HANDOUT:

FORMAT FOR INSERTING EVIDENCE, CITATIONS AND QUOTES Citations Remember to cite any idea that is not yours. A good activity to do is to imagine that the authors of your sources read your paper. Would they recognize your words, ideas or phrases as theirs? If so, you need to cite them. Chicago Style, Author-Date System = in-text citations, last name and year + page numbers in case of direct quote, set off by parentheses. Ex. (Baily 1987) References to authors can be made in the text (1) or not (2): (1) Archon Fung (2006) maintains that citizen participation can enhance the legitimacy, justice and effectiveness of public policies.
[Notice here that the first time you refer to an author within the text, you should use both the first and last name; after that it is OK to use only the last name. If there is more than one author, mention all names up to three; if there are more than three authors, you can write the name of the first author and a phrase to refer to the others, such as, Bradley Levinson and his colleagues (2002) conclude.... ]

(2) Citizen participation can enhance the legitimacy, justice and effectiveness of public policies (Fung 2006). Multiple works: o Should be cited in alphabetical order by the first authors last name:
Ex. Although Amy Gutmann and Dennis Thompson (1996) maintain that deliberative forums bring previously excluded voices into democratic politics, this contention has raised a flurry of critiques (see for example Boyte and Kari 1996; Enslin 2001; Fraser 1992; Owen 2001; Young 1997).

If the author published more than one work in the same year, add lowercase letters to the year and repeat these in the reference section:
(Torney-Purta 2004a; 2004b)

Multiple authors: o With two or three authors, cite all names each time:
(Kelly, Colter and Lane 1980)

With four or more authors, et al. should follow the first authors name in all references:
(Levinson et al. 2002)

If two or more authors have the same last name, use the first initial to distinguish between them:
(B. Ripley 1988; R. Ripley 1979)

Older works/reprints: o Both original and reprint dates should be cited:

(Marx and Engels [1933] 1964)

Footnotes vs. Embedded Citations o Use embedded citations (in parentheses) rather than notes for simple citations as well as cases of see also, for more, etc.:
Exs. (see Kahne 2003); (for more see also Levin 2007); (compare to Dewey 1917), etc.

If you want to have a longer discussion of the argument of another author, without interrupting the flow of your essay, you can do this in a footnote Footnotes should be used sparingly: to present explanatory material to provide information on newspaper articles, interviews, personal communications (these are NOT included in the reference list at the end of the work) Interviews Interview with XXX, date, location. Interview with Jeff Weldon, 17 September 2009, Mexico City. Newspapers authors name, title of article, title of paper, day, month, year. Daniel F. Cuff, Forging a New Shape for Steel, New York Times, 26 May 1985.

Direct Quotations Fewer than 4 lines of text, cite inside text using quotation marks (and notice placement of citation inside sentence):
Voting rates are down 25% and trust in government has decreased by more than 60% in the past 35 years, participation in voluntary associations is suspected to be on the decline, and ordinary citizens have less and less involvement in shaping our common affairs (Skocpol and Fiorina 1999, 3).

Longer than 4 lines of text, the quote should be indented from both sides and in block text format, with no quotation marks (and notice placement of citation outside of quote):
There can be no democracy without dignity and self-respect. For people who have been rendered invisible by the dominant culture, gaining such a transformative sense of themselves requires more than exhortation or experiences of being oppressed. A new sense of self is sustained and augmented in particular sorts of public places where people can discover 'who they are' and to what they aspire on their own terms, and where they can begin to think about what democracy means. (Evans and Boyte 1992, 68)

Editing direct quotations o Omit part of the quote: replace what was omitted with an ellipsis, do not use an ellipsis if you omit something that comes directly before or after what you are quoting, but only if it is in the middle o Change part of the quote change a word or add a word to make a quote follow the grammar of your sentence or to make it more understandable put the new word inside [brackets] Ex. Seyla Benhabib expands the realm of democratic deliberation to include a plurality of modes of association, maintaining that it is through the interlocking net ofmultiple forms of associations, networks, and organizations that[a] public conversation results (cited in Enslin, 2001, p. 123). Translating direct quotations o Direct quotations should be in the language of your essay o If you translate something from another language, be sure to note this at the end of the citation (traduccin propia): Ex. Carlos Ornelas (2003) writes that there are differences between what he calls power given from the center to the periphery and power won at the local level. Delegated power lacks roots Power taken generates institutions that take root in the life of the community (217, my translation).

