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4541 / CHEMISTRY Chapter 5 : CHEMICAL BONDS A Formation of compounds

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MODUL P3T (TAHAP 2)

1. Atoms of other elements tend to achive the stable duplet / octet electron
arrangement through the formation of chemical bonds except noble gas.

2. All Noble gases are very stable, inert and chemically unreactive because
.

3. Complete the diagram below : CHEMICAL BONDS


formed by

Sharing of electron

Ionic Bond

Type of Bond

Covalent Bond

Ionic Bond

Ionic Bond
Formed through

Transfering of electron between. Metal Non-metal

Donate electron
To achieve ..

Receive electron

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Formation of ions

positive 1. An atom donates electron forms a .... ion (cation)

donates one electron

2.1 Lithium atom

Duplet electron arrangement 2 lithium ion

negative 2. An atom receives / accepts electron forms a .... ion (anion)

accepts one electron

2.7 Fluorine atom

Octet electron arrangement 2.8 Fluoride ion

3.

+
Cation

Donates electron

Accepts electron

_
Anion

Neutral atom

Cation is a Anion is a

positively-charged ion

negatively-charged ion

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Example 1 : Aluminium atom, Al [ Proton number = 13 ; Nucleon number = 27 ] Electron arrangement :

An aluminium atom .. to achieve the stable octet electron arrangement [ 2.8 ]

Becomes an ..

Draw the formation of an aluminium ion, Al3+

Write the equation to represent the formation of an aluminium ion Al3+

Al

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Example 2 : Oxygen atom, O [ Proton number = 8 ; Nucleon number = 16 ] Electron arrangement :

The oxygen .. receive/accept .. to .

Becomes an .

Draw the formation of an oxide ion, O2-

Write the equation to represent the formation of an oxide ion, O2-

O + e

..

Forming of Ionic Bonds

1. Ionic compounds are formed when a react with a .............................. 2. During the formation of ionic bonds :
electrons are transfered from the . atom to the . atom. the . atom donates its valence electrons to form a . ion while the . atom receives electrons to form a . ion.

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3. The positive and negative ion are held together by .


between the oppositely-charged ions. The attractive force between ions is called ionic bond or electrovalent bond. Example : sodium chloride, NaCl [ Proton number : Na = 11 ; Cl = 17 ]

NaCl
Na
Electron arrangement to achieve the stable

Cl

octet electron arrangement

The equations to represent the formation of ions :

Na Na+ + e Cl + e .

The diagram of sodium chloride compound, NaCl formed :

+
N

C l

Formula of sodium chloride is .

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Activity :Element Mg Cl Proton number 12 17 Electron arrangement

Electron arrangement of magnesium atom is . Magnesium atom has . valence electrons. By releasing/receiving* these electrons, magnesium atom forms magnesium to achieve a stable . electron arrangement i.e. .. Mg

Electron arrangement of chlorine atom is Chlorine atom has . valence electrons. By receiving . electron, chlorine atom forms . with an . electron arrangement i.e. .. Cl + .

Mg2+ ions attract Cl- ions with strong electrostatic forces. The bond formed is called ionic bond. Electronic diagram of magnesium chloride is :

Formula of sodium chloride is .

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Covalent Bonds

1. Covalent bonds are formed when non-metal atoms share its valence electrons to
achieve stable . electron arrangement. [atoms from element in Group 14, 15, 16 and 17]

2. The product formed from the sharing of electrons between atoms is called a neutral
..

3. The force that exist between molecules is called ...


This force is .. between small molecules and becomes stronger when the size of molecules ...

Covalent Bond
Formed through

Sharing of electrons

To achieve the stable octet / duplet electron arrangement

Type of covalent bonds

Single bond
Example :

Double bond
Example :

Triple bond
Example :

Water,

Carbon dioxide,

Nitrogen gas,

H2O

CO2

N2

Single
covalent bond JPNT 2009

of electron

Transfering CHAPTER 5 :CHEMICAL BONDS

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MODUL P3T (TAHAP 2)

Forming of Covalent Bonds Example : Methane [ Proton number of H = 1, C = 6 ]

Methane
C
Electron arrangement

Need electrons

to achieve the octet / duplet electron arrangement

Need electron

. carbon atom sharing its valence electrons with . hydrogen atoms, formed covalent bond. Each carbon atom sharing pair of electrons with each hydrogen atom, formed .. covalent bond. The formula of methane is ..

