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HSDPA considers the trend that the volume of IP-based traffic has already exceeded that for circuit-switched traffic in most fixed networks. The same change can be anticipated in mobile networks because of new IP-based mobile services becoming available and are used by increasing number of people in their daily communication. Current estimates show that in advanced mobile communication markets, packet-switched traffic will overtake circuit-switched traffic in the near future. Delivery of digital content over mobile networks will generate additional traffic and revenue.
Feature Study
The HSDPA feature in 3GPP Release 5 is the result of a study carried out in the Release 4 time frame. This study considered a number of techniques in order to provide instantaneous high speed data in the downlink. Some of the considerations and goals taken into account in the evaluation of the different techniques were: o To focus on the streaming, interactive and background services: services which require a constant and/high throughput or low error rate. o To prioritise urban environments and then indoor deploymens (but not limited to these environments and supporting full mobility).
o To enable compatibility with advanced antenna and receiver techniques: transmit and receive diversity methods are used and might be enhanced o To take into account User Equipment processing time and memory requirements: UEs limitations are taken into account by the network to minimize changes on existing techniques and architectures: modest changes to Node B hardware and UTRAN software.
Note: HSDPA achieves gross data rates in downlink up to 14 Mbit/s under ideal conditions.
HSDPA Targets
HSDPA Characteristics
High Speed Downlink Packet Access comes with certain characteristics which distinguishes it clearly from Rel. 99 UTRAN.
Modulation Types
QPSK is already known from Rel. 99 UTRAN. Besides QPSK, HSDPA incorporates the 16-QAM modulation to increase the peak data rates for users served under favorable radio conditions. Support for QPSK is mandatory, though the support for 16-QAM is optional for the network and UE. 16-QAM (Quadrature Amplitude Modulation) was newly introduced in Rel .5 with HSDPA. It is a so called higher order modulation which basically doubles the data rate in good radio conditions. Thus it increases the spectrum efficiency of WCDMA.
Hybrid ARQ
HARQ functionality combines retransmission with the original transmissions. There a two different ways for HARQ to operate. Either identical retransmission of the data block is sent or retransmissions are not identical and differ in data and parity bits compared to the original transmission. The first method is known as chase combining and, the latter as incremental redundancy. HARQ operates on an N-channel Stop and Wait principle.
QPSK
Each symbol corresponds to 2 consecutive input bits. The four symbols are represented by different phase shifts in the I/Q plane.
16QAM
Each symbol corresponds to four consecutive input bits. Thus the data rate can be doubled with 16-QAM compared to QPSK. The 16 symbols are represented in the I/Q plane by different phase shifts and amplitudes. In 16-QAM modulation the symbol value is determined by phase and amplitude. Compared to that, in QPSK the phase is only modulated and variation in amplitude have only minor influence on the decision space in the I/Q diagram. However with 16-QAM the decision space is heavily influenced by amplitude variations, thus higher constraints are put on the transmitter linearity. Note, a more accurate phase estimate is necessary with 16-QAM since constellation points have smaller differences in phase domain compared to QPSK.
Note: The number of constellation points in the I/Q-diagram can be calculated with 2m, where m represents the number of bits or chips per modulation symbol. QPSK modulation has four constellation points in the I/Q-diagram: 2^m = 4, m = 2. 16-QAM modulation has 16 constellation points in the I/Q-diagram: 2^m = 16, m = 4.
Uplink:
o In the uplink each channel DPDCH and DPCCH is assigned an orthogonal channelization code. As both physical channels are I/Q multiplexed, (i.e. separated onto I and Q phases), the maximum physical data rate has to be calculated with 1 bit/symbol. o The uplink slot format # 6 allows for 640 bits/slot. o The maximum DPDCH data rate considering 6 spreading codes @ sf4 is therefore: 5.76 M bit/s.
HSDPA Rel. 5
In HSDPA the spreading factor for the user plane is fixed to 16. Thus up to 15 physical channels can be allocated at maximum per UE.
QPSK:
o The downlink slot format # 0 allows for 320 bits/slot and per physical channel. This results in 960 bits/ 2 ms sub frame. o The maximum physical data rate considering 15 spreading codes: @ sf16 is: 7.2 M bit/s.
16-QAM
o The downlink slot format #1 allows for 640 bits/slot and per physical channel. This results in 1920 bits/ 2 ms sub frame. o The maximum physical data rate considering 15 spreading codes @ sf16 is: 14.4 M bit/s.
HSDPA Rel. 5
o QPSK: 2 bits/symbol x [3.84 M cps / (16 chips/symbol)] x (15 OVSF's) = 7.2 M bits/S. o 16-QAM: 4 bits/symbol x [3.84 M cps / (16 chips/symbol)] x (15 OVSF's) = 14.4 M bits/S.
