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Power Quality Assessment in Deregulated Power

Systems
T. K. Abdel-Galil, E.F. El-Saadany and M.M.A. Salama
Electrical and Computer Engineering Dept.
University of Waterloo, Ontario, Canada

Abstract— Application of deregulation policy in power systems The paper consists of five sections. First, the progress made
results in growing attention regarding power quality issues. This in monitoring techniques is introduced in section II. The
fact highlights the needs of a new monitoring strategy, which is architecture of the proposed system is discussed in section III,
capable of tracking, detecting, classifying and identifying the and a set of algorithms, which will be used in tracking,
cause of power quality events. In this paper, a new monitoring
detection, classification and identification, is presented in
strategy for power quality events is proposed. This new strategy
will be implemented using a distributed power quality section IV. A sample of preliminary results is given in section
monitoring nodes, which will be connected via ethernet V. Finally section VI concludes the paper.
connection to a central diagnosis unit
II. ADVANCES IN MONITORING TECHNIQUES
Index Terms— Deregulation, Harmonic distortion, Kalman
filter, Monitoring techniques, Power industry, Wavelet Conventional power quality monitoring techniques operate
transforms. in a reactive mode that depends on the analysis of data
gathered employing portable monitors. In deregulated power
I. INTRODUCTION systems, the strategy of monitoring power quality events
should be based on a proactive approach, where permanent
E lectric power quality is becoming an important issue in
the deregulated power systems. From one prospective,
electric power quality will be one of the differentiating
power quality monitors are installed. This will ease the
collection of continues data for online diagnosis. Now,
system-wide monitoring and classification are the main
factors among competitive suppliers [1] and on the other aspiration for the research effort in power quality monitoring
hand, loads are becoming increasingly sensitive to slight and diagnosis.
changes of power quality. Any disturbance in voltage,
frequency or current may lead to serious damage to load A. System Wide Monitoring
equipment [2], [3]. Restructuring of electric power utilities
will lead to an even worse situation. Problems of waveform Monitoring the entire power system is impracticable
distortion on the transmission side will materialize due to the procedure. This fact emphasis the great need for finding
increasing implementation of HVDC and FACTS devices, practical and cost effective methods to implement distributed
which are used in boosting the transmission line power monitoring devices [6], [7]. Currently, research is being
capability. In addition, in the generation side a problem of carried out to adopt suitable state estimation techniques to
waveform distortion may commence due to the Independent snatch the conditions at the unmonitored buses.
Power Producers IPPs, which are using wind and solar Power quality monitoring techniques have been advancing
energy. Those IPP are granted authorization to transmit their significantly in the last two decades. New technologies, such
generated power via the interconnected power system through as fast digital signal processors (DSPs) as well as high-speed
the utilization of static switches [4]. These actions beside the communications symbolize the milestone in constructing
expected shrink in funds for both transmission and modern power quality instruments. The communication
distribution systems maintenance [5], which may result in between distributed power quality monitors are mainly based
increasing number of service interruptions, broach the issue on two different approaches:
of power quality following the restructuring of power • Exploit telephone line modems to benefit from its cheap
systems. New techniques for power quality monitoring prices and relative high reliability. Yet, modem
should be implemented to reflect the policies of the new communications suffer from being extremely slow due to
deregulation era. poor telephone connections specially when compared with
In this paper, a two stage automated recognition system, Ethernet Communication.
which is based on Distributed Nodes Monitor for Power • Employing Ethernet network communications, that exhibit
Quality DNMPQ is proposed. In the first stage, the events of faster communication speed, but at the expense of a
power quality are tracked, detected and then classified. The relatively higher cost than that of modem connection [8].
function of the second stage is to identify the cause of the Research is still needed to explore the applicability of using
power quality incident and its location. This system will be mobile communication, radio communication and even power
capable of detecting a large number of power quality distribution line communication to transmit power quality
disturbances under the open access environment.