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Activity 4 :Forming of carbon dioxide [ Proton number of C = 6 ; O = 8 ]

Carbon dioxide C 2.4


Electron arrangement

O 2.6

4 Need electrons

to achieve the stable octet electron arrangement

2 Need electrons

. carbon atom sharing its valence electrons with . oxygen atoms, formed a covalent bond. Each carbon atom sharing pairs of electrons with each oxygen atom, formed .... covalent bond. The formula of carbon dioxide is

double

CO2

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COMPARISON BETWEEN THE FORMATION OF IONIC AND COVALENT BONDS

Atoms achieved the stable electronic configuration/electron arrangement with an octet or duplet after the formation of bonds.

Similarity

Ionic bonding

Covalent bonding

Differences

Involves of electrons from metal atom to non-metal atom. Positively .. and negatively charged ions are formed. Strong holds oppositely charged ions together.

Involves the . of electrons between non-metals atoms.

are formed. Weak ..of attraction


exist between the molecules.

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The properties of Ionic Compounds and Covalent Compounds

Types of compound

Ionic

Covalent

electrostatic

Types of chemical bond Types of particles that are present

Van der Waals

ions

molecules

Melting and boiling points

high

low

Solubility in water

soluble

insoluble

insoluble

Solubility in organic solvents

soluble

Cannot conduct electricity in solid state; conduct electricity in molten and aqueous solution state

Electrical conductivity

Cannot conduct electricity in any physical state

solid

Physical state at room temperature

liquid and gas

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ACTIVITY 1

1.

The electron arrangement of atom X is 2.8.5 and atom Y has 2 valence electrons. What is the type of bond and formula of compound formed between X and Y? Susunan elektron bagi atom X ialah 2.8.5 dan atom Y mempunyai 2 elektron valens. Apakah jenis ikatan dan formula sebatian yang terbentuk antara X dan Y? Type of bond Jenis ikatan Ionic Ion Ionic Ion Covalent Kovalen Covalent Kovalen Formula of compound Formula sebatian XY2 Y3X2 X2Y3 YX2

A B C D

2.

Diagram 8 shows the electron arrangement of a carbon dioxide molecule. Rajah 8 menunjukkan susunan elektron bagi molekul karbon dioksida.

DIAGRAM 8 RAJAH 8 Which of the following is true? Antara berikut yang manakah benar? A One carbon atom requires two electrons to achieve the octet electron arrangement. Satu atom karbon memerlukan dua elektron untuk mencapai susunan elektron oktet. B C D Each oxygen atom contributes one electron for sharing. Setiap atom oksigen menyumbang satu elektron untuk dikongsi. Four double covalent bonds are formed in a carbon dioxide molecule. Empat ikatan kovalen gandadua terbentuk dalam molekul karbon dioksida. One carbon atom contributes four electrons to be shared by two oxygen atoms
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Satu atom karbon menyumbang empat elektron untuk dikongsi dengan dua atom oksigen.
KEDAH 3. Diagram 12 shows the symbol for the element X. The letters used are not the actual symbol of the element. Rajah 12 menunjukkan symbol unsur X. Huruf yang digunakan bukan symbol sebenar unsur itu. 39 19 DIAGRAM 12 RAJAH 12 Which of the following is true when chlorine gas reacts with X? Antara berikut,yang manakah benar apabila gas klorin bertindak balas dengan X? A One chlorine atom receives one electron from one atom X to form one chloride ion Satu atom klorin menerima satu electron daripada satu atom X untuk membentuk satu ion klorida B Covalent bond is formed C D Ikatan kovalen dibentuk Chlorine atom donates 7 electrons to one atom X Atom klorin menderma 7 elektron kepada satu atom X The molecular formula of the compound formed is XCl2 Formula molekul bagi sebatian yang terbentuk ialah XCl2

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4.

P reacts with Q to form ionic compound which formula is PQ3. P bertindak balas dengan Q untuk membentuk sebatian ionic yang berformula PQ3. Which of the following electron arrangement of atom P and atom Q are true? Antara susunan elektron bagi atom P dan Q berikut, yang manakah benar? Electron arrangement Susunan elektron Atom P A B C D 2.3 2.5 2.8 2.8.3 Atom Q 2.5 2.7 2.8.7 2.8.7

5.

