Chapter02 Handouts

A+ Guide to Managing You Will Learn…
and Maintaining Your PC

z About operating systems, what they are, and
Fifth Edition what they do
z How an OS interfaces with users, applications,

Chapter 2 and hardware
How Hardware and Software z How system resources help hardware and
software communicate
Work Together
A+ Guide to Managing and Maintaining Your PC, Fifth Edition 2
Introducing Operating Systems OS as a Middleman

z Software that controls a computer
z Acts as a middleman between applications and

hardware
z Two main internal components

Shell
Kernel
A+ Guide to Managing and Maintaining Your PC, Fifth Edition 3 A+ Guide to Managing and Maintaining Your PC, Fifth Edition 4
The Shell and the Kernel Common Operating Systems

z DOS
z Windows 9x
z Windows NT, Windows 2000, and
Windows XP
z Unix
z Linux
z OS/2
z Mac OS
1
What an Operating System How an OS Provides a User
Does Interface
z Provides user interface z Command-driven interfaces
z Stores, retrieves, and manipulates files and z Menu-driven interfaces

folders
z Icon-driven interfaces
z Manages applications
z Manages hardware
How an OS Manages Files and

A Menu-Driven Interface
Folders
z Uses file system (FAT or NTFS) to track how
clusters are used for each stored file
z Uses directories, subdirectories, and files
z Uses partitions and logical drives on hard drive
Tracks, Sectors, and Clusters Files and Directories
2
How an OS Manages
Partitions and Logical Drives
Applications
z Provides access to hardware resources
z Manages data in memory and in secondary

storage
z Performs other background tasks
Loading Application Software Using a Shortcut Icon to Load

Using the Windows Desktop Software
z Shortcut icon
z Start menu
z Run command
z Windows Explorer or My Computer
Real and Protected Operating

16-Bit and 32-Bit Software
Modes
z Real (16-bit) operating mode z 16-bit software
CPU processes 16 bits of data at one time Written for Windows 3.x
Software has “real” access to hardware
Accesses data 16 bits at a time
z Protected (32-bit) operating mode
Programs should not infringe on resources of other
CPU processes 32 bits of data at one time programs that are running
More than one program can be running, each one
“protected” from others z 32-bit software
Uses preemptive multitasking Written for Windows 95 and later Windows OSs
3
How an OS Manages Hardware
How an OS Manages Hardware
(continued)
z Uses device drivers or the BIOS (system
BIOS, startup BIOS, or CMOS setup) to
interface with hardware
z Trend is to manage devices with device drivers

rather than BIOS
How an OS Uses Device How an OS Uses System BIOS

Drivers to Manage Hardware to Manage Devices
z Device drivers provide OS with software z To communicate with simple devices (eg,
necessary to control devices floppy drives or keyboards)
z 16-bit read-mode drivers
z To access the hard drive
Supported by Windows 95/98
z 32-bit protected-mode drivers

Supported by Windows 95/98, Windows Me, and
Windows NT/2000/XP
Using System BIOS Using System BIOS (continued)
4
System Resources System Resources (continued)
z Depend on certain lines on a bus on
motherboard
z System bus components
Data bus carries data
Address bus communicates addresses (memory
addresses and I/O addresses)
Control bus controls communication (IRQs and
DMA channels)
System Bus Components Interrupt Request Number (IRQ)

z Line on a bus that device needing service uses
to alert the CPU
z Managed by interrupt controller on
motherboard
Early motherboards: eight IRQs
Second group of IRQs and second interrupt
controller have been added to accommodate need
for more devices
Common Assignments for First Second IRQ Controller

Eight IRQs
5
Viewing IRQ Assignments
(continued)
z Microsoft Diagnostic Utility (MSD) for DOS
z Device Manager for Windows 2000/XP and

Windows 9x

Memory Addresses
(continued)
z Hexadecimal numbers assigned to RAM and
ROM so the CPU can access both
z Used to access physical memory
z Often written in segment:offset form

(eg, C800:5)
Memory Addresses (continued) I/O Addresses

z Numbers CPU can use to access hardware
devices
6
I/O Addresses (continued) Common Assignments for I/O
Addresses
Direct Memory Access (DMA)

DMA Channels
Channels
z Shortcut method that lets an I/O device send
data directly to memory, bypassing the CPU
OS Tools to Examine a System Device Manager

z Device Manager z Primary tool used to manage hardware devices
under Windows 2000/XP and Windows 9x
z System Information utility
z Microsoft Diagnostic Utility (MSD)
7
Device Manager ( continued) System Information Utility
z Gives similar, but more, information than
Device Manager
BIOS version in use
Directory where OS is installed
How system resources are used
Information about drivers and their status
Additional information about software
Using Windows System Microsoft Diagnostic Utility

Information (MSD)
z Useful for viewing information about the
system, including:
Memory
Video
Ports
Device drivers
System resources
Using MSD Summary

z How hardware and software work together
z Different operating systems
What they do
How they work to control hardware devices
z How an OS provides the interface that users

and applications need to command and use
hardware devices

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Chapter02 Handouts

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A+ Guide to Managing You Will Learn…

and Maintaining Your PC

z How an OS interfaces with users, applications,

Introducing Operating Systems OS as a Middleman

z Acts as a middleman between applications and

z Two main internal components

The Shell and the Kernel Common Operating Systems

z Stores, retrieves, and manipulates files and z Menu-driven interfaces

How an OS Manages Files and

z Uses directories, subdirectories, and files

z Uses partitions and logical drives on hard drive

Tracks, Sectors, and Clusters Files and Directories

z Manages data in memory and in secondary

z Performs other background tasks

Loading Application Software Using a Shortcut Icon to Load

z Windows Explorer or My Computer

Real and Protected Operating

z Trend is to manage devices with device drivers

How an OS Uses Device How an OS Uses System BIOS

z 32-bit protected-mode drivers

Using System BIOS Using System BIOS (continued)

System Bus Components Interrupt Request Number (IRQ)

Common Assignments for First Second IRQ Controller

z Device Manager for Windows 2000/XP and

Viewing IRQ Assignments

z Used to access physical memory

z Often written in segment:offset form

Memory Addresses (continued) I/O Addresses

Direct Memory Access (DMA)

OS Tools to Examine a System Device Manager

z Microsoft Diagnostic Utility (MSD)

Using Windows System Microsoft Diagnostic Utility

Using MSD Summary

z How an OS provides the interface that users

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