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data without infringing any of the economical and technical the software component. The hardware part will contain the
constraints. Networking facilitates the assessment of data distributed monitoring nodes, central processing unit and the
gathered from different monitoring locations simultaneously. Internet connections between DNMPQ and the central
This can be attained from a central unit or any other unit processing unit. The software part will be assembled from
linked to the network. This practice is very advantageous two main components, the waveform tracker unit and the
when monitoring critical power systems. The easiness event classifier unit. The waveform tracker software is
introduced by using common Internet browsers in accountable for estimating the fundamental components of
communicating between distributed monitors as well as in both the voltage and current signals using algorithms based
viewing and analyzing data is inspiring new research in this on Adaptive Linear Combiner or Kalman filter techniques in
area. The research should endeavor to congregate full system order to detect any power quality event violation. The event
coverage and minimum cost through the achievement of classifier software will be used to precisely identify the type
optimum number and location of the installed monitors. of power quality event and find out its origin. This will be
based on the proper choice of feature-extraction and artificial
B. Event Classification intelligent classifier schemes. The proposed system will be
useful in:
Owing to Deregulation, and shrinking capital, inspection of • Solving power quality conflict problems in deregulated
data gathered from monitoring systems by utility engineers era.
becomes impracticable. Specialists in power quality are • Characterizing system performance.
existing but expensive. Conquering this dilemma can be • Characterizing specific problems.
attained by adding the capability of events analysis and • Enhancing power quality delivered to the customer.
classification via software appended with the monitoring • Determining supply reliability and quality for high-
system itself. technology application.
Lot of research has been done in the area of identification • Designing suitable mitigation devices.
of power problems and disturbances [9]-[12]. The purpose of
the research was to cluster power quality events data A. Distributed Power Quality Nodes
according to its distinctive classes applying artificial
intelligence based techniques. Future research effort most Distributed Power Quality Measuring Node DPQMN
likely will be heading for the identification of the cause and consists of potential and current transformers to measure
location of power quality events using modern digital signal voltage and current signals, a suitable data acquisition board
processing techniques combined with artificial intelligence to to convert voltage and current to digital form, a high speed
extract the information from the voltage and current raw data. processor to track, detect, and then classify between different
Examples on the identification processes are capacitor- power quality phenomena and an Ethernet connection to
switching operations (upstream or downstream), voltage sag transmit information to the central processing unit. Figure 2
direction (upstream or downstream) and identification of the shows a schematic block diagram for the proposed DPQMN
source of flicker ...etc. In deregulated systems, it is crucial to
be aware of the origin of the power quality event to allocate
CT Power Line
financial responsibilities.

III. SYSTEM CONFIGURATION


PT

PQ monitor PQ monitor
ADC &Signal
Conditionong
Modem or Ethernet
Modem or Ethernet
connection
connection Processor
Tracking & Detection
Internet or intranet Modem or Classification
Node 1 Ethernet card Node N

Ethernet Connection
Central processing Unit
To Central Diagonosis Unit
CDU
Figure 1: Block diagram of distributed monitoring network
Figure 2: Block diagram for DPQMN
Figure 1 illustrates a schematic block diagram for the
proposed monitoring system. The system requires a Once the voltage and the current have been measured
continuous monitoring of the voltage and current waveforms utilizing potential and current transducers, they are converted
from the distribution system monitoring nodes. This system to digital form utilizing the data acquisition board. The
comprise of two main modules, the hardware component and implemented software should be capable on tracking and

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detecting the presence of any power quality event. Moreover, A. Tracking And Detecting Algorithms
it should classify between different types of events on an
online basis. The salient features of any event type will be An error between the actual voltage signal and the tracked
gathered and dispatched to the central processing unit via the signal will be realized because of the abrupt change in the
Ethernet connection. Classification algorithms should only signal caused by any power quality event. The difference
function following any power quality disturbance detection. between the actual and the predicted signal will be used in a
Therefore, it is highly desirable to implement simple tracking later stage to detect the presence of power quality events. The
and detecting algorithms to achieve fast triggering of the following is a brief discussion for the modified Kalman filter
classification schemes. The classification of power quality Algorithm that will be utilized in tracking and detecting of
disturbances will be carried out online, yet, locally in each power quality events
PQ-node using techniques, which are based on fuzzy logic or
neural network. A.1 Kalman Filter

