1980), 267-87. According to the identifications made at the time, the site yielded 6 Byzantine coins of 641-74, 8 imitations, 6 February 2007 15

Michael L. Bates and one standing caliph copper (as well as earlier and later coins; there were 100 coins in all; she reported in 1999 that 131 more coins, similarly distributed, have been found in subsequent seasons). Dibon: Winnett, Fred V. The Excavations at Dibon (Dhiban) in Moab. Part I: the first campaign, 1950-1951 (Annual of the American Schools of Oriental Research 36-37; New Haven, 1964). Included a copper of Constantinople, perhaps Arab-Byzantine. Hammat Gader: Amitai-Preiss, N., and A. Berman. "Muslim Coins," in The Roman Bath of Hammat Gader--Final Report (ed. Y. Hirschfeld; Jerusalem: Israel Exploration Society, 1997), 301-18. Jerash: Bellinger, A.R. Coins from Jerash, 1928-1934. Numismatic Notes and Monographs no. 81. New York: American Numismatic Society, 1938. The coins found included 32 large coppers imitating the sixth-century Roman coinage with Justin II and Sophia enthroned, including 24 identifiable as Scythopolis/Baysan issues and 3 with an Arabic counterstamp. The coins were later given to the Yale University Numismatic Collection. In 1998 they were loaned to the ANS for measurement and photography, and will be discussed by Harry Bone in his forthcoming Princeton Ph.D. thesis. Jerash: Harding, Lankester, Recent Work on the Jerash Forum, Palestine Exploration Quarterly (1949), 12-20. Mentions 11 Arab-Byzantine coins, without details. Jericho: Miles, George C. "The Excavation at Herodian Jericho, 1951: Catalogue of Islamic Coins," Annual of the American Schools of Oriental Research 32-33 (1952-54), 29-41. Includes a standing caliph fals with M, like Walker 104, without mint name, possibly an overstrike; and Egyptian coins. Jerusalem: Gitler, Haim, A Comparative Study of Numismatic Evidence from Excavations in Jerusalem, Liber Annuus 46 (1996), 317-362. Mentions three coppers, mints not named, identified as Kirkbride general types F-N. Jerusalem: Tushingham, A.D. Excavations in Jerusalem 1961-1967, 1. Toronto: Royal Ontario Museum, 1985. Coins includes two AE from Iliya Filastin. Jerusalem: Wightman, G.J. The Damascus Gate, Jerusalem. Excavations by C.-M. Bennett and J.B. Hennessy at the Damascus Gate, Jerusalem, 1964-66. BAR International Series 519. Oxford: BAR, 1989. Included one Hims Arab-Byzantine coin.

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An Arab-Byzantine Bibliography Tel Jezreel: Moorhead, T.S.N., The Late Roman, Byzantine and Umayyad periods at Tel Jezreel, Tel Aviv 24 (1997), 129-166. Mentions 3 Arab-Byzantine AE of Tabariyya, one of Baysan, and 3 with no mint name, as well as two other coins of Byzantine type. Tell Keisan: Fulco, William J. Catalogue des monnaies, in Tell Keisan (1971-1976): une cit phnicienne en Galile (Orbis Biblicus et Orientalis, Series Archaeologica 1; ed. Jacques Briend and Jean-Baptiste Humbert; Paris: J. Gabalda? 1980), pp. 238-41. Included one three-standingfigures copper. Kursi Gergesa: M. Sharabani, Coins, in Tzaferis, Vassilios, The Excavations of KursiGergesa, Atiqot 16 (1983). Included 2 AE, one of which was an Arab-Byzantine 3-figure type of Tabariyya. Nabratayn: Joyce Raynor, Numismatic report of Nabratein 1980, in Eric M. Meyers, James F. Strange, Carol L. Meyers and Joyce Raynor,Preliminary Report on the 1980 Excavations at enNabratein, Israel, Bulletin of the American Schools of Oriental Research 244 (1981), 15-21. Included 30 Arab-Byzantine coins. Nessana: Bellinger, A.R. Coins, in Excavations at Nessana, I (ed. H.D. Colt, London: British School of Archaeology in Jerusalem, 1962), pp. 70-75. Among the finds were a Constans II standing figure imitation, 2 Islamic coppers attributed to Raqqa (for Ramla?) with sprig in circle, and a Damascus standing figure copper. Pella: R. H. Smith and L. P. Day. Pella of the Decapolis, Vol. 2. Wooster, Ohio, 1986. Pella: Alan Walmsley, "Islamic Coins: Catalogue Series 6" in Pella in Jordan 1979-1990: The Coins (ed. Kate da Costa; Adapa Monograph Series 1; Sydney: Adapa, 2001), 57-66, 147-53, pls. 14-15. Thirty-nine Arab-Byzantine, Umayyad (including ten dinars from two "hoards" and a dirham), Abbasid, and Mamluk coins. Walmsley compares the finds from Smith and Day, 1986, above. Samaria: Crowfoot, J.W., Crowfoot, G.M.; and K. M. Kenyon. The Objects from Samaria. London: Palestine Exploration Fund, 1957. A copper of Tiberias was found. Sepphoris: Waterman, L.Preliminary Report of the University of Michigan Exacavtions at Sepphoris, Palestine in 1931 (Ann Arbor: University of Michigan, 1937). Includes four coins probably Arab-Byzantine, of Damascus and Tabariyya.

