CH2 Describing Motion, Kinematics in One Dimension

CH2 Describing Motion: Kinematics in One Dimension
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CH2 Describing Motion: Kinematics in One Dimension Suggested Solutions

G VG (word) VG (pdf) MVG (word) Section 2-1,2,3 MVG.2.12 Section 2-4 MVG.2.28 MVG.2.29 MVG.2.30 MVG (pdf) Section 2-1,2,3 MVG.2.12 Section 2-4 MVG.2.28 MVG.2.29 MVG.2.30
Section 2-1,2,3 G.2.11
Section 2-4 G.2.15 Section 2-5, 6 G2.21 Section 2-8 G2.51 General Problem G2.61
Section 2-7 VG2.37 VG2.41 Section 2-8 Supplementary problems: Supplement2.1 Supplement2.2 Supplement2.3 Supplement2.4 VG2.53, 56, 58 V2.51-52 V2.54-55 V2.57-59 General Problem VG.2.62 VG.2.63 VG.2.64 VG.2.66
Section 2-7 VG2.37 VG2.41 Section 2-8 Supplementary problems: Supplement2.1 Supplement2.2 Supplement2.3 Supplement2.4 VG2.53, 56, 58 V2.51 V2.54-55 V2.59 General Problem VG.2.62 VG.2.63 VG.2.64 VG.2.66
VG (word)
VG (pdf)
Section 2-7 MVG2.46 MVG2.47 MVG2.48 MVG2.49 Section 2-8 MVG2.50 General Problem MG.2.60 MG.2.65 MG.2.67 MG.2.68 MG.2.69 MG.2.70 MG.2.71 MG.2.72 MG.2.73 MVG (word) Section 2-1,2,3
Section 2-7 MVG2.46 MVG2.47 MVG2.48 MVG2.49 Section 2-8 MVG2.50 General Problem MG.2.60 MG.2.65 MG.2.67 MG.2.68 MG.2.69 MG.2.70 MG.2.71 MG.2.72 MG.2.73 MVG (pdf) Section 2-1,2,3
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G2.11 Physics A.1D.Motion. Calculate the average speed and the average velocity of a complete round-trip in which the outgoing 200 km is covered at 90 km / h , followed by a one-hour lunch break, and the return 200 km is covered at 50 km / h Suggested solution: Answer: The average velocity of a round-trip is always is zero, and the average speed of the round trip above is v = 55 km / h . The average velocity is by definition zero for any given round-trip, because of the simple fact that the total displacement of any round-trip is 0 zero: vroud trip = = 0.0 km / h t The average speed, on the other hand the total distance travelled divided by the total time taken (including any lunch break, ): x 200 km 20 The time the outgoing took: t = = = h plus one hour-lunch v 90 km / h 9 break x 200 km The time the return took: t = = =4 h v 50 km / h 200 + 200 km x v= = 55.38 km / h 55 km / h = 20 t + 1 .0 + 4 .0 h 9 Answer: The average velocity of a round-trip is always is zero, and the average speed of the round trip above is v = 55 km / h .
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MVG2.12 Physics A.1D.Motion. A bowling ball travelling with constant speed hits the pins at the end of a bowling lane 16.5 m long. The bowler hears the sound of the ball hitting the pins 2.50 s after the ball is released from his hands. What is the speed of the ball? The speed of sound is 340 m / s . Suggested solutions: Answer: v0 6.7 m / s Data: x = 16.5 m , t = 2.50 s , vs = 340 m / s During t = 2.50 s the ball has travelled x = 16.5 m = v0 (t t s ) = v0 (2.5 t s ) m , x 16.5 m where t s = = = 0.0485 s is the time sound takes to travel x = 16.5 m back vs 340 m / s to the bowler. Therefore, we may substitute t s = 0.0485 s in the v0 (2.5 t s ) = 16.5 and calculate the (initial) velocity of the ball: 16.5 v0 = m/s 2 .5 t s 16.5 v0 = m / s = 6.7307 m / s 6.7 m / s Answer: v0 6.7 m / s 2.5 0.0485 Problem: v0 = ?
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G2.15 Physics A.1D.Motion. A sprinter accelerates from rest to 10.0 m / s in 1.35 s what is her acceleration a) in m / s 2 b) in km / h 2 Suggested solution: Data and questions: v = 10.0 m / s , v0 = 0 , t = 1.35 s , a = ? m / s 2 , a = ? km / h 2 Plan: We may use v = v0 + at to calculate the average acceleration and then using the fact that 1 km = 1000 m , and 1 h = 3600 s to convert it to km / h 2 . v v0 10.0 0 m / s v = v0 + at a = = = 7.41 m / s 2 = t 1.35 s
(3600)2 a = 7.41
1000
km / h 2 = 96033.6 km / h 2 9.60 10 3 km / h 2
Answer: The acceleration of the sprinter is a = 7.41 m / s 2 or 9.60 103 km / h 2
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VG2.37 A kangaroo jumps to a vertical height of 2.7 m . How long was it in the air before returning back to Earth? Suggested solution: Data and questions: Maximum height: x = 2.7 m / s ,
a = g = 9.82 m / s 2 , ttot = ? First method: Plan: Because of the symmetry of the problem, that it takes the same amount of time for the kangaroo to jump up and to fall down to the ground, we may calculate first the time necessary for it to reach to its maximum height, and then double it to obtain the total time on the air. We may 2 use v 2 = v0 + 2ax and the fact that its velocity at the top is zero, v = 0 , to calculate its initial velocity v0 . Then we may uses v = v0 + at to calculate the half-time, t .
