DR.

JIM BLOXTONS OPTIONAL CHEM 1021 NOMENCLATURE AND MOLECULAR, FULL IONIC AND NET IONIC EQUATIONS BACKGROUND: Scientists use chemical symbols to represent the names of elements in chemical equations and in chemical formulas. The names and formulas for elements that you will need for Chem 1023 are given below: Group IA H hydrogen Li lithium Na sodium K potassium Group IIA Mg magnesium Ca calcium Sr stronium Ba barium Ra radium Group IVA C carbon Sn tin Pb lead Group VIIIA Rn Radon Transition Elements Fe iron Co cobalt Pt platinum Cu copper Mn manganese Cr chromium Group VA N nitrogen P phosphorus Transition Elements Ag silver Au gold Zn zinc Cd cadmium Hg mercury Mo molybdenium Group VIA O oxygen S sulfur Se selenium

Group IIIA Al aluminum

Group VIIA F fluorine Cl chlorine Br bromine I iodine

Most of these elements are represented as monatomic or one atom when they are written in chemical equations. An example is sodium which is written as Na in a chemical equation. The absence of a subscript after an elements symbol indicates that there is one atom of that element. Elements such as hydrogen, mercury, nitrogen, oxygen, fluorine, chlorine, bromine and iodine are more stable as diatomic molecules or two atom molecules. These elements are represented as follows in chemicals equations: H2, Hg2, N2, O2, F2, Cl2, Br2 and I2. The presence of the subscript two after an elements symbol indicates that there are two atoms of that element. Ions play a very important role in maintaining life itself. An ion has either a positive or negative charge and enables aqueous solutions to carry electrical charge. A cation is an ion with a positive charge. An anion is an ion with a negative charge. Ions are involved in many cellular process in our bodies. Some of the important ions in biological systems include K+, Na+, Li+, Mg2+, Fe3+, Cl-, I-, HCO3-, H2PO4-, and HPO42-. The names and formulas of some of the ions that you will need to know for this course are given below.

Group IA Cations H+ hydrogen ion Li+ lithium ion

Group IIA Cations Mg2+ magnesium ion Ca2+ calcium ion

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Group IIIA Cation Al3+ aluminum ion

Na+ K+

sodium ion potassium ion

Ba2+

barium ion Transition Metal Cations Fe2+ iron(II) ion or ferrous ion Fe3+ iron(III) ion or ferric ion Hg22+ mercury(I) ion or mercurous ion 2+ Hg mercury(II) ion or mercuric ion Group IVA Cations Sn2+ tin(II) ion or stannous ion Sn4+ tin(IV) ion or stannic ion Pb2+ lead(II) ion Pb4+ lead(IV) ion

Transition Metal Cations Ag+ silver ion Zn2+ zinc ion Cu+ copper(I) ion or cuprous ion Cu2+ copper(II) ion or cupric ion Polyatomic Cations NH4+ ammonium ion H3O+ hydronium ion

The elements group number, Roman numeral for groups IA, IIA, and IIA corresponds to the charge for the cations of these elements. Thus Group IA elements such as H, Li, Na and K will lose one electron to form a cation with a 1+ charge. The number of valence electrons that an element has corresponds to the elements group number for the A group or representative elements. Li, Na and K lose their 1 valence electron so that they can have the electron configuration of a noble gas. Group IIA elements such as Mg, Ca and Ba will lose two electrons to form a cation with a 2+ charge. Mg, Ca and Ba lose their 2 valence electrons so that they can have the electron configuration of a noble gas. Likewise Group IIIA elements such as Al will lose three electrons to form a cation with a 3+ charge. Al loses 3 valence electrons so that it can have the electron configuration of a noble gas. NOMENCLATURE RULE: The rules for naming cations are as follows: 1. Write the name of the element followed by the word ion. Examples: What are the names of Li+, Ca2+ and Al3+? Answers: lithium ion, calcium ion, and aluminum ion. 2. If an element has more than one oxidation state or charged form, the oxidation number or charge must be specified as a Roman numeral that is enclosed in parenthesis after the name of the element. The word ion is also included in the name. Examples: What are the names of Cu2+, Fe3+ and Hg22+? Answers: copper(II) ion, iron(III) ion, mercury(I) ion. Each mercury atom in Hg22+ has a charge of 1+ since the charge on the Hg22+ ion is 2+ and there are 2 mercury atoms in the ion. Each mercury atom in the ion has a charge of 1+. 3. Polyatomic ions are ions that are composed of more than one atom. Polyatomic ions are named by writing the name of the ion followed by the word ion. Example: What is the name of NH4+? Answer: ammonium ion. Group IA Anion Group VIA Anions Group VIIA Anions 2H hydride ion O oxide ion Ffluoride ion 2S sulfide ion Clchloride ion 2Se selenide ion Br bromide ion Iiodide ion

Polyatomic Anions HSO4hydrogen sulfate ion SO42sulfate ion SO32sulfite ion NO2 nitrite ion NO3nitrate ion H2PO4dihydrogen phosphate ion 2HPO4 hydrogen phosphate ion PO43phosphate ion

Polyatomic Anions HCO3hydrogen carbonate ion or bicarbonate ion CO32carbonate ion OH hydroxide ion CNcyanide ion C2H3O2acetate ion 2O2 peroxide ion

