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This tutorial covers the following subjects in detail: Importing a grid from CFD-GEOM. Setting the model title. Setting constant values for fluid density and viscosity. Setting boundary values appropriate for inlets and outlets in turbulent flow. Setting initial conditions. Setting solution iterations. Setting the spatial differencing scheme. Setting the relaxation parameters. Requesting printed and graphical output. Submitting the model for solution.
Assumptions (requirements) for working this tutorial: 1. You are working in the directory where the tutorial problem resides.
Problem Description
Solve for the flow over a backward facing step at a Reynolds number of 100,000. The goal of the simulation is to find the reattachment length (i.e., the point where the separation bubble disappears on the channel floor.) The Reynolds number can be calculated as:
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UD Re = -------- ,
where U is the average inlet velocity, and D is the hydraulic diameter (equal to 2h). The geometry is given in the figure below:
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Use fluid properties of water (density = 1000 kg/m3, kinematic viscosity = 1.0x10-6 m2/s). The average inlet velocity required to obtain a Reynolds number of 100,000 can be calculated as:
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Flow
Heat Transfer (Heat)
2D Planar
2D Axisym
Turbulence (Turb)
Chemistry User Scalar (Scalar) Radiation (Rad) Spray Free Surface (VOF) Two-Fluid (Fluid2) Cavitation (Cav) Grid Deformation (Deform) Stress Plasma Electric (Electr) Magnetic (Magnet) Kinetic Semi Device
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Procedure
1. Load the DTF File.
From the File Menu, select Open. A File Open dialog panel appears.
Select the file named tbstep.DTF and press the Accept button to read the file.
The DTF file is read into CFD-ACE-GUI and a wireframe outline of the model appears in the viewing window. The control panel is presented in the Problem Type setting mode.
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Under the Turbulence tab ensure that the KEpsilon Turbulence Model is used.
K-Epsilon turbulence is the recommended model because it is the most robust and is applicable to the widest range of problems. Please see the Turbulence Module chapter of the CFD-ACE-GUI Module Manual for details on the other available turbulence models.
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Select all of the volume conditions in the simu- The volume conditions picked are highlighted in lation. reverse video in the Model Explorer list. They are also highlighted by thick lines in the viewing window.
Select All
To permanently group the selected items together, press the Group button located in the lower left corner. Ensure that the Volume Condition Type is set to Fluid by clicking on the Properties pull down menu. Under the Phys tab, set the density to a constant value of 1000 kg/m3.
The items are now part of a permanent property group. A group name is given in the property column of the model explorer. A fluid type can model gas or liquid flows.
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Under the Fluid tab, set the viscosity to a constant kinematic value of 1.0E-006 m2/s.
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The fixed velocity subtype allows us to fix the velocity at the inlet boundary condition location. This effectively fixes the mass flow rate.
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5.c. Set the inlet boundary values for the Turbulence Module.
Note Turbulence quantities are calculated as follows: In order to determine the inlet turbulence values we need to assume a value for the turbulence intensity. For internal flows the turbulence intensity can be somewhat large (1-5%). For this simulation we will assume 2% turbulence intensity. The free stream turbulence kinetic energy (K) can then be calculated as follows:
C K D = --------------------L
where
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C = 0.09 = 0.4
and L is a reasonable length scale. For this case we will choose L as the inlet height (0.0052 m) Solving for the dissipation rate,
0.75 1.5 C K ( 0.09 ) ( 0.056 ) D = --------------------- = ----------------------------------------------- = 1.05 J/(kg-s) L ( 0.4 ) ( 0.0052 ) 0.75 1.5
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Press the Turbulence tab to make the turbu- All of the boundary values that apply to the Turbulence Module are displayed. lence values active. Select Fixed Value from the menu Set the turbulence kinetic energy (K) to 0.056 m2/s2. Set the turbulence dissipation rate to 1.0 J/ (kg-s). Press the Apply button to accept the changes and deselect the Inlet boundary condition.
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Ensure that the Temperature value is set to 300 The temperature value is only needed at an outK. let in case there is inflow through this boundary.
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Ensure that the Initial Source is set to Con- Constant implies that the every cell in the comstant. putational domain will use the specified values as an initial condition. Reasonable initial conditions will help prevent divergence in the first few iterations.
Press the Flow tab to activate the initial condition values for the Flow Module. Ensure that the X and Y-Direction Velocities are set to 9 and 0 m/s Set pressure set to 0 N/m2 Set temperature are 300 K
Press the Turbulence tab to activate the initial condition values for the Turbulence Module. Set the initial condition values for turbulence equal to the same as the inlet boundary condition (K=0.056, D=1).
Reasonable initial conditions will help prevent divergence in the first few iterations.
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Note:
It is recommended to always leave the spatial differencing set to Upwind for the Turbulence variables. The higher order methods can often cause convergence problems for the turbulence equations and do not add significant accuracy to the solution. Please see the Numerical Methods chapter of the CFD-ACE-GUI Users Manual for more details on the differencing methods available.
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Under the Relax tab, set the inertial relaxation values for the velocity and turbulence equations to 0.1. Also, verify that the linear relaxation values for the auxiliary variables (pressure, temperature, density, and viscosity) are set to 1.0.
The default inertial relaxation parameters are 0.2 for velocity and pressure correction equations. This particular case is simple enough to solve that we may decrease this value to 0.1 in order to speed convergence. Note that decreasing this value can make the solution unstable so caution should be exercised. See the Numerical Methods chapter of the CFD-ACE-GUI Users Manual for more details on the use of relaxation.
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Because we have modified the simulation data The data is saved to tbstep.DTF and the solver is during the solution setup process, the data must started. first be saved to a DTF file before the solver can start. Press the Submit Job Under Current Name button to save the information back to the tbstep.DTF file and to launch CFD-ACEGUI using that same file.
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You can press the View Residuals and View We are looking for a three to five order of magOutput buttons to see real-time displays of the nitude drop in the solution residuals. residual history and output file contents.
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The reattachment position can be determined by Place the point-probe at a y-value just off of the using the point-probe to locate where the recir- lower wall and then change its x-location until culation bubble ends on the lower channel wall. you find the point where the U-velocity changes sign. The reattachment position for this simulation should be somewhere near 0.339 m. The Y+ range along the upper channel wall is between 35 and 75. The K-Epsilon turbulence model works best when the Y+ values on the walls are between 30 and 150. Please see the Turbulence Module chapter of the CFD-ACE-GUI Module Manual for more details on Y+.
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Group Outlets Select OUTLET -> Flow -> Use Default Settings Turb -> Kinetic Energy: Constant 0.056 m2/s2 Turb -> Dissipation Rate: Constant 1.0 J/kg-s
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SC -> Spatial: Velocity 0.01 Blending, Turbulence (Upwind) SC -> Relaxation: 0.1 for Velocities and Turbulence
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