Physics POGIL: Temperature, Thermal Energy, and Heating In our time together we have already learned about one

method by which energy is transferred between objects. This is the concept of working, in which energy is transferred by force acting over a distance. In this POGIL we will become familiar with heating, the process by which energy is transferred because of a difference in temperature. Before tackling this concept we will familiarize ourselves with different units of temperature and energy. Temperature, Thermal Energy, and Heating Temperature is a measure of the average kinetic energy per particle of a substance. A substance with a higher temperature has particles with a higher average kinetic energy. There are three common scales we use to measure temperature. Kelvin (K): Water freezes at 273.15 K and boils at 373.15 K. Fahrenheit (F): Water freezes at 32F and boils at 212F. Celsius (C): Water freezes at 0C and boils at 100C The equations below describe the conversions between the three scales.

Thermal Energy is the total kinetic energy of all particles in a substance. It is commonly measured in Joules (J), just like any other energy storage mechanism. We will occasionally come across units of calories (cal) and Calories (Cal). 1 cal is equal to 4.19 J. The Calorie is commonly used to indicate the amount of energy stored in food products; it is equal to 1000 cal. Heating is energy that is transferring because of a difference in temperature between two objects. Since it is a measure of energy, it is also measured in Joules, calories, or Calories. 1. Which represents a greater change in temperature: an increase in temperature of 1C, 1F, or 1 K? Justify your answer.

2. Which substance boils at a higher temperature: octane, with a boiling point of 126C, or ethanol, with a boiling point of 173F? Justify your answer.

3. A bowl of cereal provides around 200 Calories of energy. How much energy is this in: (a) calories? (b) Joules? 4. What is the difference between temperature and thermal energy?

5. What is the difference between heating and thermal energy?

Physics 6. Imagine a bathtub full of water at 10C and a cup of water at 80C. (a) In which container are the water molecules moving fastest, on average? Justify your answer.

(b) In which container is there more thermal energy? Justify your answer.

7. The sparks from a sparkler have a temperature of around 2000C. Why do they not burn your hand when they strike it?

Specific Heat Capacity The specific heat capacity is a property of different substances. It tells us the amount of energy that must be transferred to or from the substance to change a certain mass of the substance by a certain temperature. The specific heat capacities of several substances at room temperature are shown below. Substance water iron/steel copper air Specific Heat Capacity (J/g-C) 4.19 0.452 0.387 1.05

As an example, note that the specific heat capacity of water is 4.19 J/g-C. This means that to increase the temperature of 1 g of water by 1C, we must add 4.19 J of energy. To decrease the temperature of 1 g of water by 1C, we must remove 4.19 J of energy. 8. What is the specific heat capacity of water in units of cal/g-C?

9. How much energy must be transferred to change the temperature of: (a) 1 g of water by 2C? (b) 1 g of water by 3C? (c) 1 g of water by 5C? (d) 2 g of water by 1C? (e) 5 g of water by 1C? (f) 250 g of water by 20C? 10. A 1500 g steel hammer, initially at 25C, is left in a cold garage at 10C. (a) Does the hammer lose or gain energy?

Physics (b) How much energy is transferred?

(c) Where is the energy transferred to or from?

11. How much energy must be added to a 50 g copper wire to increase its temperature from 5C to 70C?

12. On a hot day, the air temperature in a room is 35C. The total mass of the air in the room is 130,000 g. If we use an air conditioner to extract 2,000,000 J of thermal energy from the room, what is the final temperature of the air?

13. Suppose we add 2000 J of energy to equal masses of water, air, steel, and copper. List the substances in order from LEAST temperature change to HIGHEST temperature change.

Problems 14. A 400 g piece of copper, initially at a temperature of 90C, is immersed in 800 g of water at 10C. (a) Will the thermal energy of the copper increase, decrease, or remain the same? Justify your answer.

(b) Will the thermal energy of the water increase, decrease, or remain the same? Justify your answer.

(c) Will heating flow from the copper to the water or from the water to the copper? Justify your answer.

(d) Will the final temperature be less than 10C, between 10C and 50C, equal to 50C, between 50C and 90C, or greater than 90C? Justify your answer.

(e) Setup and solve an equation for the final temperature of the copper and water.

Physics 15. A 100 g piece of steel at 0C is placed in a container of 1200 g of water at 50C. What is the final temperature of the steel and water when they come to thermal equilibrium?