The number of valence electrons that an element has corresponds to the elements group number for the A group or representative elements. H is a group IA element can either gain or lose one electron. If H gains one electron it will have the electron configuration of the noble gas He. When H gains one electron the H becomes an anion that has a charge of 1- and thus the H or hydride ion is formed. Group VIA elements such as O, S and Se already have six valence electrons and will gain two electrons to form an anion with a 2- charge. O, S and Se gain 2 more electrons so that they can have the electron configuration of a noble gas. Likewise Group VIIA elements such as F, Cl, Br and I already have seven valence electrons and will gain one electron to form an anion with a 1- charge. F, Cl, Br and I gain 1 more electron so that they can have the electron configuration of a noble gas. NOMENCLATURE RULE: The rules for naming anions are as follows: 1. Write the name of the element and change the ending to end in ide. 2. Add the word ion. Examples: What are the names of the following: A. H-, B. O2- and C. F-? Answers: A. H- is derived from H, hydrogen. The ogen is dropped from hydrogen and replaced with the suffix ide. This produces the word hydride. We need to follow hydride with the word ion to give the name of H- as hydride ion. B. O2- is derived from O, oxygen. The ygen is dropped from oxygen and replaced with the suffix ide. This produces the word oxide. We need to follow oxide with the word ion to give the name of O2- as oxide ion. C. F- is derived from F, fluorine. The ine is dropped from fluorine and replaced with the suffix ide. This produces the word fluoride. We need to follow fluoride with the word ion to give the name of F- as fluoride ion. 3. Polyatomic ions are named by writing the name of the ion followed by the word ion. Example: What is the name of OH-? Answer: hydroxide ion. The names and formulas of some of the acids that you will need to know for this course are given below. An acid is a source of hydrogen ion or H+. Monoprotic Acids HF hydrogen fluoride or HF(aq) hydrofluoric acid HCl hydrogen chloride or HCl(aq) hydrochloric acid HBr hydrogen bromide or
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Diprotic Acids H2SO4 sulfuric acid H2CO3 carbonic acid Triprotic Acid H3PO4 phosphoric acid

HBr(aq) HI HI(aq) HNO3

hydrobromic acid hydrogen iodide or hydroiodic acid nitric acid

Other Important Acids HC2H3O2 acetic acid NH4Cl ammonium chloride

Acids can also be defined as hydrogen containing molecular compounds that when dissolved in water loses one or more hydrogen ions, H+. This process is called ionization or dissociation. Acids can be further classified as monoprotic, diprotic, or triprotic acids. Polyprotic acid is a general term for acids that release more than one H+ ion upon ionization. A monoprotic acid releases one H+ ion upon ionization. Examples of monoprotic acids are HF, HCl, HBr, HI and HNO3. Ionization: Ex. HF(aq) H+(aq) + F-(aq) Hydrofluoric acid is separating into a hydrogen ion and a fluoride ion. Hydrofluoric acid: The acid formed when hydrogen fluoride (HF) is dissolved in water. H+: Called a proton and is also known as a hydrogen ion. Note in an aqueous solution, the H+ ion or hydrogen ion bonds with H2O to form H3O+ which is called a hydronium ion. Ionization: Ex. HCl(aq) H+(aq) + Cl-(aq) Hydrochloric acid is separating into a hydrogen ion and a chloride ion. Hydrochloric acid: The acid formed when hydrogen chloride (HCl) is dissolved in water. Ionization: Ex. HBr(aq) H+(aq) + Br-(aq) Hydrobromic acid is separating into a hydrogen ion and a bromide ion. Hydrobromic acid: The acid formed when hydrogen bromide (HBr) is dissolved in water. Ionization: Ex. HI(aq) H+(aq) + I-(aq) Hydroiodic acid is separating into a hydrogen ion and an iodide ion. Hydroiodic acid: The acid formed when hydrogen iodide (HI) is dissolved in water. Ionization: Ex. HNO3(aq) H+(aq) + NO3-(aq) Nitric acid is separating into a hydrogen ion and a nitrate ion. Acetic acid is usually treated as a monoprotic acid. The equation for the ionization of acetic acid is as follows: Ionization: Ex. HC2H3O2(aq) H+(aq) + C2H3O2-(aq) Acetic acid is separating into a hydrogen ion and an acetate ion. Ammonium chloride, NH4Cl, is a source of ammonium cation, NH4+. The ammonium cation is a weak acid that is also a monoprotic acid. The equation for the formation of the ammonium cation in water or an aqueous solution is as follows: NH4Cl (aq) NH4+(aq) + Cl-(aq) Ammonium chloride dissolves in water to form ammonium ion and chloride ion.

Ionization: Ex. NH4+(aq) H+(aq) + NH3(aq) Ammonium ion is separating into a hydrogen ion and ammonia. A diprotic acid releases two H+ ions upon complete ionization. However these two H+ ions are released in two separate steps. Examples of diprotic acids are H2SO4 and H2CO3. Example: Step 1 Ionization: Ex. H2SO4(aq) H+(aq) + HSO4-(aq) Sulfuric acid is separating into a hydrogen ion and a hydrogen sulfate ion. Step 2 Ionization: Ex. HSO4- (aq) H+(aq) + SO42- (aq) Hydrogen sulfate ion is separating into a hydrogen ion and a sulfate ion. A triprotic acid releases three H+ ions upon complete ionization. However these three H ions are released in three separate steps. An example of a triprotic acid is H3PO4.
+

Example: Step 1 Ionization: Ex. H3PO4(aq) H+(aq) + H2PO4-(aq) Phosphoric acid is separating into a hydrogen ion and a dihydrogen phosphate ion. Step 2 Ionization: Ex. H2PO4-(aq) H+(aq) + HPO42- (aq) Dihydrogen phosphate ion is separating into a hydrogen ion and a hydrogen phosphate ion. Step 3 Ionization: Ex. HPO42-(aq) H+(aq) + PO43- (aq) hydrogen phosphate ion is separating into a hydrogen ion and a phosphate ion.

The names and formulas of some of the bases that you will need to know for this course are given below. A base is a source of hydroxide ion, OH-, or an acceptor of H+. Metal Hydroxide Bases NaOH sodium hydroxide KOH potassium hydroxide Mg(OH)2 magnesium hydroxide Ca(OH)2 calcium hydroxide Metal Bicarbonate Bases NaHCO3 sodium bicarbonate or sodium hydrogen carbonate KHCO3 potassium bicarbonate or potassium hydrogen carbonate Other Bases
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Metal Oxide Bases Na2O sodium oxide K2 O potassium oxide

Metal Carbonate Bases Li2CO3 lithium carbonate Na2CO3 sodium carbonate K2CO3 potassium carbonate