Note: AMC uses multi code operation (the UE can use more than one channelization code in parallel) in order to increase the data rate for a certain user and adapts the code rate to the air-interface quality. By these means AMC is able to improve the user throughput or at least keep it constant even the downlink channel quality deteriorates between subsequent transmissions.
Transport Channel:
HS-DSCH (High Speed Downlink Shared Channel)
The HS-DSCH is the actual transport resource carrying the packet data of the user applications. As it also follows the shortened TTI of 2 ms, it allows for short round trip delay in the operation between Node B and UE. The 2 ms TTI is short when compared to 10, 20, 40 or 80 ms TTIs supported by Rel. 99 and Rel. 4 transport channels. HS-DSCH describes the physical layer processing by MAC-hs of a HSDPA transport block. o Dynamic part: TB size = TBS size {1 to 200 000 bits with 8 bit granularity}; modulation scheme {QPSK, 16-QAM}; redundancy / constellation version {1 8}. o Static part: TTI {2 ms for FDD}; type of channel coding {turbo coding}; mother code rate {1/3}, CRC size {24 bits}. o No semi-static attributes are defined for HS-DSCH.
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Physical Channels
High Speed Shared Control Channel (HS-SCCH)
The HS-SCCH has a fixed spreading factor of value 128 and is configured only in the downlink direction. It also adopts the shortened TTI of 2 m s. In theory, up to 127 HS-SCCHs can be configured in a cell. However, the UE is required only to be able to listen to up to four HS-SCCH in parallel. The HS-SCCH allows the efficient sharing of one or more HS-PDSCHs among different users. Nevertheless every UE needs to be informed on the DCCH via RRC messages about the specific HS-SCCH-set that it shall monitor in order to receive data via the HS-PDSCHs.
Uplink Dedicated Control Channel Associated with HS-DSCH Transmission (Uplink HS-DPCCH).
The HS-DPCCH has a fixed spreading factor of value 256 and is only configured in uplink direction. The HS-DPCCH also follows the shortened TTI of 2 m s. Its purpose is to provide feedback information about the downlink receive quality and whether the packet data received by the UE are error-free or need to be retransmitted. Thus the Node B is quickly notified of unsuccessful transmissions and/or changing radio conditions in downlink direction.
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MAC-hs
MAC-hs located in Node B receive user packets from the SRNC. MAC-hs is responsible for transmission and in case of erroneous reception also for retransmission of user packets. The retransmission of user packets is commanded by Node Bs MAC-hs which represents the fundamental change in HSDPA compared to Rel. 99 or Rel. 4. In legacy UMTS releases retransmission are always performed between the RLC peers in UE and SRNC. Of course in downlink the SRNC retransmits the user packets if the UE indicates a Nack. The UE sends feedback information about the downlink channel quality in regular intervals to the Node B.
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New Channels
Two UEs receiving user packets via the HS-DSCH. The physical channels in uplink and downlink are only necessary to firstly signal which UE shall decodea specific HS-DSCH. This is indicated by the UE-id in the HS-SCCH. Secondly after decoding of the user packet, the respective UE has to signal the successful or unsuccessful transmission to the MAC-hs entity in Node B via the so called Ack/Nack description. HSDPA employs the uplink HS-DPCCH to signal the downlink reception quality and the Ack/Nack description. The downlink reception quality informs the Node B about the current radio condition which serves as a vital input for Node Bs MAC-hs. The MAC-hs is therefore able to derive the proper modulation scheme and code rate for transmission and retransmission. This process is denoted as AMC in HSDPA.
UE Scheduling
The Node B also contains a scheduling/priority handling function which determines whether a new transmission or retransmission shall be performed. The green and blue line represents the changing downlink channel quality reported by UE in the uplink. One scheduling method which could be implemented in Node B is to serve each UE according to the reported downlink channel quality and therefore always exploit best radio conditions. This method maximizes user throughput as it allows using 16-QAM and an aggressive code rate if C/I is high. Another option is to serve each user proportionally fair despite unfavorable downlink radio conditions. This benefits especially UE 2 which indicates for several TTIs a bad radio quality, but this second method assures at least a minimum guaranteed throughput for UE 2.
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UE obtains information how to decode the subsequent HS-PDSCHs and finally obtains the user data from the HS-DSCH. o If the UE detects consistent control information intended for it, the UE shall start receiving the HS-PDSCHs. Consistent control information means e.g. that the UE decodes its H-RNTI in one of the assigned HS-SCCHs of the HS-SCCH code-set.