B. Central Diagnosis Unit CDU Kalman Filter as introduced in [13] will be used in
tracking the fundamental component of the voltage signal as
Utilizing the classification verdict made at the distributed well as the harmonic components. However, although
power quality nodes along with the data collected about the Kalman filter can be effectively utilized in tracking both
system status, a rule-based classifier will be employed to amplitude and phase angle variations, it lacks the ability to
localize the source of power quality event and spot its track instantaneous frequency variations, which will make
location. Figure 3 shows the proposed schematic for the rule Kalman filter to fail in tracking. [14]
based expert system, which will be implemented in the To defeat this obstacle and make the detection algorithm
central processing unit. The selected features to be sent to the robust against frequency deviations, which are encountered in
CDU will be different depending on the classified power systems, a frequency estimation algorithm is added to
phenomena. Besides, these characteristics change with the the module in order to adapt the value of ω by the method
propagation into the system, which will facilitate the precise introduced in [15]. A schematic diagram for Kalman filter
localization of the power quality disturbance. For instance, if based detector is shown in Figure 4.
the observed phenomenon is harmonics, the amplitude of
different harmonics components at each monitored node will .....
Xp(k) residuals
be sent to the CDU for further processing. Moreover, if the X1(k) X2(k)
discovered phenomenon is voltage sag the amplitude of the
voltage waveform during the sag period for the three-phase .....
Frequency
voltages and the initial and final phase jump will be sent to Estimation
the CDU together with the duration of the voltage sag for
ω
further processing. Sending information to the CDU rather
than raw data will minimize the communication cost and Kalman Filter
prevents memory stuffing by useless data. This is considered z(k)

one of the main advantages of the proposed monitoring


strategy.
Figure 4: Kalman filter for power quality event detection
System Data
The Modeling of Kalman filter as well as the frequency
Pq node_1 data adjustment algorithms is described in the following section. A
Pq node_2 data
noise free voltage waveform could be modeled by the
Cause of
following equation:
Rule- Based n

∑ A (t ) cos(iωt + θ )
. Disturbance and
S (t ) =
classifier
. Its location
Pq node_n data . i i (1)
i =1

Where Ai (t ) is the amplitude of the harmonic i at instance t,


Figure 3: Central processing unit θ i is the phase angle of the harmonic i and n is the harmonic
order. In Kalman filter modeling each harmonic component
IV. ALGORITHMS will be represented by two state variables, which represent in
phase and quadrature components as shown in Equation 2.
While, a modified Kalman filter will be utilized for tracking

[X ] =  A1 (t )cosθ1
and detecting purposes, Wavelet technique will be
implemented for the feature extraction purpose. Moreover, A1 (t )sin θ1 A2 (t )cosθ 2 A2 sin θ 2
though ANN will be used for classification, Fuzzy logic will 
be employed in the CDU for identifying the source of power
quality events. In this section a brief discussion of the .... An (t )cosθ n An sin θ n ]T (2)
purposed algorithms is given.

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Now the state equation can be expressed as: input sequence Cj+1[k] to this stage and its output, which
is d j (k ) and c j (k ) is given by [11,12] as:
X k +1 = φ k + ω k (3)
And the measurement equation as:
c j (k ) =< f (t ),φ j ,k (t ) >= ∑ h[m − 2k ]c
m
j +1 [ m] (7)

Z k = H k X k + Vk (4) d j ( k ) =< f (t ),ψ j ,k ( t ) >= ∑ g [m − 2k ]c


m
j +1 [m ] (8)