NH3 NH4OH

ammonia ammonium hydroxide

NOMENCLATURE RULE: All of these bases except for ammonia are named as if they were ionic compounds. Actually all of these bases except ammonia are ionic compounds. The rules for naming these types of ionic compounds are as follows: 1. Write the name of the cation first omitting the word ion. 2. Write the name of the anion next and omit the word ion. Example. What is the name of Mg(OH)2? Answer: Mg(OH)2 is composed of the magnesium ion, Mg2+, and two hydroxide ions OH-. Therefore the name of Mg(OH)2 is magnesium hydroxide. Example. What is the name of K2O? Answer: K2O is composed of the two potassium ions, K+, and one hydroxide ion OH-. Therefore the name of K2O is potassium hydroxide. Example. What is the name of NaHCO3? Answer: NaHCO3 is composed of the sodium ion, Na+, and the bicarbonate ion HCO3- which is also called hydrogen carbonate ion. Therefore the name of NaHCO3 is sodium bicarbonate or sodium hydrogen carbonate. Example. What is the name of Li2CO3? Answer: Li2CO3 is composed of the two lithium ions, Li +, and one carbonate ion CO32-. Therefore the name of Li2CO3 is lithium carbonate. Example. What is the name of Fe(OH)3? Answer: Fe(OH)3 is composed of the iron(III) ion, Fe3+, and three hydroxide ions OH-. Therefore the name of Fe(OH)3 is iron(III) hydroxide. The next two nomenclature examples involve ionic compounds that are not bases. Example. What is the name of BaI2? Answer: BaI2 is composed of one barium ion, Ba2+, and two iodide ions I-. Therefore the name of BaI2 is barium iodide. Example. What is the name of KCl? Answer: KCl is composed of the one potassium ion, K+, and one chloride ion Cl-. Therefore the name of KCl is potassium chloride. The next two examples involve naming ionic compounds that contain more than one polyatomic ion in their formula. We have to enclose the polyatomic ion in parenthesis and use a subscript after the closing parenthesis to indicate the how many polyatomic ions are in the formula. Example. What is the name of Al2(SO4)3? Answer: Al2(SO4)3 is composed of two aluminum ions, Al3+, and three sulfate ions SO42-. Therefore the name of Al2(SO4)3 is aluminum sulfate. Example. What is the name of Ca(NO3)2?

Answer: Ca(NO3)2 is composed of one calcium ion, Ca2+, and two nitrate ions NO3-. Therefore the name of Ca(NO3)2 is calcium nitrate. METHOD FOR WRITING THE FORMULA OF AN IONIC COMPOUND FROM THE NAME OF THE IONIC COMPOUND This section involves writing the formula of an ionic compound from the name of the ionic compound. The steps involved are in some ways the reverse of naming an ionic compound from the formula of the ionic compound. Example: What is the formula of magnesium bromide? Answer: The ionic compound is composed of the Mg2+ cation and the Br-(aq) anion. In ionic compounds, the overall charge has to be neutral or zero. This means that there must be an equal number of positive charges as well as an equal number of negative charges. Thus we need to figure out how many Mg2+ cations and how many Br- anions we need. In figuring this out it is convenient to use the following general format: CationxAniony where x is the number of cations in the formula and y is the number of anions in the formula. We figure out the value of x by letting x equal the absolute value of the charge on the anion. In a similar manner, the value of y is equal to the charge of the cation. For this example we will now solve for the values of x and y in MgxBry. Since Br- has a charge of 1- we take the absolute value of 1- which is 1 and this is our value of x. Since x = 1 this means there is one atom of Mg in the formula or our ionic compound. Likewise since Mg2+ has a charge of 2+, the value of y = 2. This means that we have two atoms of bromine in our ionic compound. The formula for MgxBry is MgBr2. The formula of magnesium bromide is MgBr2. Example: What is the formula of ammonium oxide? Answer: The ionic compound is composed of the NH4+ cation and the O2-(aq) anion. In ionic compounds, the overall charge has to be neutral or zero. This means that there must be an equal number of positive charges as well as an equal number of negative charges. Thus we need to figure out how many NH4+ cations and how many O2- anions we need. In figuring this out it is convenient to use the following general format: CationxAniony where x is the number of cations in the formula and y is the number of anions in the formula. We figure out the value of x by letting x equal the absolute value of the charge on the anion. In a similar manner, the value of y is equal to the charge of the cation. For this example we will now solve for the values of x and y in (NH 4)xOy. Since O2- has a charge of 2- we take the absolute value of 2- which is 2 and this is our value of x. Since x = 2 this means there are two formula units of NH4 in the formula or our ionic compound. Likewise since NH4+ has a charge of 1+, the value of y = 1. This means that we have one atom of oxygen in our ionic compound. The formula for (NH4)xOy is (NH4)2O. The formula of ammonium oxide is (NH4)2O. Example: What is the formula of barium sulfate?

Answer: The ionic compound is composed of the Ba2+ cation and the SO42- anion. In ionic compounds, the overall charge has to be neutral or zero. This means that there must be an equal number of positive charges as well as an equal number of negative charges. Thus we need to figure out how many Ba2+ cations and how many SO42- anions we need. In figuring this out it is convenient to use the following general format: CationxAniony where x is the number of cations in the formula and y is the number of anions in the formula. We figure out the value of x by letting x equal the absolute value of the charge on the anion. In a similar manner, the value of y is equal to the charge of the cation. For this example we will now solve for the values of x and y in Ba x(SO4)y. Since SO42has a charge of 2- we take the absolute value of 2- which is 2 and this is our value of x. Since x = 2 this means there are two atoms of Ba in the formula or our ionic compound. Likewise since Ba2+ has a charge of 2+, the value of y = 2. This means that we have two formula units of the sulfate ion in our ionic compound. The formula for Ba x(SO4)y appears to be Ba2(SO4)2. However we need to reduce the values of x and y from x = 2 and y = 2 to x = 1 and y = 1. Then the correct formula for Bax(SO4)y becomes BaSO4. The formula of barium sulfate is BaSO4.

METHODS FOR WRITING MOLECULAR EQUATIONS, FULL IONIC EQUATIONS AND NET IONIC EQUATIONS Notes: 1. The following terms and definitions are useful: Solute: a solid or gas that is dissolved in a solvent. Solvent: a liquid that the solute is dissolved in. Solution: a combination of solute and solvent. Saturated solution: a solution that cannot have more solute dissolved in it at a given temperature. Unsaturated solution: A solution that can have more solute dissolved in it. Soluble: dissolves in a particular solvent. 2. In writing molecular, full ionic and net ionic equations we must include the states with each reactant and product. The states are indicated as abbreviations that are placed as subscripts after each reactant and product. The states and their abbreviations are as follows: gas (g) liquid (l) solid (g) aqueous (aq) The term aqueous is used when the solvent is water.

