APUSH 1 FINAL EXAM REVIEW

1. Louisiana Purchase: a. America secured the western half of the richest river valley in the world and further laid the foundations of a future major power. b. Napoleon decided to sell Louisiana and abandon his dreams of a New World Empire i. Because, he failed in reconquering sugar-rich Santo Domingo and, ii. Instead of forcing America into Britains arms, he sold the land to American and made money for schemes nearer home 1. Napoleon wanted America to thwart ambitions of the lordly British in the New World- Louisiana would strengthen the United States c. The transfer established a precedent that was to be followed repeatedly: the acquisition of foreign territory and peoples by purchase. th th 2. 12 , 13 , 14th, & 15th Amendments a. 12th- Election of President and Vice President i. Changes in manner of electing president and vice president; procedure when no presidential candidate receives electoral majority ii. The voters failed to give an electoral majority to any candidate in 1824, so the House of Representatives had to choose the president from among the top three candidates 1. Corrupt Bargain- Henry Clay was Speaker of the House and influenced the representatives to elect Adams (Adams then appointed Clay Secretary of State) th b. 13 - Slavery Prohibited i. 8 months after civil war ended ii. Foreshadowed by Lincolns Emancipation Proclamation of 1863. 1. Declared forever free the slaves in those Confederate states still in rebellion th c. 14 - Civil Rights for Ex-slaves etc. i. Approved June 1866 1. Conferred civil rights, including citizenship but excluding the franchise, on the freedmen 2. Reduced proportionately the representation of a state in Congress and in the Electoral College if it denied blacks the ballot 3. Disqualified from federal state and state office former Confederates who as federal officeholders had sworn to support the Constitution of the United States 4. Guaranteed the federal debt, while repudiating all Confederate debts ii. Ex-slaves made citizens; U.S. citizenship primary iii. The republicans undertook to rivet the principles of the Civil Rights Bill (which struck at the Black Codes) into the Constitution as the Fourteenth Amendment.

a. They feared that southerners might one day win control of congress and repeal the law th d. 15 - Suffrage for Blacks i. Black males made voters ii. Radical Republicans were worried that with the unrepentant states readmission, they would amend the constitution so as to withdraw the ballot from the blacks. 3. Marbury v. Madison (1803) a. Marshall said that the part of the Judiciary Act of 1789 on which Marbury tried to base his appeal was unconstitutional i. The act had attempted to assign Supreme Court powers that the Constitution had not foreseen b. Marshall greatly magnified the authority of the Court- and slapped at the Jeffersonians. c. Until Marbury v. Madison, controversy clouded the question of who had the final authority to determine the meaning of the constitution i. Judicial Review- the idea that the Supreme court alone had the last word on the question of constitutionality d. Marshall inserted the keystone into the arch that supports the tremendous power of the Supreme Court 4. War of 1812 a. Panayev says to know: i. Battle of New Orleans ii. American neither lost not won iii. Creation of the Star-spangled Banner iv. Washington was burned v. U.S. was unprepared vi. Lead to nationalism b. Causes: i. British were supplying Native Americans with weapons 1. New Englanders opposed the War of 1812 because they did not want to acquire Canada at all 2. Even though they were the group most affect by overseas trade, New England shippers were not interested in confronting Britain on issues of impressment and maritime rights ii. Madison reestablishes nonimportation against Britain in 1810 c. Outcomes: i. War heroes emerged 1. Andrew Jackson & William Henry Harrison ii. Manufacturing prospered 1. Because of British blockade iii. Canadian patriotism and nationalism received powerful stimulus 1. Canadians felts betrayed by the Treaty of Ghent 5. Battle of New Orleans