DL-HSPDSCH-Info
The downlink HS-PDSCH information consists of HS-SCCH Info and measurement feedback info.
HS-SCCH Info
Downlink Scrambling Coding
This information element informs the UE about the DL scrambling code to be applied for HS-PDSCHs and HS-SCCHs. Default is same scrambling code as for the P-CPICH. If dl-Scrambling Code IE is present, then secondary scrambling code is used in the cell under which HSDPA operates.
HS-SCCH Codes
This information element tells the UE the specific channelization codes used for the HS-SCCH set. As a HS-SCCH channel has a fixed spreading factor of 128, the channelization code ranges from 0127. The channelization code C(ch,128,0) cannot be used as the related branch is already occupied by the P-CPICH and PCCPCH. The same is valid for C(ch,16,0). And also if secondary scrambling codes are used.
Note: HSDPA may operate on a different frequency than legacy UMTS traffic so almost the entire resources of the second carrier could be dedicated to HSDPA.
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CELL_DCH ONLY
This RRC state is identical to the CELL_DCH in Rel. 99. Here we would like to highlight that whenever the UE moves from a HSDPA capable cell to a noncapable cell, the radio bearer(s) have to be reconfigured to e.g. a ordinary 384 kbit/s bearer known since Rel. 99.
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CELL_FACH
The advantage of being in CELL_FACH state is twofold. Firstly the UE does not have to monitor the HS-SCCH code-set anymore which extends its battery capacity. Secondly the UTRAN saves channelization code resources as the UE does not longer occupy DCHs. Through traffic volume measurements the UE reports its RLC transmit buffer occupancy and a rise in uplink or downlink (RLC transmit buffer in SRNC) above a certain threshold triggers the reconfiguration of UE into CELL_DCH and possibly into HSDPA standby mode.
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Frame Protocol
A new variant of frame protocol, called HS-DSCH FP, has to be implemented with a suitable flow control in order to support the higher throughput rates. The TTI of RLC is of Rel.99 / Rel.4 (10 ms, 20 ms, 40 ms or 80 ms) whereas the TTI of MAC-hs is 2 m s.
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MAC-hs
The high speed MAC controls the operation of the shared resources through new the signaling control channels HS-SCCH and HS-DPCCH. Please note that the HSSCCH is a point to multipoint control channel received by all UEs which are in
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HSDPA standby and having the same HS-SCCH channelization codes assigned. On the other side the HS-DPCCH is a point to point signaling channel which is unique per UE as it is scrambled by UEs uplink scrambling code. MAC-hs is located in Node B and gets configured for each UE through NBAP messages only extended by HSDPA specific IEs (Rel. 5 information elements). The SRNC setups HSDPA in UE via RRC signaling messages. Both UE and SRNC communicate via Rel. 99 / Rel. 4 RRC messages which are extended by HSDPA specific IEs (Rel. 5 information elements).
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Note: If CRNC and SRNC are identical, then actually nothing changes for MAC-d and Node Bs MAC-hs except that the Iur interface is not present.
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Note: The HS-SCCH sub frame structure is aligned with the CPICH. Default is the P-CPICH. The downlink DPCH timing is not tied to the HS-SCCH or consequently HS-DSCH timing.
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Note: Both methods chase combining and IR perform combining of original transmitted and retransmitted packets based on soft decision bits. This means the combining is made by simply adding soft bits after equalization. Chase combining involves the retransmission of the same coded block in each retransmission, whereas in IR, instead of simple repetitions, additional redundancy (parity bits) information is transmitted with each retransmission until the base code rate is reached.
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select a coding and modulation combination that requires higher Ec/Ior, which is only available for user close to the cell. To enable a large dynamic range of the HSDPA link adaptation and to maintain a good spectral efficiency, a user may simultaneously utilize up to 15 HS-DSCH channelization codes in parallel. The use of more robust coding, Hybrid ARQ and multi code operation removes therefore the need for a variable SF and fast power control.
AMC
The MAC-hs in Node B is applying adaptive modulation and coding only for the HS-DSCH.
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TrCH Multiplexing
The HS-DSCH is a transport channel with only one TB (transport block) per TTI per UE, so there is no need for static rate matching, transport block concatenation or balancing of quality. This complex matter shall be explained here in detail now:
Soft(er) Handover
For HS-DSCH there is no macro diversity possible as it is a common transport channel. Of course DCH supports SHO.
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Advantages of HSDPA
Reduced Latency for retransmission
With MAC-hs installed in Node B, the uplink feedback channel and the shortened TTI of 2 ms, reception of erroneous packet data results in a faster retransmission. On top of this, no transmission is wasted due to the use of incremental redundancy or chase combining.
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Disadvantages of HSDPA
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