2 2 v 2 = v0 + 2ax 0 = v0 2 9.82 2.7 v0 = 2 9.82 2.7 = 7.28 m / s v 7.28 v = v0 + at v0 9.82t = 0 t = 0 = = 0.74 s tOnAir = 2 0.74 = 1.48 s 1.5 s 9.82 9.82 Answer: The kangaroo was on the air for the total time of t = 1.5 s Second method: Plan: Because of the symmetry of the problem, that it takes the same amount of time for the kangaroo to jump up and to fall down to the ground, we may calculate first the time necessary for it to free fall down from its maximum height to the ground, and then double it to obtain 1 the total time on the air. We may use x = v0 t + a t 2 and the fact that its velocity at the top 2 is zero, i.e. v0 = 0 at the top, and a = 9.82 m / s 2 to calculate the half-time, t . 1 9.82 2 .7 x = v 0 t + a t 2 2 .7 = 0 + t down 2.7 = 4.91 t down t down = s t down = 0.74 s 2 2 4.91 tOnAir = 2tup = 2 0.74 = 1.48 s 1.5 s
Answer: The kangaroo was on the air for the total time of t = 1.5 s
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VG2.41 Physics A.1D.Motion. A helicopter is ascending vertically with a speed of 5.50 m / s . At a height of 105 m above the Earth, a package is dropped from a window. How much time does it take for the package to reach the ground? Suggested solution: Data and questions: The helicopter: v H = +5.50 m / s , The package: v0 P = VH = +5.50 m / s , a P = g = 9.82 m / s 2 , t P = ? x0 P = 105 m , x P = 0. Note that the initial velocity of the package is v0 P = VH = +5.50 m / s and not zero. The common error in doing this problem is interpreting the fact that the package was dropped as its zero initial velocity. Note also that I have chosen to have my coordinate system on the ground and the positive direction up. 1 Plan: We may use x = x0 + v0 t + at 2 and the provided data above to 2 calculate the time t P 1 1 x = x0 + v0t + at 2 0 = 105 + 5.50t 9.82t 2 4.91t 2 5.50t 105 = 0 2 2 This is a second grade (quadratic) equation of the form: ax 2 + bx + c = 0 which has the solutions: x = Comparing these equations: ax 2 + bx + c = 0 4.91t 2 5.50t 105 = 0 a = 4.91; b = 5.50 c = 105
b b 2 4ac 2a
(5.50) 5.52 4 4.91 (105) 5.50 45.74 = t = 5.22 s; t = 4.10 s 2 4.91 9.82 Answer: The package will hit the ground t = 5.22 s after it was dropped from the helicopter ascending vertically with a speed of 5.50 m / s , at a height of 105 m above the Earth. t=
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VG2.48 (MVG2.48) Physics A.1D.Motion. Suppose you adjust your garden hose nozzle for a hard stream of water. You point the nozzle vertically upward at a height of 1.5 m above the ground. When you quickly move the nozzle away from the vertical, you hear the water striking the ground next to you for another 2.0 s . a. What is the water speed as it leaves the nozzle? b. What is the velocity of water as it hits the ground? c. How high does the water reach? d. How long will it take to reach its highest altitude? e. Plot a rough graph of displacement versus time. f. Plot a rough graph of velocity versus time. g. Plot a rough graph of acceleration versus time. Suggested solution: Data: Known Unknown Answers: y = +1.5 m v0 = ? 4.92t 2 1.5 v0 = ; y = 1.5 m : v = ? t v0 = 9.07 m / s 9.1 m / s
y = 1.5 m : v = 10.57 m / s
t = 0 : y0 = 0.0 m t = 2.0 s where y = 1.5 m
ymax = ? where v = 0.0 m / s
a = g = 9.82 m / s 2
t = ?: v = 0.0 m / s
2 v0 ymax = ; 2g y max 4.2 m above the original level. y max 4.2 + 1.5 = 5.7 m above the ground. The object will take t 0.92 s to reach its highest altitude.
Assuming the baseball was thrown at t0 = 0.0 s , and y0 = 0.0 m , we may 1 calculate the initial velocity v0 of the ball using x = v0t + at 2 , x = 1.5 m , 2 and t = 2.0 s .
9.82 2 t = 1.5 2 v0t = 4.91t 2 1.5 v0t

4.91t 2 1.5 v0 = t
4.91(2) 1.5 m/ s 2 v0 = 9.07 m / s 9.1 m / s

2
v0 =
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The velocity of the water as it hits the ground may be calculated using v = v0 gt v = 9.07 9.82 2 = 10.57 m / s v = 10.57 m / s
2 We may use 2ax = v 2 v0 to calculate the maximum altitude of the water.
The relevant data are v0 = 9.07 m / s , v = 0.0 , a = g = 9.82 m / s 2

2 2ax = v 2 v0
2 v 2 v0 x= 2a 0 (9.07) 2 y max = = 4.19 m 2( 9.82) y max 4.2 m above the original level.
Therefore, the baseball will reach y max 4.2 + 1.5 = 5.7 m above the ground.