3. If a compound is water insoluble this means that the compound does not dissolve in water and remains as a solid which is indicated as a subscript (s) after the compound. If a compound is soluble in water, this is indicated by the use of the subscript (aq) after the compound. 4. In molecular equations, water soluble acids, bases and ionic compounds are not broken up into ions. In molecular equations gases, liquids and solids are not broken up into ions. 5. In full ionic equations, strong acids, strong bases and ionic compounds that are soluble in water are broken up into anions and cations. In full ionic equations weak acids that are not ionic compounds, weak bases, gases, liquids and solids are not broken up into ions. 6. In net ionic equations, strong acids, strong bases and ionic compounds that are soluble in water are broken up into anions and cations. In net ionic equations weak acids that are not ionic compounds, weak bases, gases, liquids and solids are not broken up into ions. 7. The net ionic equation is derived from the full ionic equation by identifying and eliminating spectator ions. 8. A species is a spectator if the following three items remain exactly the same when a species is a reactant and a product: formula, charge and state. Example 1: Write a balanced net ionic equation for the reaction between water insoluble calcium hydroxide Ca(OH)2 and an aqueous solution of hydrobromic acid HBr. We first need to realize that the reactants are Ca(OH)2 and HBr. Ca(OH)2 is a metal hydroxide base that supplies a hydroxide ion OH- that will react with H+ ion that is supplied by the acid HBr. In these equations we must include the states with each reactant and product. The states are indicated as subscripts after each reactant and product. We will start out by writing the reactants part of the molecular equation as follows in partial equation 1: Ca(OH)2(s) + HBr(aq) Partial Equation 1

The state for Ca(OH)2 is indicated as a solid since Ca(OH)2 is insoluble in water. Aqueous is the state for HBr since we are dealing with an aqueous solution of HBr. The acid HBr dissolves or is soluble in water. Before we can complete the molecular equation, we need to realize what is taking place with the reactants and then write the full ionic equation. When we write full ionic equations, the reactants and products have to be broken apart into their ions if they are water soluble ionic compounds, water soluble strong acids or water soluble strong bases. Since Ca(OH) 2 is insoluble in water the base Ca(OH)2 will largely remain in the solid form of Ca(OH)2(s). HBr is a strong acid that is soluble in water. Strong acids will ionize or break apart almost completely to form ions called anions and cations. The equation for the ionization or dissociation of HBr to form the cation H+ or hydrogen ion and the anion Br- or bromide ion is as follows in equation 2: HBr(aq) H+(aq) + Br-(aq) Equation 2

This means that the reactants Ca(OH)2(s) and HBr(aq) are represented as follows in the partial full ionic equation in partial equation 3: Ca(OH)2(s) + H+(aq) + Br-(aq) Partial Equation 3

Next we need to look at the interactions between Ca(OH)2(s) and H+(aq) and Br-(aq). The reaction of interest will be an acid base reaction that takes place between H+(aq) or hydrogen ion and the OH- or hydroxide ion that is part of Ca(OH)2(s). This reaction will produce liquid water or H2O(l) as a product. The calcium ion that is part of Ca(OH)2(s) will now be in the form of Ca2+ (aq) as a product. The Br (aq) or bromide ion remains the same during this reaction and will be a product. We can now write an unbalanced full ionic equation as follows in equation 4: Ca(OH)2(s) + H+(aq) + Br-(aq) H2O(l) + Ca2+(aq) + Br-(aq) Equation 4

The next step involves completing the molecular equation and then balancing the molecular equation. In molecular equations, anion and cation components of ionic compounds have to be combined together. The ionic compound in this example consists of Ca 2+(aq) cation and Br-(aq) anion. In ionic compounds, the overall charge has to be neutral or zero. This means that there must be an equal number of positive charges as well as an equal number of negative charges. Thus we need to figure out how many Ca2+ cations and how many Br- anions we need. In figuring this out it is convenient to use the following general format: CationxAniony where x is the number of cations in the formula and y is the number of anions in the formula. We figure out the value of x by letting x equal the absolute value of the charge on the anion. In a similar manner, the value of y is equal to the charge of the cation. For this example we will now solve for the values of x and y in Ca xBry. Since Br- has a charge of 1- we take the absolute value of 1- which is 1 and this is our value of x. Since x = 1 this means there is one atom of Ca in the formula or our ionic compound. Likewise since Ca 2+ has a charge of 2+, the value of y = 2. This means that we have two atoms of bromine in our ionic compound. The formula for CaxBry is thus CaBr2. The name of CaBr2 is calcium bromide. Since H2O is our other product we can now write our unbalanced molecular equation as follows in equation 5: Ca(OH)2(s) + HBr(aq) H2O(l) + CaBr2(aq) Equation 5

Now we need to balance our molecular equation. In balanced equations, there must be equal numbers of each atom on the reactants and products side of the equation. We balance equations by the use of coefficients that are placed in front of formulas. We never change the formula of a reactant or product when we balance an equation. In our unbalanced molecular equation we have 1 Ca atom on both sides of the equation. However on the reactants side we have 2 atoms of O, 3 atoms of H and 1 atom of Br. Each OH in Ca(OH)2 contributes 1 O atom and since there are two OH in Ca(OH)2 this gives us 2 atoms of O on the reactants side. Likewise each OH in Ca(OH)2 contributes 1 H atom and since there are two OH in Ca(OH)2 this gives us 2 atoms of H from Ca(OH) 2. Since HBr also supplies 1 H atom the total number of H atoms from the reactants Ca(OH) 2 and HBr is 3. On the products
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side we have 1 atom of O, 2 atoms of H and 2 atoms of Br. We can adjust the number of Br atoms by placing a coefficient of 2 in front of HBr on the reactants side. This gives us the following unbalanced molecular equation in equation 6: Ca(OH)2(s) + 2HBr(aq) H2O(l) + CaBr2(aq) Equation 6