a. Andrew Jackson became a national hero b. It was a fight for honor c. Unleashed a wave of nationalism and self-confidence 6. Clays American System a. Goal: To knit the country together politically and economically b. Strong Banking System i. Provide easy and abundant credit c. Protective Tariff i. Eastern manufacturing would flourish ii. Revenue would provide for the third component d. A Network of Roads and Canals i. Especially in Ohio valley ii. Transportation would create flow of foodstuffs and manufactured goods 7. Missouri Compromise a. Admitted Missouri as a slave slate and Maine as a free state b. The Missouri question is the most portentous one which ever yet threatened our Union. In the gloomiest moment of the revolutionary war I never had any apprehensions equal to what I feel from this source [With slavery] we have a wolf by the ears, and can neither hold him nor safely let him go. Thomas Jefferson i. MO Compromise ducked the question- did not solve it c. I take it for granted that the present question is a mere preamble- a title-page to a great, tragic volume. John Quincy Adams d. Dimmed the political star of President Monroe (so did the Panic of 1819) e. Dampening effect on the Era of Good Feelings f. The embittered dispute over slavery heralded the future breakup of the Union 8. John Marshall & McCulloch v. Maryland, Dartmouth College v. Woodward, & Gibbons v. Ogden a. Chief Justice b. Decisions bolstered power of the federal government at the expense of the states i. Struck at states rights c. His nationalism was the most tenaciously enduring of the era d. Marshall almost single-handedly shaped the Constitution along conservative, centralizing lines that ran somewhat counter to the dominant spirit of the new country i. Through him the conservative Hamiltonians partly triumphed from the tomb e. McCulloch vs. Maryland- Bank of U.S. trumps State banks i. Maryland attempted to destroy a branch of the Bank of the U.S. by imposing a tax on its notes ii. Ruled the Bank constitutional b/c Hamilton doctrine of implied powers 1. Decision bolstered power of the federal government at the expense of the states 2. Strengthened federal authority and slapped state infringements when he denied Maryland the right to tax the Bank 3. The power to tax involves the power to destroy

4. That a power to create implies a power to preserve f. Dartmouth College v. Woodward- private institution cannot become public i. Put the states firmly in their place when he ruled that the original charter must stand ii. The fortunate effect of safe-guarding business enterprise from domination by states governments iii. Unfortunate effect of creating a precedent that established chartered corporations, in later years, to escape the handcuffs of needed public control g. Gibbons v. Ogden- interstate commerce i. steamboat case ii. New York attempted to monopolize waterborne commerce between NY and NJ iii. Marshall sternly reminded that the Constitution conferred on Congress alone the control of interstate commerce iv. Upheld sovereign powers of the federal government while striking another blow at states rights h. Fletcher v. Peck- Federal government can declare state law unconstitutional 9. Monroe Doctrine- Self-Defense Doctrine a. Late 1823 when Adams won Monroe over his way of thinking b. Expression of the post-1812 nationalism energizing the States c. Stern warning to European powers regarding: i. Noncolonization 1. Era of colonization was over in the Americas 2. The Old World could not acquire any more of the New World ii. Nonintervention 1. Bluntly directed the crown heads of Europe to keep the hated monarchical systems out of this hemisphere 2. For its part the U.S. would not intervene in the war that the Greeks were then fighting against the Turks for independence d. Monarchs of Europe angered i. Monroe didnt actually have the military to back his Doctrine 1. The message had little significance 2. More concerned about invasions within the United States not Latin America 10. Andrew Jackson a. Democratic-Republicans b. When I was President of the Senate he was a Senator; and he could never speak on account of the rashness of his feelings. I have seen him attempt it repeatedly, and as often choke with rage. His passions are no doubt cooler now but he is a dangerous man. Thomas Jefferson c. In President Jacksons war of the Bank of the United States he removed federal deposits from the bank and deposited them into state banks. i. Jackson made all of the following charges against the Bank of the United States:

1. It was controlled by an elite moneyed aristocracy 2. The bank was antiwestern 3. The bank was autocratic and tyrannical 4. Profit, not public service, was its first policy d. Andrew Jacksons political philosophy was based on his suspicion of the federal government. e. The spoils system under Jackson resulted in the appointment of corrupt and incompetent officials to federal jobs. f. Andrew Jacksons inauguration as president symbolized the newly won ascend of the masses 11. Corrupt Bargain a. *See #2* b. Andrew Jacksons supporters charged that a corrupt bargain had been made by John Quincy Adams and Henry Clay to make Adams president and Clay Secretary of State. c. The influential Clay was in a position to throw the election to the candidate of his choice i. He chose Adams 12. Nullification a. The nullification crisis of 1832-1833 erupted over tariff policy b. The theory that the Union is a compact among the states and that a state had the right to override federal law is nullification c. Nullies tried strenuously to muster the necessary two-thirds vote for nullification in the South Carolina legislature d. submission men- minority of Unionists who blocked the nullies e. Tariff of 1828 was a Tariff of Abominations! i. Protective, and fell far short of Southern demands ii. The section of the U.S. most hurt by the tariff of 1828 was the South f. Force Bill- Bloody Bill i. The Force Bill of 1833 provided that the President could use the army and navy to collect federal tariff duties g. The nullification crisis, which started by South Carolina over the Tariff of 1828, ended when Congress passed the compromise of 1833 h. In response to South Carolinas nullification of the Tariff of 1828, Andrew Jackson dispatched modest naval and military forces to the state while preparing a larger army i. Neither Jackson nor nullies won a clear victory in 1833 i. The person most responsible for defusing the tariff controversy that began in 1828 was Henry Clay 1. Armed conflict had been avoided- but fundamental issues not resolved 13. Sectionalism a. Main cause of the civil war b. Economics i. Slavery needed in South More land to farm on 1. British market collapsed in the 1850s