2v0 . g The time it takes to reach its maximum height may be calculated using v = v0 gt v v 9.07 0 t= 0 s 0.92 s : t= g 9,82 The object will take t 0.92 s to reach its highest altitude.
which provides t = 0.0 s and ttot =
Displacement, velocity, acceleration vs time

10 8 6 4 2 0 -2 -4 -6 -8 -10 -12 0 0,2 0,4 0,6 0,8 1 t (s)
Note that in the graph above, the displacement curve is plotted in blue, velocity in red and acceleration in green. It is important to note that the acceleration of water is constant a = g = 9.82 m / s 2 even at the top where the velocity of the water is zero.
x (m); v (m/s); a (m/s2)
1,2
1,4
1,6
1,8
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VG2.51 Physics A.1D.Motion. The position of a rabbit along a straight tunnel as a function of time is plotted in the figure below. What is its instantaneous velocity a. at t = 10.0 s ? b. at t = 30.0 s ? What is its average velocity c. between t = 0.0 s and t = 5.0 s ? d. between t = 40.0 s and t = 50.0 s ? VG2.52 Physics A.1D.Motion. In the figure below
a. b. c. d.
During what time periods, if any, is the objects velocity constant? At what time is its velocity the greatest? At what time, if any, is the velocity zero? Does the object run in one direction or in both along its tunnel during the time shown?
Displacement vs time 25
D
20 x [m] 15
E
10 5 0 0,00 10,00 20,00 30,00 t [s] 40,00 50,00 60,00
Suggested solutions: The instantaneous velocity of the object is the slope of the tangent to the curve of displacement versus time at the point: 60 = 0.3 m / s a. At t = 10.0 s the instantaneous velocity of the rabbit is: v = 20 b. At t = 30.0 s , the instantaneous velocity of the rabbit is: 21 0 v= = 1.5 m / s 34.5 20.5 1,5 = 0.3 m / s . The c. The average velocity between t = 0.0 s and t = 5.0 s : v = 5 same as the instantaneous velocity at t = 10.0 s .
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CH2 Describing Motion: Kinematics in One Dimension d. The average velocity between t = 40.0 s and t = 50.0 s :
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v=
10 19 = 0.9 m / s 50 40
Displacement vs time
25
D
20 x [m] 15
E
10 5 0 0 10 20 30 t [s] 40 50 60
V2.52.
In the figure below
a. Between t = 40.0 s and t = 50.0 s the objects velocity is constant:
v=
21 0 = 1.5 m / s . 34.5 20.5 c. At points A and B , i.e. at t = 38.0 s and t = 50.0 s the velocity of the object is zero. d. The object runs in both directions along its tunnel during the time shown: from A to D in the positive x-direction, and from D to E in the negative direction.
b. At t = 30.0 s , its velocity is the greatest
60 = 0.3 m / s . 20
v=
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VG2.53,56,58 Physics A.1D.Motion. The figure below illustrates the velocity of a train as a function of time. a) At what time was the velocity of the train greatest? What was the magnitude of the velocity of the train at this point? b) During what periods, if any, was the velocity constant? c) During what periods, if any, was the acceleration of the train was constant? d) When was the magnitude of acceleration greatest? e) Estimate the distance that the train travelled during the first minute. f) Estimate the distance that the train travelled during the second minute. g) Construct the displacement vs. time graph for the train.
Velocity of a train as a function of time

40
30
v (m/s)
20
10
0 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 110 120 130
t (s)
Suggested solutions: Answer: (a) At t 45 s the velocity of the train was greatest v 37 m / s . (b) In the interval 89 s t 108 s the velocity of the train was constant. The train was not moving v = 0 . (c) In the following intervals the acceleration of the train was (almost) constant: 12 s t 30 s accelerating deceleration 64 s t 80 s 89 s t 108 s stop (d) At t = 70 s the magnitude of the acceleration was the greatest. (15 + 30) 27 m + 33 7 + 30 33 m 1700 m during the (e) The train moved x 2 2 first minute. The displacement of the train is the area under the curve of the velocity vs. time between 0 s t 60 s
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(f) The train moved x
30 12 28 m + 10 480 m during the first minute. The 2 2 displacement of the train is the area under the curve of the velocity vs. time between 60 s t 120 s (g) The graph below is a rough graph of the displacement of the train as t s v m/s x m function of time. The construction of 0 14 0 the graph is based on the area 10 19 165 bounded by the graph of the velocity 20 25 385 vs. time and the desired times: 30 31 665
40 48 50 60 70 80 85 88 89 90 100 107 108 109 110 112 114 116 118 120 122 36 38 37 32 20 7 2 1 1 0 0 0 1 2 3 4 5 7 9 10 12 1000 1296 1371 1716 1976 2111 2134 2138 2139 2139 2139 2139 2140 2141 2144 2151 2160 2172 2188 2207 2229
Displacement of a train as a function of time

2400 2000 1600
x (m)
1200 800 400 0 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 110 120 130
t (s)
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VG2.54 Physics A.1D.Motion. A high-performance automobile can accelerate approximately as shown in the velocity-time graph below. (The short flat spots in the curve represent shifting of the gears.) e. Estimate the average acceleration of the car in second gear and in fourth gear f. Estimate how far the car traveled while in fourth gear. VG2.55Physics A.1D.Motion. Estimate the average acceleration of the car whet it is in a. first gear, b. third gear, c. fifth gear. d. What is its average acceleration through the first four gears?
