20 Reinforced Concrete Design

Design of Footings 2

Combined Footings

Pile Foundation

Mongkol JIRAVACHARADET

SURANAREE INSTITUTE OF ENGINEERING

UNIVERSITY OF TECHNOLOGY SCHOOL OF CIVIL ENGINEERING
Combined Footings Centroid of load resultant and footing must coinside

property line property line

P1 P2 P1 P2

2 footings close P1 close to property If 1/2 < P2/P1 < 1

to each other line and P2 > P1 use trapizoidal footing

property line

If P2/P1 < 1/2, use strap combined footing

Centroid of Combined Footings

P1 R P2
n m

(1) Compute centroid C

n = P1s / ( P1 + P2 ) = P1s / R
qe
(2) Footing area
s
L=2(m+n)

b = R / ( qe L )
C
b qe = allowable soil pressure

m
n

L/2 L/2
 c1 c2 b2 3(n + m ) − L
=
b1 2L − 3(n + m )
C
b1 b2 2R
(b1 + b2 ) =
qeL

L(b1 + 2b2 )
n c1 =
m 3(b1 + b2 )

L L(2b1 + b2 )
c2 =
3(b1 + b2 )

2(n + m ) − L2
b1 =
L1(L1 + L2 )
C
b1 b2
R Lb
b2 = − 1 1
qeL2 L2

m R
n L1 b1 + L2 b2 =
qe
L1 L2
Reinforcement in Combined Footings P2
A

b
pu
Section A-A
A Transverse reinforcement
L
P1 P2

h
pu

Vu

Mu
Transverse Reinforcement
B
P2
Transverse steel
Perimeter of
bottom of 45o 45o
b failure surface

b
Section B-B

c d/2

c+d
EXAMPLE 12.5: Design of a Combined Footing. Design a rectangular combined
footing to support the two columns. Property lines require that the footing not
extend beyond the face of column A more than 20 cm. The allowable soil pressure
is 20 t/m2. f’c = 210 kg/cm2, fy = 4000 kg/cm2, and the unit weight of the soil is γs =
2.0 t/m3.

A B
1) Locate R of service load:
40cm x 40cm
(75 + 120) x = 120(5)
45cm x 45cm x = 3.1 m

2) Length of footing: Set C.G. under R

D = 50 ton D = 80 ton
L = 25 ton L = 40 ton
R C.G. to left = 3.1 + 0.2 + 0.2
x = 3.5 m

20 cm C.G. 1.0 m Total length = 2 x 3.5 = 7.0 m

5.0 m
3) Width of footing: assume footing depth = 60 cm

Net soil pressure pn = 20 - [0.6(2.4) + 0.4(2.0)] = 17.76 t/m2

Required area = R / pn = (50+25+80+40)/17.76 = 11.0 m2

Width of footing = 11.0 / 7.0 = 1.57 m USE 1.60 m

4) Shear and moment diagram in longitudinal direction:

Column A: Pu = 1.4(50) + 1.7(25) = 112.5 ton

Column B: Pu = 1.4(80) + 1.7(40) = 180 ton

Factored soil pressure pu = (112.5+180)/(7.0x1.6) = 26.12 t/m2

Factored load per length wu = (112.5+180)/7.0 = 41.79 t/m

112.5 t 180 t

wu = 41.79 t/m

0.4 5.0 1.6

113.2 t

16.7 t
Vu (ton)

2.29 m -66.8 t
-95.8 t
47.0 t-m
3.34 t-m Mu (t-m)
err = 6.4 t-m

-106.4 t-m
5) Flexural design: max Mu = 106.4 t-m
Mu 106.4 × 105
Rn = = = 27.3 kg/cm2
φ bd 2
0.9 × 160 × 52 2

0.85fc′  2Rn 
ρ=  1 − 1 −  = 0.0074 < ρmax OK
fy  0.85f ′ 

As = 0.0074(160)(52) = 61.6 cm2 USE 10DB28 (As = 61.58 cm2)

for +M = 47.0 t-m and 3.3 t-m USE As,min 10DB20 (As = 31.42 cm2)

6) Check punching shear:

Column A: b0 = 4 (40 + 52) = 368 cm
Vu = 112.5 - (0.92)2(26.12) = 90.4 ton

φ Vc = 1.06 φ fc′ b0 d = 250 ton > Vu OK

Column B: b0 = 4 (45 + 52) = 388 cm
Vu = 180 - (0.97)2(26.12) = 155.4 ton

φ Vc = 1.06 φ fc′ b0 d = 263 ton > Vu OK

7) Check beam-shear: max Vu = 113.2 ton

φ Vc = 0.53φ f c′ b d
= 0.53 × 0.85 × 210 × 160 × 52 /1, 000
= 54.3 ton < Vu Stirrup required
8) Stirrup Design:
φ Vs = Vu − φ Vc = 113.2 − 54.3
Vs = 69.3 ton < [1.1 210 × 160 × 52/1,000 = 132.6 ton]
max s = d / 2 = 26 cm USE s = 20 cm
Vs s 69.3 × 1, 000 × 20
Av = = = 6.7 cm 2
fy d 4, 000 × 52
3.5 bw s 3.5 × 160 × 20
min Av = = = 2.8 cm 2
fy 4, 000
USE DB16 stirrup with 4 legs ( Av = 8.04 cm2 )
9) Transverse reinforcement:
PA = 112.5 ton
DB16 stirrup
0.4 m 0.60 m
with 4 legs

wu=112.5/1.6
= 70.3 t/m
1.60 m 1.60 m

Column A: be = 40 + 52 = 92 cm, wu = 112.5/(1.6x0.92) = 76.4 t/m

Mu = 0.5(76.4)(0.6)2 = 13.8 t-m
ρ = 0.0016 < [ρ min=0.0035] USE ρ min
As = 0.0035(92)(52) = 16.7 cm2 USE 6DB20 (As = 18.85 cm2)

Column B : be = 45 + 52 = 97 cm, wu = 180/(1.6x0.97) = 116.0 t/m

Mu = 0.5(116)(0.6)2 = 20.9 t-m
ρ = 0.0023 < [ρ min=0.0035] USE ρ min
As = 0.0035(97)(52) = 17.7 cm2 USE 6DB20 (As = 18.85 cm2)
(10) Temperature steel:

As = 0.0018(100)(60) = 10.8 cm2

USE DB20 @ 0.15 (As = 12.56 cm2/m)

A DB20@0.25m B

10DB28

0.60 m

6DB20 10DB20 6DB20

1.0 m 1.0 m
DB20@0.25m
7.0 m
Example 12.6: Strap Footing Design

  
 25 
/..
  !"
# 1.8 " f’c = 210 ./(.2, fy = 4000
./(.2 +
,-

  γs = 2.0 
/#..

DL = 50 ton DL = 80 ton
Pe{ LL = 25 ton R Pi { LL = 40 ton
20 cm 5.0 m
40x40cm 45x45 cm
3.1 m
-1.80 m
pn pn
Re Ri

1.8 m 2.5 m

1) Locate R of service load: (75 + 120) x = 120(5)

x = 3.1 m
2) Size of footing: Assume footing depth = 40 cm

Net soil pressure pn = 25 - [0.4(2.4) + 1.4(2.0)] = 21.24 t/m2

Required area = R / pn = (50+25+80+40)/21.24 = 9.18 m2

Assume interior footing 2.5m x 2.5m = 6.25 m2

Assume exterior footing length = 1.8 m

Compute the required width b of exterior footing so that the area centroid is
located at 3.1 m 1.8 m
2.5 m

0.2 m 3.1 m
b C.G. 2.5 m

5.0 m

Exterior footing Interior footing

1.8b (0.9) + 6.25(5 + 0.2) = (3.1 + 0.2)(1.8b + 6.25)

b = 2.75 m
3) Shear and moment diagram in longitudinal direction:
Exterior col.: Pu = 1.4(50) + 1.7(25) = 112.5 ton
Interior col.: Pu = 1.4(80) + 1.7(40) = 180 ton
Factored soil pressure:

112.5 + 180
pu = = 26.12 t/m2
1.8 × 2.75 + 2.5 × 2.5

4) Design strap beam: Since interior footing is designed without strap beam,
strap beam will be designed only for exterior footing loading.