In this unbalanced molecular equation we still have 1 Ca atom on both sides of the equation. However on the reactants side we now have 2 atoms of O, 4 atoms of H and 2 atoms of Br. On the products side we still have 1 atom of O, 2 atoms of H and 2 atoms of Br. We can adjust the number of O atoms by placing a coefficient of 2 in front of H 2O on the products side. This gives us the following balanced molecular equation in equation 7: Ca(OH)2(s) + 2HBr(aq) 2H2O(l) + CaBr2(aq) Balanced Molecular Equation 7

In this balanced molecular equation we have 1 atom of Ca, 2 atoms of O, 4 atoms of H and 2 atoms of Br on the reactants and products side of the equation. Now we can write a balanced full ionic equation from our balanced molecular equation 7. Equation 8 is the balanced full ionic equation. Ca(OH)2(s) + 2H+(aq) + 2Br-(aq) 2H2O(l) + Ca2+(aq) + 2Br-(aq) Equation 8

We derive our balanced net ionic equation from our balanced full ionic equation by identifying and eliminating spectator ions. Remember a species is a spectator if the following three items remain exactly the same when a species is a reactant and a product: formula, charge and state. Br-(aq) ion meets this three point criteria. All of the other species in the full ionic equation had some type of change. Thus Br-(aq) is our spectator ion. Eliminating Br-(aq) ion from the reactant and product sides of balanced full ionic equation 8 gives us our balanced net ionic equation. Equation 9 is a balanced net ionic equation. Ca(OH)2(s) + 2H+(aq) 2H2O(l) + Ca2+(aq) Equation 9

In checking to see if a net ionic equation is correct, the following items should be checked: 1. Is the equation balanced? 2. Are the states included? 3. Are the appropriate charges present? 4. Were spectator ions eliminated? Summary: Balanced Molecular Equation: Ca(OH)2(s) + 2HBr(aq) 2H2O(l) + CaBr2(aq) Balanced Full Ionic Equation: Ca(OH)2(s) + 2H+(aq) + 2Br-(aq) 2H2O(l) + Ca2+(aq) + 2Br-(aq)

Equation 7 Equation 8 Equation 9

Balanced Net Ionic Equation: Ca(OH)2(s) + 2H+(aq) 2H2O(l) + Ca2+(aq)

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Example 2: Write a balanced net ionic equation for the reaction between an aqueous solution of potassium hydroxide KOH and an aqueous solution of hydroiodic acid HI. We first need to realize that the reactants are KOH and HI. KOH is a metal hydroxide base that supplies hydroxide ion OH- that will react with H+ ion that is supplied by the acid HI. In these equations we must include the states with each reactant and product. The states are indicated as subscripts after each reactant and product. The states for KOH and HI are indicated as aqueous since we are dealing with aqueous solutions of KOH and HI. We will start out by writing the reactants part of the molecular equation as follows in partial molecular equation 10: KOH(aq) + HI(aq) Partial Equation 10

Before we can complete the molecular equation, we need to realize what is taking place with the reactants and then write the full ionic equation. When we write full ionic equations, the reactants and products have to be broken apart into their ions if they are water soluble ionic compounds, water soluble strong acids or water soluble strong bases. KOH is a strong base that is soluble in water. Strong bases will ionize or break apart almost completely to form ions called anions and cations. The equation for the ionization or dissociation of KOH to form the cation K+ or potassium ion and the anion OH- or hydroxide ion is as follows in equation 11: KOH(aq) K+(aq) + OH-(aq) Equation 11

HI is a strong acid that is soluble in water. Strong acids will ionize or break apart almost completely to form ions called anions and cations. The equation for the ionization or dissociation of HI to form the cation H+ or hydrogen ion and the anion I- or iodide ion is as follows in equation 12: HI(aq) H+(aq) + I-(aq) Equation 12

Using the results of equations 11 and 12 we realize that the reactants KOH(aq) and HI(aq) are represented as follows in the partial full ionic equation in equation 13: K+(aq) + OH-(aq) + H+(aq) + I-(aq) Partial Equation 13

Next we need to look at the interactions between K+(aq) and OH-(aq) and H+(aq) and I-(aq). In reactions between strong acids and strong bases, it is useful to pair the anion from the base, OH-,
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with the cation from the acid, H+, to form liquid water H2O(l) as one of the products. This is an acid base reaction that takes place between H+ or hydrogen ion and the OH- or hydroxide ion. The K+ cation or potassium ion will also be paired with the I - anion or iodide ion to form an ionic compound or salt that is soluble in water. We will represent K + cation and the I- anion as K+(aq) and I-(aq) on the products side of the full ionic equation. We can now write a full ionic equation as follows in equation 14: K+(aq) + OH-(aq) + H+(aq) + I-(aq) H2O(l) + K+(aq) + I-(aq) Equation 14

The next step involves completing the molecular equation and then balancing the molecular equation. In molecular equations, anion and cation components of ionic compounds have to be combined together. The ionic compound in this example consists of K +(aq) cation and I-(aq) anion. In ionic compounds, the overall charge has to be neutral or zero. This means that there must be an equal number of positive charges as well as an equal number of negative charges. Thus we need to figure out how many K+ cations and how many I- anions we need. In figuring this out it is convenient to use the following general format: CationxAniony where x is the number of cations in the formula and y is the number of anions in the formula. We figure out the value of x by letting x equal the absolute value of the charge on the anion. In a similar manner, the value of y is equal to the charge of the cation. For this example we will now solve for the values of x and y in KxIy. Since I- has a charge of 1we take the absolute value of 1- which is 1 and this is our value of x. Since x = 1 this means there is one atom of K in the formula or our ionic compound. Likewise since K + has a charge of 1+, the value of y = 1. This means that we have one atom of iodine in our ionic compound. The formula for KxIy is thus KI. The name of KI is potassium iodide. Since H 2O is our other product we can write our molecular equation as follows in equation 15: KOH(aq) + HI(aq) H2O(l) + KI(aq) Equation 15