Emphasis in direct quotations o If something is italicized or underlined for emphasis in the original, reproduce it exactly as it is in the original and at the end of the quote, in parentheses after the page number, you should note this by saying something like, emphasis in original or nfasis original. o If you wish to emphasize something within the quote, you may do so either using italics, bold or underline as long as you note this at the end. So for example, as Jeff Weldon (2010) told us, we should always use Chicago Style (324, emphasis added). o From what I have seen, in Spanish you would say something like, nfasis nuestro, cursivas aadidas, o palabras similares. Avoid saying authors emphasis because this can lead to confusion about which author you or the author you are citing.

References (See sample reference list below) Citations direct attention to more detailed references, which provide complete source information. These references are presented in a list at the end of the document/essay, titled References and NOT Bibliography. All references should be in Chicago Style, Author-Date System DO NOT include any references that are not actually cited in the text, graphics, notes, etc. of your essay References should be single-spaced, indented from the second line on; leave a space between each reference Ordering of references: o Alphabetical by last name of first author or by title of document if no author o If multiple works by same author, list them by year of publication o If multiple works by same author in same year, alphabetical order by title; place a lower-case letter after the year to distinguish between references o If works by same author alone and with different co-authors, ordering is first alone and then by last name of first co-author; ordering may not be chronological by first author when there are different co-authors Foreign Language Sources o Translate titles of books and articles in brackets after the foreign title o Do not translate the names of foreign journals/periodicals o For titles originally in English or German (articles, books) use headline capitalization (e.g. first letter of all words capitalized except for articles (a, an, the), conjunctions (and, but, or) or prepositions (in, on, by, over, etc.) o For titles originally in all other languages, capitalize first letter and proper nouns only. Miyamoto, Yoshio. 1942. Hoso to kokka [Broadcasting and the national defense state]. Tokyo: Nihon Hoso Shuppan Kyokai.

REFERENCES Addams, Jane. 1907. Democracy and social ethics. New York: The MacMillan Company. Benne, Kenneth D. 1987. The meanings of democracy in a collective world. In Society as educator in an age of transition, ed. Kenneth D. Benne and Susan Tozer. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. Checkoway, Barry, Katie Richards-Schuster, Shakira Abdullah, Margarita Aragon, Evelyn Facio, Lisa Figueroa, Ellen Reddy, Mary Welsh, and Al White. 2003. Young people as competent citizens. Community Development Journal 38 (4): 298-309. Great Transitions: Preparing adolescents for a new century. 1995. Washington, DC: Carnegie Council on Adolescent Development. O'Donoghue, Jennifer L. 2006. "Taking their own power": Urban youth, community-based youth organizations, and public efficacy. In Beyond resistance! Youth activism and community change: New democratic possibilities for practice and policy for America's youth, ed. Sean Ginwright, Pedro Noguera and Julio Cammarota. New York: Routledge. ODonoghue, Jennifer L. and Ben Kirshner. 2008. Engaging urban youth in civic practice: Community-based youth organizations as alternative sites for democratic education. In Educating democratic citizens in troubled times: Qualitative studies of current efforts, ed. Janet Bixby and Judy L. Pace. Albany, NY: State University of New York Press. ODonoghue, Jennifer L. and Karen R. Strobel. 2007. Directivity and freedom: Adult support of urban youth activism. American Behavioral Scientist, 51(3): 465-85. Pateman, Carol. 1970. Participation and democratic theory. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Pateman, Carol. 1983. Feminism and democracy. In Democratic theory and practice, edited by Graeme Duncan. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Skocpol, Theda. 1999. Advocates without members: The recent transformation of American civic life. In Civic Engagement in American Democracy, ed. Theda Skocpol and Morris P. Fiorina. Washington, DC: Brookings Institution Press. Skocpol, Theda, and Morris P. Fiorina. 1999. Making sense of the civic engagement debate. In Civic engagement in American democracy, ed. Theda Skocpol and Morris P. Fiorina. Washington, DC: Brookings Institution Press. Zeldin, Shepherd. 2005a. The adoption of innovation in youth organizations: Creating the conditions for youth- adult partnerships. Journal of Community Psychology 33 (1):121-135. Zeldin, Shepherd. 2005b. Intergenerational relationships and partnerships in community programs: Purpose, practice, and directions for research. Journal of Community Psychology 33 (1):1-10.