Ch.

5 Terms

1) 2) 3) 4) 5) 6) 7) 8) 9) 10) 11) 12) 13) 14) 15) 16)

17) 18) 19)

20) 21) 22) 23) 24) 25) 26)

4 classes of macromolecules-Polymers, Dehydration - Reaction where two monomers combine, resulting in the loss of a water molecule Hydrolysis reactions result in- water Other names for carbohydrates- monosaccharides, disaccharides, polysaccharides The function of carbs- Major nutrients for cells Chemical formula for carbs- Some multiple of CH2O Disacchar. Chem Formula- Two monosaccharides joined by a glycosidic linkage Sucrose is composed of what two monomers?-Glucose & fructose Plant polysacch. (most common storage form)- Starch Animal polysacch. (most common storage form)- Glycogen Cellulose is what and has what purpose?- a polysaccharide that is a major component of the tough walls that encase plant cells Chitin- The polycarbonate used by arthropods to build their exoskeletons Why are lipids important?- They have little or no affinity for water Are lipids hydrophilic or hydrophobic?- Depends on the type Fats are made from what two parts?- Glycerol and fatty acids Saturated vs. Unsaturated fats- Saturated fats have a straight molecular structure and can be packed into a solid at room temperature; unsaturated fats have bent molecular structures due to double bond and are liquid at room temperature Animal fats are sat or unsat?- Saturated Describe phospholipids- Molecules similar to fats, except that they have only two fatty acid tails rather than three. Phospholipids 'ends' and water- Two of three ends are carbon chains and are hydrophobic, the other end is hydrophilic. This arrangement gives phospholipids a tendency to form themselves into aggregates that shield their hydrophobic portions and expose their hydrophilic portions to water. Steroids- Lipids characterized by a carbon skeleton consisting of four fused rings. Polypeptide- Polymers of amino acids Proteins do what? -structural support, storage, transport of other substances, movement, signaling, and defense against other substances, and regulate metabolism. Amino acid groups- organic molecules containing both carboxyl and amino groups How are AAs joined?- peptide bonds What is a peptide bond?- A covalent bond created when the carboxyl group of one amino acid connects to the amino group of the other in a dehydration reaction Slide #52- ???

27) 3 examples of shape and functiona. Lysozyme has grooves that bind to and destroy specific molecules on the surfaces of harmful bacteria b. Antibodies bind to specific substances that invade the body c. Enzymes recognize and bind to the shape of their substrates 28) 3 levels of protein structure- Primary, secondary, and tertiary 29) Describe secondary structure- Coils and folds in a protein's structure that contribute to the protein's overall conformation. 30) Describe tertiary structure- irregular contortions from interactions between side chains (R groups) of the various amino acids 31) Describer quaternary structure- the overall protein structure that results from the aggregation of these polypeptide subunits 32) How are proteins denatured?- By altering the pH, salt concentration, temperature, or other aspects of the proteins' environment 33) Chaperonin- protein molecules that assist the proper folding of other proteins 34) Gene- Unit of inheritance used to program the amino acid sequence of a polypeptide 35) 2 nucleic acid types- deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) and ribonucleic acid (RNA) 36) #75!- ??? 37) Nucleotide parts- An organic molecule called a nitrogenous base, a pentose (5-carbon sugar) and a phosphate group 38) Pyrimidines- nitrogenous base which has a 6-membered ring of carbon and nitrogen atoms 39) Purines- nitrogenous base which has a 6-membered ring fused to a 5-membered ring. 40) Ribose vs. Deoxyribose- Only difference is that deoxyribose lacks an oxygen atom on its number two carbon 41) DNA vs. RNA- DNA holds information in the nucleus, RNA transports the information to protein builders in the cell. 42) Base pair combos- Base pairs can only combine in a certain manner-Adenine always opposes thymine and guanine always opposes cytosine 43) Replication- The double helix is split into individual strands. Each strand's unpaired bases match up with free nucleotides, creating a pair of entirely new strands. 44) Translation vs. Transcription- Transcription occurs between DNA and RNA, translation occurs between RNA and the ribosome.