Now we need to balance our molecular equation. In balanced equations, there must be equal numbers of each atom on the reactants and products side of the equation. We balance equations by the use of coefficients that are placed in front of formulas. We never change the formula of a reactant or product when we balance an equation. In our molecular equation we have 1 K atom, 1 O atom, 2 H atoms, and 1 I atom on both sides of the equation. We have equal numbers of each type of atom on both sides of our molecular equation and thus we have a balanced molecular equation. Equation 15 is a balanced molecular equation. KOH (aq) + HI (aq) H2O (l) + KI (aq) Balanced Molecular Equation 15

Now we can write a balanced full ionic equation from our balanced molecular equation 15. Equation 16 is a balanced full ionic equation. K+ (aq) + OH-(aq) + H+ (aq) + I-(aq) H2O (l) + K+ (aq) + I-(aq) Equation 16

We derive our balanced net ionic equation from our balanced full ionic equation by identifying and eliminating spectator ions. Remember a species is a spectator if the following three items remain exactly the same when a species is a reactant and a product: formula, charge and state. K+(aq) ion and I-(aq) ion meets this three point criteria. All of the other species in the full ionic equation had some type of change. Thus K+(aq) and I-(aq) are our spectator ions.
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Eliminating K+(aq) and I-(aq) ions from the reactant and product sides of the balanced full ionic equation 16 gives us our balanced net ionic equation. Equation 17 is a balanced net ionic equation. OH-(aq) + H+(aq) H2O(l) Equation 17 In checking to see if a net ionic equation is correct, the following items should be checked: 1. Is the equation balanced? 2. Are the states included? 3. Are the appropriate charges present? 4. Were spectator ions eliminated? Summary: Balanced Molecular Equation: KOH (aq) + HI(aq) H2O(l) + KI(aq) Equation 15 Balanced Full Ionic Equation: K+(aq) + OH-(aq) + H+(aq) + I-(aq) Balanced Net Ionic Equation: OH-(aq) + H+(aq) H2O(l) H2O(l) + K+(aq) + I-(aq) Equation 16 Equation 17

Example 3: Write a balanced net ionic equation for the reaction between an aqueous solution of potassium hydrogen carbonate KHCO3 and an aqueous solution of hydroiodic acid HI. Potassium hydrogen carbonate KHCO3 is also known as potassium bicarbonate. We first need to realize that the reactants are KHCO3 and HI. KHCO3 is a metal bicarbonate base that supplies a hydrogen carbonate or bicarbonate ion HCO3- that will react with H+ ion that is supplied by the acid HI. In these equations we must include the states with each reactant and product. The states are indicated as subscripts after each reactant and product. The states for KHCO3 and HI are indicated as aqueous since we are dealing with aqueous solutions of both KHCO3 and HI. We will start out by writing the reactants part of the molecular equation as follows in partial molecular equation 18: KHCO3(aq) + HI(aq) Partial Equation 18

Before we can complete the molecular equation, we need to realize what is taking place with the reactants and then write the full ionic equation. When we write full ionic equations, the reactants and products have to be broken apart into their ions if they are water soluble ionic compounds, water soluble strong acids or water soluble strong bases. KHCO3 is a bicarbonate base that is soluble in water and is also an ionic compound. Water soluble bicarbonate bases that are ionic compounds will ionize or break apart almost completely to form ions called anions and cations. The equation for the ionization or dissociation of KHCO3 to form the cation K+ or potassium ion and the anion HCO3- or bicarbonate ion is as follows in equation 19: KHCO3(aq) K+(aq) + HCO3-(aq) Equation 19

HI is a strong acid that is soluble in water. Strong acids will ionize or break apart almost completely to form ions called anions and cations. The equation for the ionization or dissociation of HI to form the cation H+ or hydrogen ion and the anion I- or iodide ion is as follows in equation 20:
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 H+(aq) + I-(aq) Equation 20 Using the results of equations 19 and 20 we realize that the reactants KHCO3(aq) and HI(aq) are represented as follows in the partial full ionic equation in equation 21: HI (aq) K+(aq) + HCO3-(aq) + H+(aq) + I-(aq) Partial Equation 21

Next we need to look at the interactions between K+ (aq) and HCO3-(aq) and H+ (aq) and I-(aq). In reactions between strong acids and bicarbonate bases, it is useful to pair the anion from the bicarbonate base, HCO3-, with the cation from the acid, H+, to form the water soluble carbonic acid, H2CO3(aq), as one of the products. This is an acid base reaction that takes place between H + or hydrogen ion and the HCO3- or bicarbonate ion. The formation of carbonic acid or H2CO3 is given in equation 22. HCO3-(aq) + H+(aq) H2CO3(aq) Equation 22

However carbonic acid, H2CO3, breaks apart to form the gas carbon dioxide, CO2, and liquid water, H2O, as is illustrated in equation 23. H2CO3(aq) CO2(g) + H2O(l) Equation 23

The K+ cation or potassium ion will also be paired with the I- anion or iodide ion to form an ionic compound or salt that is soluble in water. We will represent K+ cation and the I- anion as K+(aq) and I-(aq) on the products side of the full ionic equation. Using information from equations 21, 22 and 23, we can now write a full ionic equation as follows in equation 24. K+(aq) + HCO3-(aq) + H+(aq) + I-(aq) CO2(g) + H2O(l) + K+(aq) + I-(aq) Equation 24

The next step involves completing the molecular equation and then balancing the molecular equation. In molecular equations, anion and cation components of ionic compounds have to be combined together. The ionic compound in this example consists of K +(aq) cation and I-(aq) anion. In ionic compounds, the overall charge has to be neutral or zero. This means that there must be an equal number of positive charges as well as an equal number of negative charges. Thus we need to figure out how many K+ cations and how many I- anions we need. In figuring this out it is convenient to use the following general format: CationxAniony where x is the number of cations in the formula and y is the number of anions in the formula. We figure out the value of x by letting x equal the absolute value of the charge on the anion. In a similar manner, the value of y is equal to the charge of the cation. For this example we will now solve for the values of x and y in KxIy. Since I- has a charge of 1- we take the absolute value of 1- which is 1 and this is our value of x. Since x = 1 this means there is one atom of K in the formula or our ionic compound. Likewise since K + has a charge of 1+, the value of y = 1. This means that we have one atom of iodine in our ionic compound. The formula for KxIy is thus KI. The name of KI is potassium iodide. Since CO2 and H2O are our other products we can now write our molecular equation as follows in equation 25.
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KHCO3(aq) + HI(aq)

