Biology Intensive

Prepared by: Ms. Lai

Chapter 2: Cell Structure & Organization Cells = basic unit of living things Protoplasm = cytoplasm + nucleus Cells are surrounded by plasma membrane & contain many organelles in the cytoplasm. Organelles cellular components = perform specific functions & enclosed by own membranes. Plant cell has cell walls which surrounds its plasma membrane.

Animal & Plant Cells

Organelles Mitochondrion Chloroplast Rough endoplasmic reticulum Smooth endoplasmic reticulum Centriole Golgi apparatus Lysosome Plasma membrane Cell wall

Function

Biology Intensive

Prepared by: Ms. Lai

Nucleus Vacuoles/ Vesicles Ribosomes

Both mitochondrion and chloroplast have their own DNA. Organelles which possess double membrane are nucleus, mitochondrion and chloroplast. Mitochondrion can be found abundantly in the sperm cells, flight muscle cells, meristemic cells, liver cells and kidney cells.

** Students are also required to know all the parts and its functions. Apart from that students
have to know where the light and dark reaction happens in the chloroplast. Compare and Contrast between animal and plant cells Differences: Animal Cells Plant Cells

Biology Intensive

Prepared by: Ms. Lai

Similarities:

Contractile vacuole in Paramecium sp. helps in the osmoregulation of the cell. Paramecium sp. reproduces through binary fission. Why Cell specialization is so important? It enables cells to go through change, development, adaptation to it special structures and specific functions. Give rise to many different types of cells. Enable human body to function systematically.

Organization of cells Cell Tissue Organ System Organism

Biology Intensive

Prepared by: Ms. Lai

Epithelial Tissues

Muscle Tissues

Connectives Tissues

Biology Intensive

Prepared by: Ms. Lai

Permanent Tissues in Plants a) Epidermal tissue (root hair, guard cells, stomata) b) Ground tissue (parenchyma tissue, collenchyma tissue, sclerenchyma tissue) c) Vascular tissue (phloem, xylem)

Tissue Collenchyma Parenchyma Sclerenchyma Xylem Phleom Epidermal tissue Meristemic tissue

Function Provides support in herbaceous plant Stores products of photosynthesis Supports & strengthen plants Transport water & mineral salts from roots to leaves Transport food from leaves to other parts of the plant. Protects plant from mechanical injuries Divides active through mitosis to increase the number of cells at shoot & root tips

Biology Intensive

Prepared by: Ms. Lai

Regulation of Internal Environment

Internal environment = condition exist within the body of an organism (composition of the interstitial fluid and blood plasma). Internal environment made up of physical and chemical factors. Physical factors = temperature, blood pressure, osmotic pressure Chemical factors = salt, sugar content and pH Homeostasis = maintenance of a relatively constant internal environment to enable body cells to function at its optimum. Two mechanisms are involved in bodys homeostasis: negative feedback (most mechanisms) and positive feedback (child birth, sexual stimulation). Negative feedback try to reduce the effect of changes towards the body. Positive feedback amplify the effect of changes towards the body. Regulation of body temperature

Biology Intensive

Prepared by: Ms. Lai

Notes:

Regulation of blood glucose level

Biology Intensive

Prepared by: Ms. Lai

Regulation of blood osmotic level