Car's velocity vs time 60 50 v (m/s) 40 30
2nd gear 3rd gear 4th gear 5th gear
20 10
1st gear
0 0 10 20 t (s) 30 40 50
Suggested solution: The average acceleration of the car may be v v m/ s . defined as: a = 2 1 t 2 t1 s For example the average acceleration of the car in the first gear may be calculated as:
t (s) First Gear 2nd gear 3rd gear 0,00 4,00 5,00 8,00 9,00 14,00 16,00 27,00
v (m) 0,00 14,00 14,00 24,00 24,00 36,00 36,00 44,00
a (m/s2) 3,50 3,33 2,40 0,73 1,63 0,39
4th gear 14 0 = 3.50 m / s 2 Ave 1-4 gear 40 5th gear 50,00 53,00 24 14 a II = = 3.33 m / s 2 85 36 24 44 36 53 44 a III = = 2.40 m / s 2 ; a IV = = 0.73 m / s 2 ; aV = = 0.39 m / s 2 14 9 27 16 50 27 The average acceleration of the car through the first four gears: v v0 44 0 a14 = = = 1.63 m / s 2 t 27 Note the difference in the values of my curve and that of the original problem.
aI =
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VG2.57-59 Physics A.1D.Motion. The figure below is a position versus time graph for the [4/2] motion of an object along the x-axis. As the object moves from A to B a. Is the object moving in the positive or negative direction? b. Is the object speeding up or slowing down? c. Is the acceleration of the object positive or negative? Next, for the time interval from D to E : d. Is the object moving in the positive or negative direction? e. Is the object speeding up or slowing down? f. Is the acceleration of the object positive or negative? Finally, answer these same three questions for the time interval from C to D .
Position vs time 30 25 20 x [m]

E
15 10 5
D
0 0 1 2 3 t [s]
Suggested solution: From A to B :
a. The object is moving in the negative direction. Its position is
[1/1]
changed from 25 m to 23 m .
b. The object is speeding up. The slope of the graph is (negatively)
rising. At A it started from rest, gradually accelerating all the way. Its instantaneous velocity at B is the slope of the tangent to the curve at the point: 14 26 m v= = 12 m / s 2 1 s The negative sign is indication of the direction of motion: The object is moving in the negative direction at B . c. The acceleration of the object is negative from A to B . The object is speeding up but in the negative direction: its speed increases, but in
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the negative direction. Note that that the term deceleration is not appropriate in this situation. Deceleration is used if the object slows down, and of course it is negative, but not all negative accelerations may be called deceleration! For the time interval from D to E : from 5 m at D to 15 m at E . [1/1] [1/0]
d. The object is moving in the positive direction. Its position is changed
e. The object is speeding up (its speed is gradually increasing). The
slope of the graph is gradually increasing. At D , it is stationary. It started from rest again, gradually accelerating all the way up to the point E . The positive sign is indication of the direction of motion: The object is moving in the positive direction at E . [0/1]
f.
The acceleration of the object is positive from D to E . The object is speeding up: its speed increases. [2/0]
Finally from C to D :
g. The object is stationary. During the time interval
C to D .
h. The object is stationary, i.e. its velocity is constant and zero. Note
that the slope of the function between C and D .
i.
During the time interval C to D . Both the acceleration and speed of the object are zero. During this time the object is stationary.
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VG2.59Physics A.1D.Motion.The figure below is a position versus time graph for the motion of an object along the x-axis. As the object moves from A to B : g. Is the object moving in the positive or negative direction? h. Is the object speeding up or slowing down? i. Is the acceleration of the object positive or negative? Next, for the time interval from D to E : j. Is the object moving in the positive or negative direction? k. Is the object speeding up or slowing down? l. Is the acceleration of the object positive or negative? Finally, answer these same three questions for the time interval from C to D . Suggested solution: Position vs time From A to B : 30 j. The object is moving in the negative 25 20 direction. Its position is changed from 15 25 m to 23 m . 10 5 k. The object is speeding up. The slope 0 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 of the graph is (negatively) rising. At t [s] A it started from rest, gradually accelerating all the way. Its instantaneous velocity at B is the slope of the tangent to the curve at the point: 14 26 m v= = 12 m / s 2 1 s The negative sign is indication of the direction of motion: The object is moving in the negative direction at B . l. The acceleration of the object is positive from A to B . The object is speeding up: its speed increases.
x [m]
E D
Next, for the time interval from D to E : m. The object is moving in the positive direction. Its position is changed from 5 m at D to 15 m at E . n. The object is speeding up (its speed is gradually increasing). The slope of the graph is increasing. At D , it is stationary. It started from rest again, gradually accelerating all the way up to the point E. The positive sign is indication of the direction of motion: The object is moving in the positive direction at E . o. The acceleration of the object is positive from D to E . The object is speeding up: its speed increases. Finally from C to D : p. The object is stationary. During the time interval C to D . q. The object is stationary, i.e. its velocity is constant and zero. Note that the slope of the function between r. During the time interval C to D . Both the acceleration and speed of the object are zero. During this time the object is stationary.