Where φ k is a unity matrix with dimension equal Where cj represents the coefficients of the approximate signal
to 2n × 2n and, at level j and dj represents the detailed coefficients of the
H k = [cos (ωk∆t ) − sin (ωk∆t )..... + cos (nωk∆t ) − sin (nωk∆t )] signal at level j. Parseval’s theorem relates the energy of the
signal to the energy of its components at different resolution
Z k is the measurement vector at instance k, H k is the vector,
levels. Energy distribution will differ from one power quality
which gives ideal relation between states and measurement, event to another, which will be utilized as a useful feature for
and Vk is the noise covariance vector. Following [15] the discriminating different PQ events [16].
frequency tracking could be obtained using:
C. Classifier Model
 N
∆ ω = −α ω .e ( k )  ∑ l .t ( k ). Al cos l ω t ( k ) Different classifier techniques will be inspected to
 l =1 (5) distinguish between different power quality events. In the
 proposed system a comparison between distance classifier,
− l .t ( k ). Al cos l ω t ( k ) 
 Radial Basis function RBF NN, Fuzzy classifier and Adaptive
NeuroFuzzy system ANFIS will be implemented. Each
Where, α ω is a reduction factor. method of classification has its merit and drawbacks.
Distance classifiers are simple in construction, yet, the correct
B. Classification Algorithms identification of the center of each class and the foundation of
the correlated features represent the main difficulty, which is
The design of an appropriate classifier entails two basic facing such type of classifier. RBF-ANN can outperform the
steps. The first is to attain good extraction of features that operation of normal Feed forward neural network, but it still
ensures a high discrimination power between different power has the disadvantage of ambiguity in explaining the results of
quality events and the second is the selection of an apt the classification and the need of readjustment if we would
classifier paradigm. In this research feature extraction will be like to add one or more classes. Fuzzy logic classifiers give
based on Wavelet multi-resolution analysis MRA [12] and a clear explanation to its result and it only require the
proper ANN based classifier will be adopted to classify adjustment of the membership function parameters and the
between different power quality events. linear parameter of the output layer in first order Sugeno
classifier. To overcome this difficulty the application of
B.1 Discrete Wavelet-MRA for Feature Extraction ANFIS is proposed. The result of comparison between
different classification schemes will be reported in a
Discrete Wavelet Transform DWT is the discrete subsequent work.
counterpart of Continuous Wavelet Transform CWT, which
is defined as: D. Source Localization Algorithms

k − naom

1 Source localization will be done in the CDU using the
C ( m, k ) = f [n ]ψ [ ] features, which are collected and sent from different
ao
m
n
aom (6)
DNPQM. In order to encompass the ambiguity introduced in
the definitions of such features fuzzy logic will be used as the
Both the time scaling factor and the time shifting factor are main inference engine in the expert system, which will be
located in CDU.
functions of an integer parameter m, where a = a0m and
b = na0m , where m = 0, 1, 2…etc. Discrete wavelet transform V. PRELIMINARY RESULTS
could be implemented using multi-resolution analysis. MRA
is used to develop representation of a signal f(t) at various In this section, some preliminary results are shown in
level of resolutions. This technique relies on two groups of order to demonstrate the operation of several of the proposed
functions, a basis scaling function φ(t) and a wavelet function algorithms. For example, the operation of Kalman filter in
ψ(t). MRA could be implemented using a set of successive tracking and detecting power quality events as well as
filter banks [12]. The multi-stage filter bank implements the Wavelet multi-resolution analysis in event feature extraction
DWT using the low–pass filter h[n] and its high-pass dual are demonstrated. Voltage waveforms are obtained from a
g[n]. Down sampling the output of low pass filter in fact simulated industrial distribution system shown in Figure 5,
scales the wavelet by two for the next stage. Consider a with the system data found in [16]. This system was loaded
general stage of the filter bank, then the relation between the with a combination of linear and different single-phase and
three-phase non-linear loads.