The diagram shows the electron arrangement of molecule of carbon dioxide CO2

Which of the following statements is true about the molecule? A B C D 6. The compound has high melting point Atom C has four pairs of electrons to share The bonding between molecules CO2 is covalent bonding Each of atom O receives two electrons to form an oxide ion

The table shows the proton number of elements P, Q and R. E l e m e n t P Q R

Proton Number

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11 17 18

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Which of the following is true about the above elements? A B C D Element P and element R exist as diatomic molecule Element P is more electronegative than element Q Element P is more reactive than element R when it reacts with water. Element P and element Q react to form a compound which has high melting point

7.

The table shows the proton number of elements P, Q and R. E l e Proton m Number e n t Which of the following is true P 11 Q 17 about the above elements? R 18 Element P and element R exist as diatomic molecule Element P is more electronegative than element Q Element P is more reactive than element R when it reacts with water. Element P and element Q react to form a compound which has high melting point

A B C D

8.

The electron arrangement of an atom for the element X is 2.4. X reacts with chlorine, Cl2. Which is the correct chemical formula for the compound formed? A B C D XCl XCl4 XCl2 X4Cl

The table below shows the proton number of atoms elements S and T. Element S T 9. Proton number 12 17

Which of the following is the correct combinations of chemical formula and chemical bonding for the compound formed between S and T?

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4541 / CHEMISTRY Formula ST2 S2T ST2 S2T

84 Type of bond Ionic Ionic Covalent Covalent

MODUL P3T (TAHAP 2)

A B C D 10.

The diagram 2 shows the electron arrangement of a molecule of water ,H2 O Rajah 2 menunjukkan susunan elektron bagi molekul air ,H2O

DIAGRAM 2 RAJAH 2 Which of the following statements is true about the molecule? Antara pernyataan berikut, yang manakah benar tentang molekul itu ? A B C D The compound has high melting point Sebatian mempunyai takat lebur yang tinggi Oxygen atom ,O has four pairs of electrons to share Atom oksigen, O mempunyai empat pasang elektron untuk di kongsi The bonding between molecules of water, H2 O is of Van der Waals forces Ikatan antara molekul air, H2 O ialah daya Van der Waals Each oxygen atom , O receives two electrons to form an oxide ion Setiap atom oksigen, O menerima dua elektron untuk membentuk satu ion oksida.

11.

The table 2 shows the electron arrangements of elements R, S, T dan U. Jadual 2 menunjukkan susunan elektron bagi unsur R, S, T dan U Elements Unsur Electron arrangement Susunan elektron R 2.4 S 2.8 T 2.8.7 U 2.8.8.2

Which of the following pair of elements can form ionic compound? Antara pasangan unsur berikut, yang manakah boleh membentuk sebatian ion? A R and S R dan S B JPNT 2009 S and U S dan U CHAPTER 5 :CHEMICAL BONDS

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C D 12.

T and U T dan U R and T

R dan T
Diagram 10 shows the electron arrangement of a compound formed between element T and element Q. Diagram 10 menunjukkan susunan elektron bagi sebatian yang terbentuk daripada unsur T dan unsur Q.

2-

T+

Q2Diagram 10 Rajah 10

T+

What group in the Periodic Table of Elements is element Q located? Apakah kumpulan dalam Jadual Berkala Unsur kedudukan unsur Q? A B C D 2 8 16 18

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ACTIVITY 2

1 .

Figure 8 shows the electron arrangement for atoms P, Q and R. Rajah 8 menunjukkan susunan elektron bagi atom-atom P, Q dan R.

Atom P

Atom Q

Atom R

(a)

Based on figure 8, answer the following questions: Berdasarkan rajah 8, jawab soalan-soalan berikut: Atoms P and Q can form chemical bonds with atom R. Atom P dan Q boleh membentuk ikatan kimia dengan atom R. State the type of chemical bond and explain how the bond is formed between: Nyatakan jenis ikatan kimia dan terangkan bagaimana ikatan terbentuk antara: (i) Atoms P and R (ii) Atoms Q and R [11 marks]

(b)

State one physical property of the compound formed in (b) (i) and the compound formed in (b) (ii). Explain the differences in the physical property stated. Nyatakan satu sifat fizik bagi sebatian yang terbentuk di (b)(i) dan bagi sebatian yang terbentuk di (b)(ii). Terangkan perbezaan bagi sifat fizik yang dinyatakan. [4 marks]

2.