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a. U.S. cotton lost value ii. Market was more diverse in the North- industrial c. Cultural/Social i. Immigrants in New England 1. Competition with slaves; low wages versus no wages a. (Slaves would obviously be preferred by employers) ii. Fugitive Slave Acts 1. Northerners were now harboring fugitives a. Part of the slavery issue now iii. Transcendentalist movements in the North & Literature 1. Uncle Toms Cabin may be described as a powerful political force a. When the people of Britain and France read Uncle Toms Cabin, their governments realized that intervention in the Civil War on behalf of the South would be unpopular. d. In order to maintain the two great political parties as vital bonds of national unity, earlynineteenth-century politicians avoided public discussion of slavery Bank of the United States- moneyed monster a. *See #10* b. One of the positive aspects of the Bank of the United States was its promotion of economic expansion by making credit abundant c. No bank in America had more power than the Bank of the United States i. In many ways it acted like a branch of government ii. It was the principal depository for the funds of the Washington government and controlled much of the nations gold and silver iii. Its notes, unlike that of the smaller banks, were stable in value iv. A source of credit and stability, the bank was an important and useful part of the nations expanding economy d. The Bank War erupted in 1832, when Daniel Webster and Henry Clay present Congress with a bill to renew the Bank of Americas charter. i. One of the reasons why Andrew Jackson vetoed the rechartering of the Bank of the United States was because it was a private monopoly run by the privileged few. Spoils System a. *See #10* Indian Removal a. The policy of the Jackson administration toward the eastern Indian tribes was forced removal. b. Andrew Jacksons administration supported the removal of Native Americans from the eastern states because whites wanted Indians lands. Trail of Tears a. Jacksons Democrats were committed to western expansion, but such expansion necessarily meant confrontation with the current inhabitants of the land.

b. Jacksons policy led to the forced uprooting of more than 100,000 Indians. In 1830 Congress passed the Indian Removal Act, providing for the transplanting of all Indian tribes then resident east of the Mississippi. 18. Texas Revolution & The Mexican War a. Americans moved into Texas after an agreement was made between Mexican authorities and Stephen Austin. b. The government of Mexico and the Americans who settled in Mexican-controlled Texas clashed over: i. Mexican government getting too authoritarian ii. Slavery iii. Immigration iv. Local rights c. Background causes of the Mexican War include: i. Mexico had failed to pay $2 million in debts owed to American citizens ii. Americans loathed Mexicans iii. Mexicans feared the U.S. would expand slavery into Mexico d. When the war with Mexico began, President James K. Polk hoped to fight a limited war, ending with the conquest of California. i. In 1846, the U.S. went to war with Mexico for all of the following reasons: 1. The ideology of Manifest Destiny 2. Polks desire to acquire California 3. The deaths of American soldiers at the hands of Mexicans 4. The desire to gain payment for damage claims against the Mexican government e. In early 1836, the Texans declared their independence, unfurled their Lone Star flag, and named Sam Houston commander in chief. f. American public opinion, overwhelmingly favorable to Texans, openly nullified Americas leaky neutrality statues. (America against Mexico) g. In the United States, opposition to the Mexican War included all of the following reasons: i. The war was being fought over territory the U.S. had never claimed 1. President Polks claim that American blood *had been shed+ on the American soil referred to the news of an armed clash between Mexican and American troops near the Rio Grande. ii. The president had undercut congressional authority by announcing the was already existed iii. A mere border incident was being used as an excuse to provoke a war to acquire more slave territory 1. One argument against annexing Texas to the U.S. was that annexation might give more power to the supporters of slavery. h. Many Texans wanted not just recognition of their independence but outright union with the United States.