CO2(g) + H2O(l) + KI(aq)

Equation 25

Now we need to balance our molecular equation. In balanced equations, there must be equal numbers of each atom on the reactants and products side of the equation. We balance equations by the use of coefficients that are placed in front of formulas. We never change the formula of a reactant or product when we balance an equation. In our molecular equation we have 1 K atom, 2 H atoms, 1 C atom, 3 O atoms, and 1 I atom on both sides of the equation. We have equal numbers of each type of atom on both sides of our molecular equation and thus we have a balanced molecular equation. Equation 25 is a balanced molecular equation. KHCO3(aq) + HI(aq) CO2(g) + H2O(l) + KI(aq) Balanced Molecular Equation 25

Now we can write a balanced full ionic equation from our balanced molecular equation 25. Equation 26 is a balanced full ionic equation. K+(aq) + HCO3-(aq) + H+(aq) + I-(aq) CO2(g) + H2O(l) + K+(aq) + I-(aq) Equation 26

We derive our balanced net ionic equation from our balanced full ionic equation by identifying and eliminating spectator ions. Remember a species is a spectator if the following three items remain exactly the same when a species is a reactant and a product: formula, charge and state. K+(aq) ion and I-(aq) ion meets this three point criteria. All of the other species in the full ionic equation had some type of change. Thus K+(aq) and I-(aq) are spectator ions. Eliminating K+(aq) and I-(aq) ions from the reactant and product sides of the balanced full ionic equation gives us balanced net ionic equation 27. Equation 27 is a balanced net ionic equation. HCO3-(aq) + H+(aq) CO2(g) + H2O(l) Equation 27

In checking to see if a net ionic equation is correct, the following items should be checked: 1. Is the equation balanced? 2. Are the states included? 3. Are the appropriate charges present? 4. Were spectator ions eliminated? Summary: Balanced Molecular Equation: KHCO3(aq) + HI(aq) CO2(g) + H2O(l) + KI(aq) Balanced Full Ionic Equation: K+(aq) + HCO3-(aq) + H+(aq) + I-(aq) CO2(g) + H2O(l) + K+(aq) + I-(aq)

Equation 25 Equation 26

Balanced Net Ionic Equation: HCO3-(aq) + H+(aq) CO2(g) + H2O(l) Equation 27 Example 4: Write a balanced net ionic equation for the reaction between an aqueous solution of potassium carbonate K2CO3 and an aqueous solution of hydroiodic acid HI. We first need to realize that the reactants are K2CO3 and HI. K2CO3 is a metal carbonate base that supplies a carbonate ion CO32- that will react with H+ ion that is supplied by the acid HI. In these equations we must include the states with each reactant and product. The states are indicated as subscripts after each reactant and product. The states for K2CO3 and HI are indicated as aqueous since we are dealing with aqueous solutions of both K2CO3 and HI. We
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will start out by writing the reactants part of the molecular equation as follows in the partial molecular equation 28: K2CO3(aq) + HI(aq) Partial Equation 28

Before we can complete the molecular equation, we need to realize what is taking place with the reactants and then write the full ionic equation. When we write full ionic equations, the reactants and products have to be broken apart into their ions if they are water soluble ionic compounds, water soluble strong acids or water soluble strong bases. K2CO3 is a carbonate base that is soluble in water and is also an ionic compound. Water soluble carbonate bases that are ionic compounds will ionize or break apart almost completely to form ions called anions and cations. The equation for the ionization or dissociation of K2CO3 to form the cation K+ or potassium ion and the anion CO32- or carbonate ion is as follows in equation 29: K2CO3(aq) 2K+(aq) + CO32-(aq) Equation 29

HI is a strong acid that is soluble in water. Strong acids will ionize or break apart almost completely to form ions called anions and cations. The equation for the ionization or dissociation of HI to form the cation H+ or hydrogen ion and the anion I- or iodide ion is as follows in equation 30: HI(aq) H+(aq) + I-(aq) Equation 30 Using the results of equations 29 and 30 we realize that the reactants K 2CO3(aq) and HI(aq) are represented as follows in the partial full ionic equation 31: 2K+(aq) + CO32-(aq) + H+(aq) + I-(aq) Partial Equation 31

Next we need to look at the interactions between K +(aq) and CO32-(aq) and H+(aq) and I-(aq). In reactions between strong acids and carbonate bases, it is useful to pair the anion from the carbonate base, CO32-, with the cation from the acid, H+, to initially form the water soluble bicarbonate ion or HCO3-. The initially formed bicarbonate ion, HCO3-, will then react with a second H+ ion to form carbonic acid, H2CO3(aq), as one of the products. This is an acid base reaction that takes place between two H+ ions and the CO32- or carbonate ion. The two step formation of carbonic acid or H2CO3 from CO32- is given in equations 32 and 33. CO32-(aq) + H+(aq) HCO3-(aq) Equation 32

HCO3-(aq) + H+(aq) H2CO3(aq) Equation 33 However carbonic acid, H2CO3, breaks apart to form the gas carbon dioxide, CO2, and liquid water, H2O, as is illustrated in equation 34. H2CO3(aq) CO2(g) + H2O(l) Equation 34

The K+ cation or potassium ion will also be paired with the I- anion or iodide ion to form an ionic compound or salt that is soluble in water. We will represent K+ cation and the I- anion as K+(aq) and I-(aq) on the products side of the full ionic equation. Using the results of equations 31, 32, 33 and 34, we can now write an unbalanced full ionic equation as follows in equation 35:

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2K+(aq) + CO32-(aq) + H+(aq) + I-(aq)

CO2(g) + H2O(l) + 2K+(aq) + I-(aq)

