Flexible AC transmission system

A flexible alternating current transmission system (FACTS) is a system composed of static equipment used for the AC transmission of electrical energy It is meant to enhance controllability and increase power transfer capability of the network. It is generally a power electronicsbased system. FACTS is defined by the IEEE as "a power electronic based system and other static equipment that provide control of one or more AC transmission system parameters to enhance controllability and increase power transfer capability."[1] Transmission on a no-loss line.

Contents
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1 Technology o 1.1 History o 1.2 Series compensation o 1.3 Shunt compensation 2 Theory o 2.1 Series compensation o 2.2 Shunt compensation 3 Examples of series compensation 4 Examples of shunt compensation 5 References 6 See also o 6.1 Internal links o 6.2 External links

Series compensation.

[edit] Technology
Shunt compensation.

[edit] History

The first FACTS installation was at the C. J. Slatt Substation in Northern Oregon. This is a 500 kV, 3-phase 60 Hz substation, and was developed by EPRI, the Bonneville Power Administration and General Electric Company. [2]

Series compensation
In series compensation, the FACTS is connected in series with the power system. It works as a controllable voltage source. Series inductance exists in all AC transmission lines. On long lines, when a large current flows, this causes a large voltage drop. To compensate, series capacitors are connected, decreasing the effect of the inductance.

voltage may become double the sending end voltage (generally in case of very long transmission lines). To compensate, shunt inductors are connected across the transmission line.and then the power transfer capability is increased depending upon the power equation

= power angle

Theory
In the case of a no-loss line, voltage magnitude at receiving end is the same as voltage magnitude at sending end: Vs = Vr=V. Transmission results in a phase lag that depends on line reactance X.

Shunt compensation
In shunt compensation, power system is connected in shunt (parallel) with the FACTS. It works as a controllable current source. Shunt compensation is of two types: Shunt capacitive compensation This method is used to improve the power factor. Whenever an inductive load is connected to the transmission line, power factor lags because of lagging load current. To compensate, a shunt capacitor is connected which draws current leading the source voltage. The net result is improvement in power factor. Shunt inductive compensation This method is used either when charging the transmission line, or, when there is very low load at the receiving end. Due to very low, or no load very low current flows through the transmission line. Shunt capacitance in the transmission line causes voltage amplification (Ferranti Effect). The receiving end

As it is a no-loss line, active power P is the same at any point of the line:

Reactive power at sending end is the opposite of reactive power at receiving end:

As is very small, active power mainly depends on whereas reactive power mainly depends on voltage magnitude.

[edit] Series compensation

FACTS for series compensation modify line impedance: X is decreased so as to increase the transmittable active power. However, more reactive power must be provided.

Examples of FACTS for series compensation (schematic)

[edit] Shunt compensation

Reactive current is injected into the line to maintain voltage magnitude. Transmittable active power is increased but more reactive power is to be provided.

Static synchronous series compensator (SSSC) Thyristor-controlled series capacitor (TCSC): a series capacitor bank is shunted by a thyristor-controlled reactor Thyristor-controlled series reactor (TCSR): a series reactor bank is shunted by a thyristorcontrolled reactor Thyristor-switched series capacitor (TSSC): a series capacitor bank is shunted by a thyristor-switched reactor Thyristor-switched series reactor (TSSR): a series reactor bank is shunted by a thyristor-switched reactor

[edit] Examples of series compensation

[edit] Examples of shunt compensation

reactive power. It is switched only a few times a day.

[edit] References
In-line references
1. ^ Proposed terms and definitions for flexible AC transmission system(FACTS), IEEE Transactions on Power Delivery, Volume 12, Issue 4, October 1997, pp. 18481853. doi: 10.1109/61.634216 2. ^ Electrical Machines, Drives and Power Systems, 6th Edition, p. 820

Examples of FACTS for shunt compensation (schematic)

Static synchronous compensator (STATCOM); previously known as a static condenser (STATCON) Static VAR compensator (SVC). Most common SVCs are: o Thyristor-controlled reactor (TCR): reactor is connected in series with a bidirectional thyristor valve. The thyristor valve is phase-controlled. Equivalent reactance is varied continuously. o Thyristor-switched reactor (TSR): Same as TCR but thyristor is either in zero- or full- conduction. Equivalent reactance is varied in stepwise manner. o Thyristor-switched capacitor (TSC): capacitor is connected in series with a bidirectional thyristor valve. Thyristor is either in zero- or full- conduction. Equivalent reactance is varied in stepwise manner. o Mechanically-switched capacitor (MSC): capacitor is switched by circuitbreaker. It aims at compensating steady state

General references

Narain G. Hingorani, Laszlo Gyugyi Understanding FACTS: Concepts and Technology of Flexible AC Transmission Systems, Wiley-IEEE Press, December 1999. ISBN 978-0-7803-3455-7 Xiao-Ping Zhang, Christian Rehtanz, Bikash Pal, Flexible AC Transmission Systems: Modelling and Control, Springer, March 2006. ISBN 978-3-540-30606-1. http://www.springer.com/3-54030606-4 A. Edris, R. Adapa, M.H. Baker, L. Bohmann, K. Clark, K. Habashi, L. Gyugyi, J. Lemay, A. Mehraban, A.K. Myers, J. Reeve, F. Sener, D.R. Torgerson, R.R. Wood, Proposed Terms and Definitions for Flexible AC Transmission System (FACTS), IEEE Transactions on Power Delivery, Vol. 12, No. 4, October 1997. doi: 10.1109/61.634216 http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/sta mp.jsp?arnumber=00634216