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The terms of the Treaty of Guadalupe-Hidalgo ending the Mexican War included U.S. payment of $15 million for the cession of Northern Mexico Cotton Gin a. The cotton gin not only created the historical patterns of American capitalism. It laid an indelible impress on European development as well. b. Eli Whitney Westward Expansion a. By the mid-1840s, many Americans gave support for territorial expansion because: i. Expansion would keep blacks and racial tensions out of the North ii. It was Americas destiny to possess the entire continent, from Atlantic to Pacific iii. Territorial expansion would help to maintain the agriculture heritage of America b. Chronological order of acquisition: 1. Texas 2. Oregon a. The group most supportive of gaining control of all Oregon Country was the northern Democrats b. One reason that the British government decided to compromise on the Oregon country border was the dear of war with the U.S. 3. California c. The largest single addition to American territory was the Mexican cession. Transportation Revolution a. Cheap and efficient carriers were imperative if raw materials were to be transported to factories and if finished products were to be delivered to consumers b. Lancaster Turnpike in Pennsylvania proved to be a highly successful venture. i. Attracted rich trade c. Westerners triumphed in 1811 when federal government began to construct the elongated National Road- Cumberland Road. i. Maryland to Illinois d. Clermont- Fultons Folly: sensational success (steamboats were revolutionary) Manifest Destiny a. In the 1840s, the view that God had ordained the growth of an American nation stretching across North America was called Manifest Destiny. John Tyler a. The Whigs placed John Tyler on the 1840 ticket as vice president to attract the vote of state rightists. b. John Tylers ascendency to presidency was a disaster for the Whig party because: i. He was a former democrat ii. He was a states rights advocate iii. He vetoed the bank and tariff bills that were central to the Whig program c. After President John Tylers veto of a bill to establish a new Bank of the United States: i. All but one member of his cabinet resigned (Daniel Webster) ii. He was expelled from the Whig Party

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iii. An attempt was made by the house of Representatives to impeach him Popular Sovereignty a. Majority rules i. Misinterpretation of the constitution ii. Sectional territories make laws via popular sovereignty 1. Nullification b. According to the principle of popular sovereignty, the question of slavery in the territories would be determined by the vote of the people in any given territory. Free Soilers a. The free soilers argued that slavery would cause more costly wage labor to wither away. i. Slavery destroyed the chances of free white workers to rise to self-employment Compromise of 1850 a. President Zachary Taylor unknowingly helped the cause of the Compromise of 1850 when he died suddenly and Millard Fillmore became president. b. In the Compromise of 1850, Congress determined that slavery in the New Mexico and Utah territories was to be decided by popular sovereignty. c. The most alarming aspect of the Compromise of 1850 to northerners was the decision concerning the new Fugitive Slave Law. d. Compromise of 1850 includes: i. California is admitted into the Union as a free state ii. Territories of New Mexico have no restrictions on slavery iii. Fugitive Slave Act 1. A higher payment if officials determined black to be runaways 2. Denial of fleeing slaves right to testify on their own behalf 3. Denial of a jury to runaway slaves 4. The penalty of imprisonment for northerners who helped slaves escape Bully Brooks versus Charles Sumner a. First argument of slavery in Congress because of The Wilmont Proviso i. Brooks nearly kills Sumner: things get personal 1. The clash revealed the fact that passions over slavery were becoming dangerously inflamed in both the North and South Nativists a. The central plank of the Know-Nothing party in the 1856 election was nativism. b. Nativists in the 1850s were known for their anti-Catholic and antiforeign attitudes. Dred Scott a. In ruling on the Dred Scott case, the United States Supreme Court expected to lay to rest the issue of slavery in the territories. John Brown a. In his raid on Harpers Ferry, John Brown intended to foment a slave rebellion. Secession a. Secessionists supported leaving the Union because: i. They were dismayed by the success of the Republican Party