Figure 3 shows the symbol for an atom of element X and an atom of element Y .

23

35

X
11
FIGURE 3 (a)

Y
17

Based on Figure 3, answer the following questions. (i) Write the formula for the ion formed from an atom of element Y.

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.................................................................................................................... [ 1 mark ] (b ) (i) Draw the electron arrangement of compound formed from the reaction of element X and element Y.

[ 2 marks ] (ii) State the type of bond formed between element X and element Y. ..................................................................................................................... [ 1 mark ] State one property of the compound formed between element X and element Y. .................................................................................................................. [ 1 mark ]

(iii)

3.

Diagram 2 shows the symbols of atom for element U, V, W and X. Rajah 2 menunjukkan simbol- simbol atom bagi unsur U, V, W dan X.
7 3

1 2 6

19 9

20 10

DIAGRAM / RAJAH 2 (a) Element V can react with element W to form a compound. Unsur V boleh bertindak balas dengan unsur W membentuk satu sebatian. (i) Write the chemical formula for the compound. Tuliskan formula kimia bagi sebatian itu. ................................................................................................................................. [1 mark ]

(ii) State one physical property for the compound formed.


Nyatakan satu sifat fizikal bagi sebatian yang terbentuk. ............... [1 mark ] (b) When element U react with element W, a compound is produced. Apabila unsur U bertindak balas dengan unsur W, satu sebatian terhasil. (i) State the type of the compound produced. Nyatakan jenis sebatian yang terhasil. ...................................................................................................................... [1 mark ] JPNT 2009 CHAPTER 5 :CHEMICAL BONDS

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(ii) Draw the electron arrangement for the compound in (d) (i). Lukiskan susunan elektron bagi sebatian dalam (d) (i).

[2 marks]

ACTIVITY 3 1. Table 1 shows the proton number of atoms of elements X, Y and Z. Jadual di bawah menunjukkan nombor proton bagi unsur-unsur X, Y dan Z. Element Unsur W X Y Z Table 1 Jadual 1 Proton Number Nombor proton 1 3 6 8

(a) The reaction between elements X and Y form a chemical compound.


Explain the formation of this compound. Tindak balas antara unsur unsur X dan Y membentuk suatu sebatian kimia. Terangkan pembentukan sebatian ini. [6 marks]

(b) The reaction between elements Z and W form another chemical compound.
Tindak balas antara unsur unsur Z dan W membentuk sebatian kimia lain.

(i) Draw the electron arrangement of the compound formed.


Lukiskan susunan elektron bagi sebatian yang terbentuk. [2 marks]

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(ii) Compare two physical properties below for the compounds formed in (b) and (c).
Melting point Electric conductivity. Explain the differences in each pysical property. Bandingkan sifat fizikal di bawah bagi sebatian-sebatian di (b) dan (c) Takat lebur Kekonduksian elektrik Terang perbezaan dalam setiap sifat fizkal tersebut. [8 marks]

2.

Table 9 shows the electron arrangement of atom of element R, Q and Z. Jadual 9 menunjukkan susunan elektron bagi atom unsur R, Q dan Z. Element Unsur R Q Z (c ) Electron arrangement Susunan elektron 2.8.2 2.8.4 2.8.7

TABLE / JADUAL 9 Based on Table 9, explain in terms of electron arrangement Berdasarkan Jadual 9, terangkan dari segi susunan elektron (i) (ii) how atoms R and Z form a compound. bagaimana atom R dan Z membentuk sebatian. how atoms Q and Z form a compound. bagaimana atom Q dan Z membentuk sebatian. [8 marks]

(d)

Lead(II) bromide, PbBr2 is an ionic compound. Describe an experiment how you would extract lead metal from its compound, PbBr2. In your description , include a labelled diagram and write the half equations of the reaction occurs. Plumbum(II) bromida, PbBr2 ialah sebatian ion. Huraikan satu eksperimen bagaimana anda mengekstrak logam plumbum daripada sebatiannya, PbBr2. Dalam huraian anda, sertakan gambar rajah berlabel dan tuliskan setengah persamaan bagi tindak balas yang berlaku.

END OF CHAPTER 5

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CHAPTER 5 :CHEMICAL BONDS

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