Anastasia Audrey Oenaryo - 01120090048

1a. Reason: A thought or a consideration offered in support of a determination or an opinion; a just ground for a conclusion or anaction; that which is offered or accepted as an e xlanation; a motive foran action or a determination; proof, more or less decisive, f or an opinion or a conclusion; principle; efficient cause; final cause;ground of arg ument. 1 Illustration: 1. People want to take a bath because they dont want to smell badly. This is a reason, 2. People Need Sleep to regain their energy to do a daily activity. This is a reason. 1b. Argument: A reason or reasons offered in proof, to induce belief, or convince the mind; reasoning expressed in words; as, an argument about, concerning, or regarding a proposition, for or in favor of it, or against it. 2 Illustration: 1. When 2 people are debating that is call an argument. 2. When we do a presentation and someone criticize our method that is called an argument. 1c. Logical fallacies: A type of argument where people try to manipulate other by debating that used to mislead the person and distract people from the real issue and this argument usually has many flawed and usually it is invalid.3 Illustration: 1. A person try tries to assert a cause and effect relationship simply because one event preceded another. That called logical fallacies. 2. When an argument starts getting personal and attacks are made against a person, rather than to support an argument. That called logical fallacies.

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http://en.wikipedia.org http://ardictionary.com 3 http://en.wikipedia.org

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1d. Dicto Simpliciter: A dicto simpliciter occurs when an acceptable exception is ignored or eliminated.4 Illustration: 1. "Men are statistically more aggressive than women. Therefore, I, a male, must be more aggressive than you, a female." 2. Christians generally dislike atheists. You are a Christian, so you must dislike atheists.

1e. Hasty Generalization: It is a type of a logical fallacy where in this situation the person cannot show an exact conclusion so they show a broad conclusion to solve the argument. Usually it is a prejudice and bias logical fallacies. 5 Illustration: 1. Smith, who is from England, decides to attend graduate school at Ohio State University. He has never been to the US before. The day after he arrives, he is walking back from an orientation session and sees two white (albino) squirrels chasing each other around a tree. In his next letter home, he tells his family that American squirrels are white. 2. Sam is riding her bike in her home town in Maine, minding her own business. A station wagon comes up behind her and the driver starts beeping his horn and then tries to force her off the road. As he goes by, the driver yells "get on the sidewalk where you belong!" Sam sees that the car has Ohio plates and concludes that all Ohio drivers are jerks. 1f. Post Hoc: This fallacy is happen when a person feels that this result of an event or cause is because of the event that happens earlier.6 Illustration: 1. A person purchases a new PowerMac and it works fine for months. He then buys and installs a new piece of software. The next time he starts up his Mac, it freezes. Bill concludes that the software must be the cause of the freeze. 2. A man is scratched by a cat while visiting her friend. Two days later she comes down with a fever. Joan concludes that the cat's scratch must be the cause of her illness.]
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Anastasia Audrey Oenaryo - 01120090048

1g. Contradictory Premises: A conclusion which is drawn from premises which cannot both be true at the same time is the fallacy of contradictory premises.7 Illustration: 1. "The existence of fairies has never been proved, so fairies do not exist." 2. "The existence of God has never been disproved, so God exists."8

2. Perquisite for making good argument: 1. We must relax and calm when facing an opponent. Control your tone of voice and body language. Do not show any hesitation when facing the opponent. 2. Recheck your research to ensure that you support the claims made in your thesis and in the following topic sentences of your argument. A valid argument is a sound argument that cannot be refuted by counterarguments. 3. Tackle any and all counter-arguments. You will be left with a fallacious argument if you only deal with one side of the story. 4. When the argument is on your side close your argument with a strong ending conclusion that cannot be attacked easily.9

Website Source: 1. http://ardictionary.com (argument) 2. http://en.wikipedia.org (reason, logical fallacies, dicto simpliciter, hasty generalization, post hoc) 3. http://www.humboldt.edu/~jwp2/argstand.htm (Perquisite for making good argument) 4. http://www.cs.auckland.ac.nz/~cristian/i2rcs/i2rcs_docs/logic.htm (contradictory premises) 5. http://home.att.net/~tangents/issue/think/fallacy.htm (illustrations of contradictory premises)

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http://www.cs.auckland.ac.nz/~cristian/i2rcs/i2rcs_docs/logic.htm
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