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Michael L. Bates Mount Tabor. Battista, A., and B. Bagatti. La Fortezza Saracena del Monte Tabor (AH. 60915: AD. 1212-18). Studium Biblicum Franciscanum, Collectio Minor N. 18. Jerusalem: Franciscan Printing Press, 1976. A copper of Hims (identified as a coin of Heraclius from Emesa) was found at this thirteenth-century site. Important auction catalogues Bank Leu Auction 36, 7/5/1985, no. 415, an Arab-Byzantine-Pahlavi coin now in the ANS, 1985.115.1; see Annual Report of the ANS 1985, p. 14 no. 9. Sotheby 9-10/3/1989, nos. 341 etc. Spink London 18/2/86, no. 89. Spink Zurich auction 22, 1987: Coins of the Arab World (cataloged by Robert and Elisabeth Darley-Doran). In addition to a three-standing-figure gold dinar, the sale included important coins of Baysan, Tabariyya, Yubna Filastin, Dimascus, and two figures with no mint name. Spink Zurich auction 31, 20/6/1989, nos. 185, 189-90, 192, 194-95, 197, 204: rare and important Arab-Byzantine coins with interesting commentary. Manuscript note collections Notes by W. A. Oddy, 14/3/1987, on unusual coins in V. Popp collection. Copy in Bates' offprint file under Oddy. Include quite a number of new irregular Arab-Byzantine types. Arab-Byzantine Coinage of Egypt The Roman-style Egyptian copper coinage of the seventh and perhaps eighth century had no apparent connection to the corresponding issues of Syria. The prototype for the Egyptian issues was the Roman Byzantine seventh-century coinage of Alexandria. The Egyptian coins are, however, often found in Palestine and other southern districts of Syria. Awad, Henri Amin. "Seventh Century Arab Imitations of Alexandrian Dodecanummia," American Numismatic Society Museum Notes 18 (1972), pp. 113-17. Written in close collaboration with George C. Miles, this was the first attempt to set out a general classification of the Arab imitations of seventh-century Roman Alexandrian coinage. Jere L. Bacharach and Henry Amin Awad, "Rare Early Egyptian Islamic Coins and Coin Weights: The Awad Collection," Journal of the American Research Center in Egypt 18 (1981), pp. 51-56. Among the coins, all found at Fustat, were the first identifiable coins with the mintname MACP. 6 February 2007 18

An Arab-Byzantine Bibliography Lidia Domaszewicz and Michael L. Bates, "The Copper Coinage of Egypt in the Seventh Century,"in volume to honor Dr. Henry Amin Awad, ed. Jere Bacharach, American University in Cairo Press (Cairo, 2002). `Imd Badr al-Dn Ab Ghz, "Jadal hawla `umla Skandariyya tahmilu hillan yahtaw salban," . . . . Dirst thriyya Islmiyya 2 (1980), 93-99. [Debate about a coin of Alexandria bearing a crescent surrounding a cross]. Cites `Abd al-Rahmn Fahm, "Tuhaf ndira min al-maskkt . . wa'l-awzn wa'l-akhtm islmiyya," Majallat al-Majma` al-`Ilm al-Misr 53-54 (1971-73), ....; . and Muhammad Bqir al-Husayn, "Dirst wa-tahqqt islmiyya `an nuqd al-thawr wa'l. . . da`ya wa'l-shi`rt," al-Maskkt 5 (1974), 35-45. The latter seem to see it as a Muslim propaganda coin, while Abu Ghazi argues that the crescent was a cultural symbol since the earliest times and specifically a Byzantine symbol on their coins. Milne, J. G. "Report on the Coins Found at Antinoe in 1914," Numismatic Chronicle series 6, 7 (1947), pp. 108-14. Phillips, J. R. "The Byzantine Bronze Coins of Alexandria in the Seventh Century," Numismatic Chronicle series 7, 2 (1962), pp. 225-41.

Addenda awaiting integration: Goodwin paper compiling information on countermarks, in 8.5x11 pamphlet file under Goodwin. Goodwin paper compiling information on overstrikes, in same file. Both are important. 978 (47) 27/1/00: Album, Stephen. "Seventh centuryPart I: Islamic conquerors ANS has adapted local Byzantine coinage," The Celator: Numismatic Art of Antiquity 2, no. 4 (April 1988), pp. I, VI, XV, XVII; 2, no. 7 (July 1988). Find the latter, get subject and title. Write a little summary blurb for the A-B bibliography. Collect all Album articles up to but not including III, 6, which is photocopied. Check vol. IV for any subsequent articles. 979 (47) 27/1/00: add Grierson, Byzantine Coins, Grierson, DOC II, and Hendy, to A-B bibliography.

ANS has

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