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G2.61 Physics A.1D.Motion. The acceleration due to the Moon is about one sixth what it is on Earth. If an object is thrown vertically upward on the Moon, how many times higher will it go than it would on Earth, assuming the same initial velocity? x Suggested solutions: Answer: M = 6 x M = 6 x E xE 1 Data: a Earth = g , aMoon = g , v0 Earth = v0 Moon v0 6 x Problem: Moon = ? x Earth
2 We may use 2ax = v 2 v0 , and the fact that in both cases the instantaneous velocity at the highest point is zero: vEarth = vMoon = 0 :
1 2 2 / 6v 2 x 2g x 2 g x M = 0 v 0 2 g x M = 6v 0 / / M = 20 M = 6 x M = 6 x E 6 2 // v0 xE 2 g xE 2 gx E = v0 / 2 gx = 0 v 2 0 E
Answer:
xM = 6 xM = 6 xE xE
VG2.62 Physics A.1D.Motion. A person who is properly constrained by an over-theshoulder seat belt has a good chance of surviving a car collision if the deceleration does not exceed * 30 g . Assuming uniform deceleration of this value, calculate the distance over which the front end of the car must be designed to collapse if a crash brings the car to rest from 100.0 km / h . Suggested solutions: Answer: x = 1.31 m Data: v0 = 100.0 km / h , v = 0 , a = 30 g = 30 9.82 m / s 2 = 294.6 m / s 2 Problem x = ? 1000 // 1000 250 v0 = 100.0 km / h = 100.0 m/ s = m/ s = m/ s 3600 // 36 9 2 2ax = v 2 v0
250 2 ( 294.6 ) x = 0 9
2 2
250 9 x= m = 1.31 m 2 (294.6)
Answer: x = 1.31 m
Note that
30 g deceleration is too big. The maximum acceleration as well as deceleration is considered to be
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VG2.63 Physics A.1D.Motion. A race car driver must average 200.0 km / h over the course of a time trial lasting ten laps. If the first nine laps were done at 199.0 km / h , what average speed must be maintained for the last lap? Suggested solutions: Answer: v10 209.5 km / h Data: v = 200.0 km / h , 10 laps, v9 = 199.0 km / h Problem v10 = ? If each lap is considered to be d km , ten lap would be 10d km . If the driver covered ten lap at the average speed of v = 200.0 km / h , it would take the driver 10d km = 0.05d h t= 200.0 km / h to make the race. Now has droved nine lap at v9 = 199.0 km / h . It must have taken him 9d km 9 t9 = = d h 199.0 km / h 199 to make them. He has therefore only 10 9 1990 1800 190 19 t10 = d h d h= d h= d h= d h 200 199 39800 39800 3980 to cover the last lap. If we denote the average velocity of his tenth lap as v10 , we may 19 d h: calculate it by requiring the driver to cover d km in t10 = 3980 3980 d d km v10 = = = km / h 209.47 km / h 209.5 km / h 19 19 t10 d h 3980 Note that the following intuitive calculation is incorrect! (Why?) 9 v9 + v10 v10 = 10 10 v10 = 9 v9 + v10
v10 = 10 v10 9 v9
v10 = 10 (200.0 ) 9 (199.0) km / h
v10 = 2000 1791 km / h v10 = 209 km / h The reason for the failure of the above simple equation is the fact that in this problem 10d km only the total distance, i.e. 10d km and the total time, i.e. t = = 0.05d h 200.0 km / h are fixed. In the incorrect solution above, the time and distance are totally ignored and only a simple averaging of the speed is used that has resulted in the incorrect result of v10 = 209 km / h instead of v10 209.5 km / h
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VG2.64 Physics A.1D.Motion. A car manufacturer tests its cars for front-end collisions by transporting them up on a crane and dropping them from a certain height. a. Show that the speed just before a car hits the ground, after falling from rest a vertical distance h , is given by 2 gh . b. What height corresponds to a collision at 50 km / h ? c. What height corresponds to a collision at 100 km / h ? Suggested solutions: Answer: (a) v = 2 g h (b) h = 9.82 m ; (c) h = 39.3 m Data: v = 50 km / h , v = 100 km / h , h , a = g = 9.82 m / s 2 , , v0 = 0 , 1000 // 500 125 v = 50 km / h = 50 m/ s = m/ s = m / s 13.9 m / s 3600 // 36 9 1000 // 1000 250 v = 100 km / h = 100 m/ s = m/ s = m / s = 27.8 m / s 3600 // 36 9 The car released from rest, dropping a vertical distance h , and under the effect of constant gravitational acceleration a = g = 9.82 m / s 2 just before hitting the ground, acquire the final velocity of v = 2 g h :
2 2ax = v 2 v0
2 g h = v 2 02 v2 = 2g h
v = 2g h v = 2g h v 2 = 2g h h = v2 2g
The height corresponding to v = 50 km / h =
125 m / s is h = 9.82 m : 9
125 2 v 9 h= = 9.82 m = 2 g 2 (9.82)

The height corresponding to v = 100 km / h =
250 m / s is h = 39.3 m : 9
250 2 v 9 = 39.3 m h= = 2 g 2 (9.82)
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VG2.66 Physics A.1D.Motion. The acceleration due to the Moon is about one sixth what it is on Earth. If an object is thrown vertically upward on the Moon, how many times higher will it go than it would on Earth, assuming the same initial velocity? x Suggested solutions: Answer: M = 6 x M = 6 x E xE 1 Data: a Earth = g , aMoon = g , v0 Earth = v0 Moon v0 6 x Moon Problem: =? x Earth
2 We may use 2ax = v 2 v0 , and the fact that in both cases the instantaneous velocity at the highest point is zero: vEarth = vMoon = 0 :
1 2 2 2 g x M = 6v 0 / 6v 2 x 2g x 2 g x M = 0 v 0 / / M = 20 M = 6 x M = 6 x E 6 2 // v0 xE 2 g xE 2 gx E = v0 / 2 gx = 0 v 2 E 0
Answer:
xM = 6 xM = 6 xE xE
