11 Coordinate geometry

Ext11

Extension 1 By substituting y ˆ tx, find parametric equations for these curves given by
Exercise 11 Cartesian equations.
a y4 ˆ x5 b y ˆ x 2 ‡ 2x c y 2 ˆ x 2 ‡ 2x
d x2 ˆ x3 y3 e x 3 ‡ y 3 ˆ 3xy
2 The curve with parametric equations x ˆ a cos3 t, y ˆ a sin3 t is called an astroid.
Show that the tangent, at the point with parameter t on the astroid, has equation
x sin t ‡ y cos t ˆ a sin t cos t. If this tangent meets the x-axis at a point A and the
y-axis at B, show that, whatever the value of t, AB ˆ a. Sketch the graph of the
astroid.
3 A curve is defined by the parametric equations:
x ˆ a(t ‡ sin t)
‰a constantŠ
y ˆ a(1 cos t)
Prove that the equation of the tangent to the curve at the point where t ˆ 14 p is
p
x y(1 ‡ 2) ˆ 14 pa
Sketch the curve for 3p 4 t 4 3p.
4 Sketch the curve defined by the parametric equations
t
x ˆ e 10 cos t
y ˆ sin t
for 2p 4 t 4 2p.
5 Sketch the curve given by the parametric equations
x ˆ 2a cos2 y
y ˆ a sin 2y
Eliminate y to find the Cartesian equation of the curve.
What is the area enclosed within the curve?
6 A curve is defined by the parametric equations
x ˆ 2a ln t
 
1 t>0
yˆa t‡
t
Prove that the curve is symmetrical in the y-axis and sketch the curve.
Eliminate t to obtain the Cartesian equation of the curve.
7 For each of these curves:
x3 ‡ 4 4x 2 11x ‡ 11 x2 ‡ x ‡ 1
a yˆ b yˆ c yˆ
x2 (x 2)2 x‡1
i Determine the location of any turning points and points of inflexion on the curve.
ii State any asymptotes to the curve. In the case of any horizontal or oblique
asymptotes, determine whether the curve crosses the asymptote.
iii Sketch the curve.

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 11 Coordinate geometry

8 Sketch these curves.

x3 x3 x 2 (1 x)
a yˆ 2 b yˆ c yˆ
x 1 x2 ‡ 1 1‡x

9 Sketch the graph of y ˆ x sin x for 3p 4 x 4 3p.

10 Find the equations of the tangent and normal to these curves at the point
whose parameter is t. (a, b and c are constants.)
3 3
a xˆt b x ˆ at 2 c x ˆ 4t
y ˆ 3t 2 y ˆ 2at y ˆ 3t 4
d x ˆ ct e x ˆ a cos t f x ˆ a sec t
c y ˆ b sin t y ˆ b tan t
yˆ
t
11 Find the equation of the tangent and normal to the cycloid
x ˆ a(2y ‡ sin 2y) y ˆ a(1 cos 2y)
at the point whose parameter is y. (a is a constant.)
12 Find the equations of the chords joining the points whose parameters are p and
q on these curves (a, b, c are constants).
2 1
a xˆt b xˆ c x ˆ ct d x ˆ a cos t
t c
y ˆ 2t yˆ y ˆ b sin t
y ˆ t2
t
Deduce the equations of the tangents at the points with parameter p by finding
the limiting equations of the chords as q approaches p. (Compare your answers
to 12a, 12c and 12d with 10b, 10d and 10e respectively.)
13 The tangent and normal, at a point (a cos y, b sin y) on the ellipse
x2 y2
‡ 2 ˆ1
a2 b
meet the x-axis at Q and R. Given that O is the origin, prove that
OQ  OR ˆ a2 b2 .
normalto the rectangular hyperbola xy ˆ c 2 (where c is
14 Find the equation of the 
c
a constant) at the point ct, .
t
Find the coordinates of the point where the normal meets the curve again.
15 Find the equation of a straight line which is both a tangent and a normal to the
curve x ˆ t 2 , y ˆ t 3 .
16 Show that the tangent at the point t on the astroid x ˆ a cos3 t, y ˆ a sin3 t is the
line y cos t ‡ x sin t ˆ a sin t cos t.
Show that the tangent meets the axes in points whose distance apart is a.
17 If x ˆ a cos y, y ˆ b tan y, where a and b are constants, show that
d2 y b
ˆ cosec3 y
dx 2 a2

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 11 Coordinate geometry

dy d2 y
18 Given that x ˆ tet , y ˆ te2t find and in terms of t.
dx dx 2
Hence locate, and classify, all the stationary points on the curve.
19 A curve is represented parametrically by x ˆ (t 2 1)2 , y ˆ t 3 .
dy d2 y
Find and in terms of t.
dx dx 2
dy d2 y
20 If x ˆ 3t 2 , y ˆ 6t, find and in terms of t.
dx dx 2
21 The equation of a curve is given parametrically by these equations.
t2 t3
xˆ yˆ
1 ‡ t3 1 ‡ t3
dy 3t d2 y 1 1


Show that ˆ , and that ˆ 48 at the point 2
, 2
.
dx 2 t 3 dx 2
d2 y
22 Find in terms of the parameter when
dx 2
a x ˆ t2 4 b x ˆ cos3 t c x ˆ a(y sin y) (a constant)
3 3
yˆt 4t y ˆ sin t y ˆ a(1 cos y)

d2 y
23 If x ˆ at 2 , y ˆ 2at, (a constant) find in terms of t.
dx 2
24 A curve is defined by the parametric equations x ˆ t 2 7, y ˆ t 3 12t.
dy d2 y
Find expressions for and , in terms of t, and hence locate, and classify,
dx dx 2
the stationary points on the curve.
25 Locate, and determine the nature of, the stationary points on the curves given
parametrically by these equations.
a x ˆ 2t 2 ‡ 6 b x ˆ 1 ‡ 2 cos y c xˆt 1
y ˆ t 4 4t ‡ 1 y ˆ 5 ‡ 3 sin y y ˆ et t
d x ˆ t ln t e x ˆ 3 sin y
y ˆ t 3 3t y ˆ 2 sin 2y

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