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Generation

PQ
node
Transmission

PQ
node

PQ Distribution
node

PQ Power Quality Measuring Node


node

Online Detection and Classification


are Done on PQ Measuring nodes
In fo rm at i on

PQ PQ monitor
node PQ monitor

Modem or Ethrnet Modem or Ethrnet


connection connection

Modem or Ethrnet
connection

Determination of The cause of PQ


Central processing Unit
problem and the Location of the cause

Figure 5: Industrial distribution system under study

The utilization of Kalman filter in the process of tracking a 2


Sag Detection Using Kalman Filter

sag event in a signal, which is contaminated with harmonics,


Voltage P.U

is shown in Figure 6. Starting and ending of the sag period 0


are accompanied with the appearance of a pulse on the
residual. The value of this residual or the value of the −2
0 0.1 0.2
Fundamental Amplitude Tracking
tracked fundamental component could be used for detection 1.5
Voltage [Pu]

purpose after comparing their values against threshold 1


value. Figure 7 shows both Kalman direct and quadrature
0.5
components for the sagged waveform and as it is obvious
0
Kalman filter has a good tracking capabilities for harmonic 0 0.1
Phase Angle Tracking
0.2
components and it could be used in detection of the change 1
Angle ’ rad’

of harmonic levels. Tracking of transient in a sinusoidal


0.5
waveform is shown in Figure 8. To extract some features,
DB4 wavelet was employed and the voltage signal is 0
0 0.1 0.2
sampled at 15360 Hz. The analysis of the signal up to the Residual
0.1
Square of Error

ninth resolution level was obtained. As an example, Figure


9 illustrates the detailed resolution levels for the line voltage 0.05
waveform Vab at the 4.16kV bus due to a capacitor
switching occurred at the 13.8KV bus. Figure 10 gives the 0
0 0.1 0.2
distribution of the signal energy at different resolution levels Time [ Sec]
due to capacitor switching at different voltage levels and its
Figure 6: tracking a sag event in a signal, which is contaminated with
harmonics

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obvious portioning of energy changing with the change of
the location of the capacitor switched. These features could
be used to identify the location of the switched capacitor,
which initiate the transient.
Fundamental Third
1 0.5
Direct component
0.8

Voltage [P.U]
Voltage [P.U]

0.6
0
0.4
Quadrature component
0.2
Seventh

0 −0.5
0 0.05 0.1 0.15 0.2 0.25 0 0.05 0.1 0.15 0.2 0.25
Time [Sec] Time [Sec]

Fifth
0.05 0.04
Voltage [P.U]

0.02
0
0
Voltage [P.U]

−0.05 −0.02

−0.1 −0.04
Figure 9:Multi-resolution analysis for line voltage
−0.06 at instance of capacitor switching
−0.15
−0.08

−0.2 −0.1
0 0.05 0.1 0.15 0.2 0.25 0 0.05 0.1 0.15 0.2 0.25
Time [Sec]
Time [Sec]

Figure 7: Kalman direct and quadrature components for the sagged


waveform

Capacior Switching Tracking Using Kalman Filter


2
Voltage [P.U]

−2
0 0.05 0.1 0.15
Tracking of Fundamental Component
1.5
Voltage [P.U]

0.5

0 Figure 10: Energy distribution at different resolution level due to switching


0 0.05 0.1 0.15
Tracking of phase angle of Fundamental Component operation at different buses measured at 4.16 KV bus
2
Angle ’rad’

1 VI. CONCLUSION
0

−1
A new monitoring strategy and accompanied algorithms
0 0.05 0.1 0.15 necessary to realize the process of identifying, quantifying
Residual
Square of the error

0.2
and localizing power quality problems in the deregulated
era, are investigated in this paper.
0.1
A two stage automated recognition system based on
0
distributed nodes monitoring is proposed. The first stage
0 0.05 0.1 0.15 relies on Kalman filter for tracking any power quality event
Time [Sec]
as well as neural networks and fuzzy logic algorithms for
Figure 8: Tracking of transient in a sinusoidal waveform event classification. The identification of the cause and

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location of the disturbance constitute the main aim for the [9] A. k. Ghosh, D. L. Lubkeman, “The classification of power system
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[15] El Shatshat, R.; Kazerani, M.; Salama, M.M.A. Multi converter
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