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Pathophysiology

Modifiable factors: Poor interpersonal relationship Isolation of self Cannot express feelings

Non-modifiable factors: Hereditary age (early 20s/adolescence) sex (men, women) educated people Neurotransmitter alterations

Traumatic experiences:

Neurotransmitter alterations:

Dopamine secretion

Living alone

Separation from her husband

Serotonin secretion

DECREASE serotonin

INCREASE serotonin

OVERPRODUCTION OF DOPAMINE: Causes the nerve circuits to misfire and create a split state in the mind.

Unable to express feelings, lack of close friends, isolate self, social withdrawal

DEPRESION

MANIA

Hallucinations

Delusions

Social withdrawal
Increase Anxiety

Agitated Hyperactive

Auditory hallucination

Long-term depression

Low selfesteem Persistent sadness

Racing thoughts Illusions

Visual hallucination

Stress

Chronic low self-esteem

Bipolar Affective disorder, current episode, manic with psychotic disorder

Pathogenesis Bipolar affective disorder is the shifting of mood of a person from being hyperactive to a depressed state. Patient is sometimes hypomania or hyper manic; thus making the mood and affect of a person are affected also. There are several known triggering causes of bipolar affective disorder; hereditary plays a big role in determining the cause of bipolar. Abnormal genetics that runs in your family may be acquired by the next generation; age is also a factor that must be consider, as early as 20 years old, where in we encounter different problems in different aspects. In this stage, we also tend to hide our feelings and keep it to ourselves. Sex, educated people, and neurotransmitter alteration are also factors that causes bipolar. Neurotransmitter dopamine and serotonin are commonly affected in this disorder. It may be increased or decreased; increase secretion of serotonin causes hyper manic state, while decrease serotonin may result to depression of the person. Excessive secretion of dopamine causes two of the most common psychotic symptoms, hallucination and delusion. Hallucination is a false sensory (auditory, visual, gustatory, ect) belief while delusion is a fixed false belief of the person affected. Traumatic experiences such as separation from family, loved ones, death of relatives and friends, living on your own may trigger bipolar disorder. A person having hard time to express his/her feelings and emotions may experience depression, anxiety will increases as the day pass by and he/she remembers the situation. The person is subjected to depression and stress and causes chemical imbalances. He/she may forget to take care of self; self-esteem is low and isolates self from others.

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