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MVG2.28 Physics A.1D.Motion. Show that the equation for the stopping distance of v2 a car is d s = v0 t R 0 , where v0 is the initial velocity of the car, t R is the drivers 2a reaction time, and a is the constant acceleration (and is negative). Suggested solutions: Data: v0 , t R , a
2 v0 Problem: d s = v0t R , v = 0 2a It takes for the driver t R second to react. During this time the car has travelled x 0 = v0 t R . The car is then decelerating at the constant a from the initial velocity v0 to the final velocity of v = 0 . Therefore, its displacement
2 during the rest of the time may be calculate using 2ax = v 2 v0
2 v0 2a Therefore, the total displacement of the car is the algebraic sum of the values calculated above: 2 v0 d = x0 + x = v0 t R QED 2a
2 2ax = 0 2 v0 x =
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MVG2.29 Physics A.1D.Motion. Niklas speeding at 120.0 km / h passes a stationary police officer. The officer immediately begin pursuit at a constant acceleration of 10.0 km / h / s . How much time will it take for the police officer to reach Niklas , assuming that Niklas maintains a constant speed? How fast will the police officer be travelling at this time? Suggested solutions: Answer: The police will catch Niklas 24.0 second after the moment he passed the police. At this point police is travelling at v P = 240 km / h . At this moment both police and Niklas have travelled 800 meter. Data: v0 N = 120.0 km / h , a P = 10.0 km / h / s ; v0 P = 0 Problem: t t P = t N = ? , v P ? Plan: We may use the fact that the distance travelled by Niklas and police x xP = xN = ? as well as the time are identical for both: v P = ? t t = t = ? P N
Displacement
Niklas x = v0 N t = 120.0 t km s / h
The police 1 1 xP = v0 t + a P t 2 = 10.0 t 2 km s / h 2 2 2 x P = 5 t km s / h
Time
Velocity Displacement
t = 0 x x P = x N = ? 5 t = 120.0 t 120.0 5 t = 120.0 t = 5 = 24.0 s v N = v0 N = 120.0 t km / h v P = v0 P + a P t = 10 24 = 240 km / h

2
x = v0 N t = 120.0 24 km s / h x = 2880 km s / h 2880 x= = 0.8 km = 800 m 3600
x P = 5 24 2 km s / h x = 2880 km s / h 2880 x= = 0.8 km = 800 m 3600
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MVG2.30 Physics A.1D.Motion. Terese driving her car at 50.0 km / h approaches an intersection just as the traffic light turns yellow. She knows that the yellow light lasts only 2.0 s before turning to red, and she is 30.0 m away from the near side of the intersection. Should she try to stop, or should she make a run for it? The intersection is 15.0 m wide. Her cars maximum deceleration is 6.0 m / s 2 whereas it can accelerate from 50.0 km / h to 70.0 km / h in 6.0 s . Ignore the length of her car and her reaction time. Suggested solutions: Answer: She can not run for it! She has to stop! Her deceleration may lie within the range: 3.215 m / s 2 a 6.0 m / s 2 . Data: v0 = 50.0 km / h , t = 2.0 s , x0 = 30.0 m , v = 0 , x = 15.0 m , a max = 6.0 m / s 2 ;
v0 = 50.0 km / h to v = 70.0 km / h in t = 6.0 s Problem: v B = ? Plan: If she decides to stop, she must do it with a deceleration which is a a max = 6.0 m / s 2 . Simultaneously her stopping distance must be x 30.0 m .
If her deceleration is the maximum acceleration, a = 6.0 m / s 2 , her initial velocity 1000 125 // v0 = 50.0 km / h = 50 = m / s , and her final velocity (stop) v = 0 , her stopping 3600 // 9 distance is: 2 125 2 125 9 m x 16.1 m 2 2 2 2ax = v v0 2 ( 6 )x = 0 x= 12 9 Therefore, it is recommended that she should stop! On the other hand, due to the fact that the maximum deceleration is usually not recommended. She may calculates the minimum deceleration 2 required to stop in x 30.0 m . Using 2ax = v 2 v0
125 2 125 9 m / s 2 a = 3.215 m / s 2 2 2 a 30 = 0 a= 60 9 Therefore, it is recommended that she should stop! Her deceleration may lie within 3.215 m / s 2 a 6.0 m / s 2 . On the other hand, if she decides to run for it, she should cover x = 30 + 15 = 45 m within t = 2.0 s and with an acceleration that can not be larger than the cars maximum acceleration. 70 50 1000 100 // 25 25 amax = = m / s2 = m / s2 = m / s2 6 3600 3 36 // 39 27 1000 125 // v0 = 50.0 km / h = 50 = m / s , t = 2 .0 s 3600 // 9 1 125 1 25 x = v0 t + at 2 x = 2 + 2 2 m x = 29.63 m 2 9 2 27 She can not run for it! She has to stop!
2
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MVG2.46 Physics A.1D.Motion. A falling stone takes 0.30 s to travel past a window 2.2 m tall. From what height above the top of the window did the stone fall? Suggested solution: a = g = 9.82 m / s 2 x x0 = 2.2 m t = 0.30 s v0 = 0 If we assume that the falling stone was released x1 meter from the top of the window, and its instantaneous velocity at the top of the window is v1 , then we may use the equation of motion to find v1 1 x = v0 t + at 2 2
2.2 = v1 0.3 + 4.91 0.32 0.3v1 = 2.2 0.4419 = 1.7581 v1 =
1.7581 = 5.86 m / s 0.3
Because the stone was released (i.e. v0 = 0 ) from a height x1 meter above the window, and its instantaneous velocity is 5.86 m / s at this point, we may use the equation of motion to find this distance. 5.86 2 2 v 2 v0 = 2ax 5.86 2 = 2 9.82 x1 = 19.64 x1 x1 = = 1.7487 1.8 m 19.64 The stone fell from 1.8 m above the top of the window. Answer: The stone fell from 1.8 m above the top of the window.