20 cm 5.0 m

wu = 2.75 pu = 2.75(26.12) = 71.83 t/m

1.8 m
Pile Foundation
Effective pile reaction( Re ):

Re = Ra - Wf
15 cm
Ra = allowable bearing of piles
Wf = total weight of footing
1.5D
Number of piles( n ):
3D

DL + LL
3D n=
Re
D
1.5D Factored pile reaction:

1.5D
3D 3D
1.5D 1.4DL + 1.7LL
Ru =
n
Typical Arrangement of Piles
1.5D
1.5D
1.5D 1.5D
3D 3D
3D 3D
3 2D

1.5D 1.5D 1.5D 1.5D

1.5D
1.5D 1.5D 3D 1.5D 3D 1.5D 1.5D 3 2D 1.5D

2 PILES 3 PILES 4 PILES 5 PILES

1.5D
1.5D
1.5D
3D
3D
3D
3D
1.5D
1.5D 3D
1.5D 3D 3D 3D 1.5D
1.5D 3D 3D 1.5D
1.5D
6 PILES 3 2D 1.5D
3 2D
7 PILES
1.5D

1.5D 3 2D 3 2D 1.5D

8 PILES
 1.5D 3D 3D 3D 1.5D

1.5D
1.5D
3D

3 3D
3D

1.5D 1.5D

1.5D 3D 3D 1.5D 3D 3D

9 PILES 10 PILES

1.5D 3D 3D 3D 1.5D

1.5D
1.5D
3D

3 3D
3D

1.5D 1.5D

3D 3D 1.5D 3D 3D 3D 1.5D

11 PILES 12 PILES

  ( ) 
Section Size(m) Load capacity Pa = 0.25(0.85 f c′Ag )
(ton)

0.18 x 0.18 15
0.22 x 0.22 22
0.26 x 0.26 30
0.30 x 0.30 43
0.35 x 0.35 57
0.40 x 0.40 80

0.16 x 0.16 15
0.18 x 0.18 21
0.22 x 0.22 30
0.26 x 0.26 43
0.30 x 0.30 50
0.35 x 0.35 80
0.40 x 0.40 100
Example 12.7 ##!##."/0"+"12
#,-

  100 
+
,-

 50 
 "34" 3 "
 
5
3/ 40
40 (. f’c= 240 ./(.2
fy = 4,000 ./(.2 +
,-

  γs = 2.0 
/#.. !6 1.50 .
+
# 
π
Solution: Assume pile ∅ = 40 cm → Ag = × 402 = 1,256 cm2
4

Pa = 0.25(0.85fc′Ag ) = 0.25 × 0.85 × 240 × 1,256 /1,000 = 64 ton

USE
40 cm bored pile with safe load 50 ton

Assume surcharge & footing wt. 15% 0.60

Number of piles = 1.15(100+50)/50 = 3.45

1.20 2.40
USE 4 piles
0.60

0.60 1.20 0.60

2.40
35!
 90 (. 4+37 d = 82 (.

,-

!+   = (0.9×2.4 + 0.6×2.0)(2.4)2 = 19.4 
 <  4+89 22.5 
 OK

,-

#54+
"3 = 1.4(100)+1.7(50) = 225 

,-

#54+
"3"/0+ = (225 + 1.4(19.4))/4 = 63.0 
/

Check punching shear:

Pu = 225 ton
Vu = Pu = 225 

40 cm d/2=41 cm
bo = 4(122) = 488 (.

φ Vc = 0.85(1.06) 240(488)(82) /1,000

122 cm
= 559 ton > Vu OK
Check beam shear of 2 piles:

Vu = 2(63.0) = 126 

40 cm d=82 cm

φ Vc = 0.85(0.53) 240(240)(82) /1,000

= 137 ton > Vu OK
2(63) ton

Bending moment:
Mu = 2(63.0)(0.4) = 50.4 t-m

40 cm 50.4(105 )
40 cm Rn = = 3.47 kg/cm2
0.9 × 240 × 82 2

ρ = 0.0009 < [ρ min = 0.0035] USE ρ min

2(63) ton As = 0.0035(240)(82) = 68.88 cm2

USE 22DB20# (As = 69.08 cm2)

 


DB20 
#

22DB20#
0.90

0.05  
#

0.10 # 

"/0"+ ∅ 0.40 . 
# ..
4 :
+ 50 

- 4