POGIL: Energy In this POGIL we will learn about several forms of energy.

Kinetic Energy The kinetic energy of an object is a measure of an objects energy associated with its motion. We define the kinetic energy KE of an object as 1 KE= mv2 , 2 where m is the object's mass and v is its speed. If the mass is in kilograms and the speed is in meters per second, then kinetic energy is measured in kg-m2/s2, which we call a Joule (abbreviated J). 1. Calculate the kinetic energy, in Joules, of the following objects. (a) a 70 kg person running at 4 m/s (b) a 1 g ant moving at a speed of 2 cm/s (c) a 1000 kg car traveling at 100 km/h 2. Can kinetic energy ever be negative? Why or why not?

3. Rank the following objects in order from lowest kinetic energy to highest kinetic energy. Indicate a tie with an equal sign. (a) an object of mass m traveling with a speed v (b) an object of mass 2m traveling with a speed v (c) an object of mass m traveling with a speed 2v (d) an object of mass m traveling at speed 2v (e) an object of mass 2m traveling at speed v (f) an object of mass 10m traveling at speed 0.

Gravitational Potential Energy The energy of an object that is the result of its position is called potential energy. Potential energy is always due to a force; in the case of gravitational potential energy, it is caused by the gravitational force, hence its name. Potential energy can be thought of as stored energy because it can be converted to another form, such as kinetic energy, when released. Gravitational potential energy is always measured relative to a reference level, a height at which the potential energy is set at zero. For an object of mass m and vertical position y relative to the reference

level, its gravitational potential energy PEg is given by PE g =mgy . If the mass is in kilograms, g is in meters per second per second, and y is in meters, then the gravitational potential energy is measured in Joules, just like kinetic energy. 4. In the picture below, a 1000 kg car starts at point A and travels through points B, C, and D. A B C 7m D (a) Using the vertical position of point D as the reference level, calculate: i. the car's gravitational potential energy at points A, B, C, and D

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ii. the car's change in gravitational potential energy in traveling from point A to B, A to C, and A to D.

(b) Using the vertical position of point A as the reference level, calculate: i. the car's gravitational potential energy at points A, B, C, and D

ii. the car's change in gravitational potential energy in traveling from point A to B, A to C, and A to D.

5. Does the choice of reference level affect the amount of potential energy an object has? Does the choice of reference level affect the change in potential energy of an object?

Elastic Potential Energy We can also store energy in a spring or other elastic device when we stretch or compress it. This type of energy is called elastic potential energy, and it is due to an elastic force. It is also measured relative to a reference point, which we choose as the equilibrium point for greatest convenience. When this is the case, the elastic potential energy PEe is given by the equation 1 PE e = k x 2 , 2 where k is the spring constant and x is the distance stretched. 6. If k is measured in N/m and x is measured in m, what are the units of elastic potential energy?

7. Calculate the elastic potential energy of the following systems. (a) a bungee cord with a spring constant of 60 N/m is stretched 10 m

(b) a spring with a spring constant of 5 N/m is compressed 30 cm

(c) a spring with a spring constant of 0.02 N/cm is stretched 10 cm

8. A bungee cord, when stretched a distance of 15 m, exerts a force of 750 N. How much potential energy is stored in the bungee cord?