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MVG2.47 Physics A.1D.Motion. A rock is dropped from a sea cliff and the sound of it striking the ocean is heard 3.40 s later. If the speed of sound is 340 m / s , how high is the cliff? Suggested solutions: Answer: x 52 m Data: t = 3.40 s , vs = 340 m / s , Dropped: v0 = 0 Problem: x = ?
1 2 2 During t = 3.40 s the rock has travelled x = g (t t s ) = 4.91 (3.40 t s ) m , where 2 x x is the time sound takes to travel x m back to the bowler. ts = = v s 340 m / s
x = 4.91 (3.40 t s )2 m 340 2 2 4.91 (3.40 t s ) = 340 t s (3.40 t s ) = ts 4.91 x = 340 t s m 340 2 t s2 6.80t s + (3.40) ts = 0 4.91 t s2 76.0464t s + 11.56 = 0 76.0464 2 ts = (38.02) 11.56 2 t s = 0.1523 s
x = 340 t s m = 340 (0.1523) m = 51.7879 m 52 m
Answer: x 52 m
Second method: We may solve the problem graphically. We may plot x = 340 t s m and x = 4.91 (3.40 t s ) m on a suit able coordinate system. The intersection of the two graphs is the desired answer:
2
60 50 displacement x (m) 40 30 20
x = 4.91 (3.40 t s )
ts=0,15205 s; x=51,697 m
x = 340 t s m
10 0 0,00
0,02
0,04
0,06
0,08
0,10
0,12
0,14
0,16
0,18
0,20
time t (s)
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VG2.49 Physics A.1D.Motion. A stone is thrown vertically upward with a speed 12.0 m / s from the edge of a cliff 75.0 m high. a) How much later does it reach the bottom of the cliff? b) What is its speed just before hitting the ground? c) What distance did it travel? Suggested solution: v0 = 12 m / s , a = g = 9.82 m / s 2 , x0 = 75.0 m . The origin of the coordinate system is at the bottom of the cliff, and the positive direction is up, i.e. the direction of the initial velocity. a) t ? and x = 0.0 m 1 Plan: We will use x = x0 + v0 t + at 2 to find the total time t 2 1 9.82 2 x = x0 + v0 t + at 2 0.0 = 75.0 + 12t t 4.91t 2 12t 75.0 = 0 2 2 This is a second grade (quadratic) equation of the form:
ax 2 + bx + c = 0 which has the solutions: x =
b b 2 4ac 2a
Comparing the two quadratic equations: ax 2 + bx + c = 0 and 4.91t 2 12t 75.0 = 0 may suggest that: a = 4.91; b = 12 c = 75.0
(12) 122 4 4.91 (75) 12 40.21 = t = 5.32 s; t = 2.87 s 2 4.91 9.82 Answer: The stone hits the bottom of the cliff t = 5.32 s after it was thrown.
t=
b)
v ? and x = 0.0 m Data: v0 = 12 m / s , a = g = 9.82 m / s 2 , x0 = 75.0 m
Plan: We may use t = 5.32 s and v = v0 + at to find the speed of the stone just before it hits the ground: v = v0 + at v = 12.0 9.82 5.32 = 40.24 m / s 40.2 m / s
2 2nd Method: We may use v 2 = v0 + 2a( x x0 ) and the Data: v0 = 12 m / s ,
2 v 2 = v0 + 2a ( x x0 ) = 12.0 2 2 9.82 (0 75.0 ) = 1617.0 v = 40.21 m / s
a = g = 9.82 m / s 2 , x0 = 75.0 m and x = 0.0 m ; v ?
The stone hits the ground at the downward velocity of v = 40.21 m / s c)
xtot ? and t = 5.32 s Data: v0 = 12 m / s , a = g = 9.82 m / s 2 , x0 = 75.0 m

2 Plan: We may use v 2 = v0 + 2ax and the fact that the velocity of the stone at its highest point is zero, i.e. v = 0 to find the maximum high the stone reaches: 144 2 v 2 = v0 + 2ax1 0 = 12.0 2 2 9.82 x1 x1 = = 7.33 m above the cliff: 19.64 x = 7.33 + 7.33 + 75.0 = 89.7 m Answer: The stone travels total distance of 89.7 m .
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MVG2.50 Physics A.1D.Motion. A baseball is seen to pass upward by a window 25 m above the street with a vertical speed of 12 m / s . If the ball was thrown from the street m. What was its initial speed? n. What altitude does it reach? o. When was it thrown? p. When does it reach the street again? Suggested solution: Data: Known Unknown Answers: y = +25 m v0 = ? v0 25 m / s
2 v0 ; y max 32 m 2g t = ? : y0 = 0.0 m It was thrown t 1.3 s ago. a = g = 9.82 m / s 2 It will return to its origin at t = ? : y = 0 .0 m 2v t = 0 : t = 5.1 s g Assuming the baseball was thrown at t 0 = 0.0 s , and y0 = 0.0 m , we may
v = +12 m / s
ymax = ? where v = 0.0 m / s
ymax =
2 calculate the initial velocity of the ball using 2ax = v 2 v0 , where
x = y = +25 m , v = 12 m / s and a = g = 9.82 m / s 2

2 2ax = v 2 v0 2 v0 = v 2 2ax
v0 = v 2 2ax v0 = 122 2( 9.82)(25) m / s v0 = 25.2 m / s 25 m / s The maximum altitude is associated with v = 0.0 m / s . This is the point where the baseball stops and turns around and accelerates downwards: 2 We may use again 2ax = v 2 v0 , but this time to fine the maximum height:
2 2( g ) ymax = 0.0 2 v0
ymax = ymax =
2 v0 2g
25.1992 m = 32.33 m 2(9.82) The object reaches y max 32 m altitude. To calculate the time when the baseball was thrown, we may use v = v0 + at where v v0 t= a 12 25.199 = 1.34 s 1.3 s t= 9.82 The baseball was thrown t 1.3 s ago.
