=

Start

Read no. of Stages, distillate rate, reflux ratio, pressure, approximate top and bottom product temperatures Read feed conditions no of feeds, locations, feed rates, compositions and thermal conditions Read sidestream specifications no of sidestreams, locations, flow rates and phase conditions

Read polynomial for K values of each component

NO

Type of equilibrium data s KK = 0?

YES

Read degree of polynomial and K values vs. temp. Read degree of polynomial and K values vs. temp.

Read polynomial for enthalpies of each component

NO

Type of equilibrium data s KP = 0?

YES

Read enthalpies of pure components vs. temp. Call CURFIT to estimate polynomial coefficients for enthalpies

Is no of stages specified?

Call CURFIT to calculate no of stages

Calculate feed enthalpies Assume initial points for [Ti] and [Vi]

I=0 Calculate set of K values [Ki] Set up tridiagonal matrix formed by material balances Calculate [Xi,j] by solving matrix using Gauss elimination method Calculate set of [Ti] by mullers method

I=I+1

Calculate enthalpies of internal streams condenser and reboiler duties Update [Vi] by energy balances and calculate [Li] Print out final Results

Stop

Input feed flow rate, feed composition

Input feed temperature and pressure

Determine K for each component at I and P

Determine bubble point

Feed temperature less bubble point Feed temperature equals bubble point

Compare feed temperature and bubble point

Stop
Feed is subcooled liquid Feed above dew point Feed is superheated vapour

Stop
Determine dew point
Temperature above bubble point Feed is saturated liquid Feed temperature equals dew point

Compare feed temperature and dew point

Feed between dew point and bubble point

Stop

Stop

Assume V, sets L/V

Feed is saturated vapour

Calculate y, with equation (4.17)

Decrease V No, more than 1

Sum mol Fractions

Decrease V No, less than 1

Is sum of y1 = 1?
Yes

Stop

Input feed rate, composition, temperature and pressure

Determine feed enthalpy

Assume temperature, T2

Isothermal flash Procedure from section x and figure x

Calculate Hv and HL
No, feed enthalpy greater than product enthalpy increase T2

Check enthalpy balance does feed enthalpy equal enthalpy equal at T2, P2?
No, product enthalpy greater than feed enthalpy decrease T2

Yes

Stop

3.5. Distillation Control Models HYSYS software was used to examine the dynamic behavior of the vacuum tower. The basic equations used for the controls were based on that developed for a binary column by Desphande (1998). The control objectives were to maintain the top product recovery and bottom products. The overall material balance (excluding side streams)can be expressed as:

The component material balance for the more volatile substance is given by

Combing these equations we get

The relationship used in conjunction with the above is that given by Jafarey & McAvoy as recorded in Desphande (1998).

( [

) ]

Where Rm is the minimum reflux ratio given by ( )( ( ) )

And S is the separation factor which is defined as ( ( ) )

3.5.1 Control of

or

for Upsets in the Feed

The basic equations are rewritten as follows:

( [

) ]

)(

( (

) )

The subscript s denotes the steady state value of the variables. For the new value of F, equation x gives the new value of , which, upon substitution in equation x, at . We achieve the

gives the new value of D required for the control of

desired effects indicated in equations x and y by installing two level loops, one to control liquid level in the reflux drum and the other to control the base level. If F increases or decreases from its steady state value, a new value of D results as described earlier. Since D is now different from its steady state value, and since V is constant, the level in the reflux drum changes. The level controller manipulates the reflux valve to bring the reflux valve to bring the reflux drum level back to the set point in effect satisfying equation x. the new reflux combines with the feed as it flows downward, and when it reaches the column base, it causes the base level to change since the vapour boil up is constant. The base level controller manipulates B so as to bring the base level back to the set point, in effect satisfying equation x.

3.5.2 Control of

or

for Upsets in

The basic control equations are recast as follows:

( [

) ]

)(

( (

) ) , that is, , the required value of D and the resulting

For controlled values of value of

may be obtained by solving equations x and y. This is the same for upsets in F. for Upsets in Feed

proposed for the control of 3.5.3 Control of and

( [

) ]

)(

( (

) )

For an upset in F, D must be changed by an appropriate amount so as to hold D/F constant. Furthermore, Rm and S (as well as V/F) must be constant. When an upset in F occurs, V must be adjusted so as to hold V/F constant.

3.5.4 Control of

and

for Upsets in

The relevant equations in this case are:

( [

) ]

)(

( (

) ) equation x gives the required value of D/Fs, which, upon

For the new value of

substitution in equation x, gives the required value of V/F, for dual composition control of and . S will be constant.