Equation 35

The next step involves completing the molecular equation and then balancing the molecular equation. In molecular equations, anion and cation components of ionic compounds have to be combined together. The ionic compound in this example consists of K +(aq) cation and I-(aq) anion. In ionic compounds, the overall charge has to be neutral or zero. This means that there must be an equal number of positive charges as well as an equal number of negative charges. Thus we need to figure out how many K+ cations and how many I- anions we need. In figuring this out it is convenient to use the following general format: CationxAniony where x is the number of cations in the formula and y is the number of anions in the formula. We figure out the value of x by letting x equal the absolute value of the charge on the anion. In a similar manner, the value of y is equal to the charge of the cation. For this example we will now solve for the values of x and y in KxIy. Since I- has a charge of 1- we take the absolute value of 1- which is 1 and this is our value of x. Since x = 1 this means there is one atom of K in the formula or our ionic compound. Likewise since K+ has a charge of 1+, the value of y = 1. This means that we have one atom of iodine in our ionic compound. The formula for KxIy is thus KI. The name of KI is potassium iodide. Since CO2 and H2O are our other products we can now write our unbalanced molecular equation as follows in equation 36: K2CO3(aq) + HI(aq) CO2(g) + H2O(l) + KI(aq) Equation 36

Now we need to balance our molecular equation. In balanced equations, there must be equal numbers of each atom on the reactants and products side of the equation. We balance equations by the use of coefficients that are placed in front of formulas. We never change the formula of a reactant or product when we balance an equation. In our unbalanced molecular equation we have 2 K atoms, 1 C atom, 3 O atoms, 1 H atom, and 1 I atom on the reactants side of the equation. We have 1 K atom, 1 C atom, 3 O atoms, 2 H atoms, and 1 I atom on the products side of the equation. We can balance out the number of K atoms by placing a coefficient of 2 in from of KI on the products side. This gives us the following unbalanced molecular equation in equation 37: K2CO3(aq) + HI(aq) CO2(g) + H2O(l) + 2KI(aq) Equation 37

In this unbalanced molecular equation we now have 2 K atoms, 1 C atom, 3 O atoms, 1 H atom, and 1 I atom on the reactants side of the equation and there are now 2 K atoms, 1 C atom, 3 O atoms, 2 H atoms, and 2 I atoms on the products side of the equation. Next we can balance out the number of H atoms and I atoms by placing a coefficient of 2 in from of HI on the reactants side. We now have 2 K atoms, 1 C atom, 3 O atoms, 2 H atoms, and 2 I atoms on both sides of the equation. This will give us the following balanced molecular equation 38: K2CO3(aq) + 2HI(aq) CO2(g) + H2O(l) + 2KI(aq) Balanced Molecular Equation 38

Now we can write a balanced full ionic equation from our balanced molecular equation 38. Equation 39 is a balanced full ionic equation 2K+(aq) + CO32-(aq) + 2H+(aq) + 2I-(aq) CO2(g) + H2O(l) + 2K+(aq) + 2I-(aq)
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Equation 39

We derive our balanced net ionic equation from our balanced full ionic equation by identifying and eliminating spectator ions. Remember a species is a spectator if the following three items remain exactly the same when a species is a reactant and a product: formula, charge and state. K+(aq) ion and I-(aq) ion meets this three point criteria. All of the other species in the full ionic equation had some type of change. Thus K+(aq) and I-(aq) are spectator ions. Eliminating K+(aq) and I-(aq) ions from the reactant and product sides of the balanced full ionic equation 39 gives us balanced net ionic equation 40. Equation 40 is a balanced net ionic equation. CO32-(aq) + 2H+(aq) CO2(g) + H2O(l) Equation 40 In checking to see if a net ionic equation is correct, the following items should be checked: 1. Is the equation balanced? 2. Are the states included? 3. Are the appropriate charges present? 4. Were spectator ions eliminated? Summary: Balanced Molecular Equation: K2CO3(aq) + 2HI(aq) CO2(g) + H2O(l) + 2KI(aq) Balanced Full Ionic Equation: 2K+(aq) + CO32-(aq) + 2H+(aq) + 2I-(aq) CO2(g) + H2O(l) + 2K+(aq) + 2I-(aq)

Equation 38 Equation 39

Balanced Net Ionic Equation: CO32-(aq) + 2H+(aq) CO2(g) + H2O(l)

Equation 40

PRELABRATORY QUESTIONS: 1. What is the symbol for sodium? 2. What is the symbol for the element oxygen as it is used in a chemical reaction? 3. What is the symbol for copper(II) ion? 4. What is the name of HCO3-? 5. What is the name of HCl(aq)? 6. What is the name of Na3PO4? 7. What is the formula of calcium hydrogen sulfate?
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8. Give an example of a metal hydroxide base. 9. Write a balanced molecular equation for the reaction between an aqueous solution of the strong base Ba(OH)2(aq) and an aqueous solution of the strong acid HBr(aq).

10. Write a balanced full equation for the reaction between an aqueous solution of the strong base Ba(OH)2(aq) and an aqueous solution of the strong acid HBr(aq).

11. Write a balanced net equation for the reaction between an aqueous solution of the strong base Ba(OH)2(aq) and an aqueous solution of the strong acid HBr(aq).

12. What are the formulas and names of the spectator ions in question 10?

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LABORATORY REPORT SHEET PAGE 1. IN ADDITION TO THIS SHEET PAGES 149 AND 150 FROM EXPERIMENT 26B IN HOLUM ARE ALSO TO BE TURNED IN FOR THE LAB REPORT. PRELABORATORY QUESTIONS: 1. What is the symbol for sodium? 2. What is the symbol for the element oxygen as it is used in a chemical reaction? 3. What is the symbol for copper(II) ion? 4. What is the name of HCO3-? 5. What is the name of HCl(aq)? 6. What is the name of Na3PO4? 7. What is the formula of calcium hydrogen sulfate? 8. Give an example of a metal hydroxide base.
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9. Write a balanced molecular equation for the reaction between an aqueous solution of the strong base Ba(OH)2(aq) and an aqueous solution of the strong acid HBr(aq).

10. Write a balanced full equation for the reaction between an aqueous solution of the strong base Ba(OH)2(aq) and an aqueous solution of the strong acid HBr(aq).

11. Write a balanced net equation for the reaction between an aqueous solution of the strong base Ba(OH)2(aq) and an aqueous solution of the strong acid HBr(aq).

12. What are the formulas and names of the spectator ions in question 10?

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