ii. They believed the North would not oppose their departure iii. They were tired of abolitionist attacks iv. The political balance seemed to be tipping against them b. States that seceded i. First, South Carolina ii. MISSISSIPPI, FL, AL, GA, TX, LA, VA, ARKANSAS, NC, TE 32. Causes of the Civil War a. **See previous entries** b. Economics c. MO Compromise d. Slave Rebellions e. Tariff of Abominations i. Benefitted Northern business and stressed Southern agriculture f. Manifest Destiny & Mexican American War i. Slavery issue g. Compromise of 1850 h. Uncle Toms Cabin i. Kansas-Nebraska Act i. Bloody Kansas 1. Stephen A. Douglass plans for deciding the slavery question in the Kansas-Nebraska scheme required repeal of the Missouri Compromise. 2. The Lecompton Constitution proposed that the state of Kansas have black bondage regardless of whether the document was approved or not. 3. The situation in Kansas in the mid-1850s indicated the impracticality of popular sovereignty in the territories. j. New Political Parties k. Dred Scott l. John Browns raid at Harpers Ferry m. Election of 1860 n. Secession 33. Modern War a. Total war- warfare in which countries or nations use all of their resources to destroy another country's or nation's organized ability to engage in war 34. Peninsula Campaign a. As a result of the Union loss in the Peninsula Campaign, Lincoln began to draft the Emancipation Proclamation. b. After the Peninsula Campaign, Union strategy included: i. (Lincoln turned to a plan of total war) 1. Liberating slaves 2. Cutting the Confederacy in half 3. Blockading the Confederacys coastline

4. Marching through Georgia and then the Carolinas 35. Gettysburg a. The battle of Gettysburg was significant because Union victory meant that the South cause was doomed. 36. Emancipation Proclamation a. *See #34* b. The Emancipation Proclamation had the effect of strengthening the moral cause and diplomatic position of the Union c. All of the following occurred as a result of the Emancipation Proclamation: i. Heavy congressional defeats for Lincolns administration ii. Sharp increases in Union desertions iii. Mounting opposition in the North to an abolition war iv. Complaints from abolitionists that it did not go far enough 37. Andrew Johnson a. In President Johnsons view, the Freedmans Bureau was an agency that should be killed b. As a politician, Andrew Johnson developed a reputation as a champion of the poor whites c. President Johnsons vetoes of the Freedmans Bureau bill and the Civil Rights Act of 1866 brought the Radical and moderate Republicans together against Johnson. 38. Plans of Reconstruction a. Johnsons Plans: i. 10% Plan ii. Confederacy must repay taxes owed from secession- never happens iii. States had to ratify the 13th amendment- outlaws slavery iv. High ranking Confederates must resign from office v. By 1865- states readmitted 1. Signing 13th, 14th & 15th amendments b. Reconstruction Act of 1867 i. Divides former Confederacy into 5 military districts ii. Voters of districts (mostly blacks) had to create constitutions providing for Black suffrage c. Reconstruction laws disenfranchised white voters by franchising freed men 39. Black Codes a. Perpetuated segregation i. Marriage Restrictions ii. Cannot serve on jury 1. White juries against black defendants 2. Blacks could not testify for whites iii. Must acquire a license to work anywhere other than on a plantation iv. Cannot rent or lease land v. Illegal to be unemployed b. Forced blacks into slave-like conditions

40. Acquisition of Alaska a. Secretary of State William Seward b. America didnt want to refuse Russias offer and stir conflict 41. Scalawags & Carpetbaggers a. Scalawags i. Southern Republicans who capitalized from Freedmans Bureau 1. Gained political support from freedmen a. Offered to serve to help African Americans b. Carpetbaggers i. Northern Republican opportunists who moved down South to capitalize as well 1. Got paid 42. Share Cropping a. Large piece of land broken off & leased to former slaves to farm i. Landowner got percentage of the profits b. Not very successful c. White southerners still opposed it 43. Gadsden Purchase a. The little sliver between Mexico and Arizona-ish b. Most expensive purchase c. Last of all the Land treaties d. Bought for the construction of railroads e. *Youll have to be able to identify it on a map. Along with the Mexican Cession, Louisiana Purchase and the annexation of Texas 44. Dorothea Dix a. How shall the criminal and pauper be disposed of, in order to reduce crime and reform the criminal on the one hand, and, on the other, to diminish pauperism and restore the pauper to useful citizenship? I come to present the strong claims of suffering humanity. I come to discuss the condition of the miserable, the desolate, the outcast. I come as the advocate of helpless, forgotten, insane men and women; of beings sunk to a condition from which the unconcerned world would start with real horror. 45. Horace Mann a. Education then, beyond all other devices of human origin, is the great equalizer of the conditions of men, the balance-wheel of social machinery. 46. Gettysburg Address a. Lincolns way of once again changing the reason for the Civil War b. Now about preserving the Constitution and giving rights to all the people i. Well not all.. But the slaves and such.. 47. Jim Crow Laws a. Andrew Johnson was lenient with the South i. They took advantage 1. Slave Codes/ Black codes

b. Jim Crow was a Senator who was corrupt and harassed blacks despite the Reconstruction Act and the 13th, 14th & 15th ammendments