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To calculate the time that the baseball will reach the street again we may either use v = v0 + at and the symmetry of the problem that v = v0 at the point. Therefore: v0 = v0 gt ;
2v0 = gt 2v t= 0 g 2 25.199 t= s 9.82 t = 5.13 s Note that, the time calculate above may be calculated using various formulas and the physics behind. We may calculate the time the baseball takes to reach its highest altitude, and the symmetry of the problem that the baseball takes the same amount of time going upwards as well as downwards: v = v0 + at v v0 t= g v=0 0 v0 v0 = t top = g g 2v ttot = 2t top = 0 g 1 We could use as well x = v0t + at 2 , and x = 0.0 m / s 2
1 v0t + at 2 = 0 2 1 t v0 gt = 0 2
which provides t = 0.0 s and ttot =
2v0 . g
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VG2.60 Physics A.1D.Motion. A person jumps from a fourth story window 15.0 m above a fire-fighters safety net. The survivor stretches the net 1.0 m before coming to rest. d) What was the average deceleration experienced by the survivor when slowed to rest by the net? e) What would you do to make it safer (that is, generate a smaller deceleration): would you stiffen or loosen the net? Explain: Suggested solution: d) In order to find the deceleration of the survivor when slowed to rest by the net, we must find first the initial velocity of him/her just after hitting the net. This velocity is his/her final velocity just before hitting the net: 2 Using v 2 v0 = 2ax and the given information: v ? , v0 = 0 ,
a = g = 9.82 m / s 2 , x = 15.0 1.0 = 14.0 m :

v 2 = v0 + 2 gx v = v0 + 2 gx = 2 9.82 14.0 = 16.58 m / s
2 2
For the second part of the motion, i.e. the deceleration part, we will use the same formula and the following data: a = ? , v0 = 16.58 , v = 0 ,
x = 1 .0 m :
v 2 v0 0 16.58 2 v v0 = 2ax a = = 137.48 m / s 2 = 14G = 2x 2 1 .0 This is a quite large deceleration (negative acceleration) 14G, i.e. 14 times larger than the gravitational acceleration!
2 2 2
b)
To make it safer, i.e. smaller deceleration, I would put the net in a higher level, possibly to make it practical, 1.5 m or more above the ground. The net should be softer to exert smaller resistance force and therefore smaller deceleration.
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MVG2.65 Physics A.1D.Motion. A first stone is dropped from the roof of a building. 2.00 s after that, a second stone is thrown straight down with an initial velocity of 30.0 m / s , and it is observed that the two stones land at the same time. f) How long did it take the first stone to reach the ground? g) How high is the building? h) What are the speeds of the two stones just before they hit the ground? Suggested solution: Data and questions: First stone: v01 = 0 , a1 = g = 9.82 m / s 2 , t1 t ? x1 x ? , v1 ? First stone: v02 = 30.0 m / s , a2 = g = 9.82 m / s 2 , t 2 = t 2 ? x2 = x ? , v2 ? Note that because we are talking about the same building: x1 = x2 x ? , i.e. both stones travel the same distance. t1 t ? and t 2 = t 2 ? represent the fact that the second stone was thrown downward 2.00 s after the first one was dropped. 1 Plan: Using x = x0 + v0 t + at 2 we will express the height of the building as a 2 function of time t for each of the stones and then using the data above we will solve the equation system: 1 x = 9.82t 2 First stone: 2 1 2 x = 30.0 (t 2.0) + 9.82(t 2.0) Second stone: 2 Because both stones have identical displacement x , equating these two equations provides: 1 1 2 30.0 (t 2.0) + 9.82(t 2.0) = 9.82t 2 2 2 Expanding the parentheses: 30.0t 60.0 + 4.91t 2 19.64t + 19.64 = 4.91t 2 (30.0 19.64)t = (60.0 19.64)
10.36t = 40.36 t = x=
40.36 = 3.90 s 10.36
1 9.82t 2 x = 4.91 3.90 2 = 74.52 m 74.5 m 2
v firstStone = 0 + 9.82 3.90 = 38.30 m / s v = v0 + at vsec ondStone = 30.0 + 9.82 (3.90 2.0) = 48.66 m / s
e) f) g) Answer: It took 3.90 s for the first stone (and 1.90 s for the second stone) to reach the ground. Answer: The building is 74.5 m high. Answer: The velocity of the first stone is 38.3 m / s and that of the second stone is 48.7 m / s just before they hit the ground.
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MVG2.67 Physics A.1D.Motion. A police car at rest, passed by a speeder travelling at a constant 110 km / h , takes off in hot pursuit. The police officer catches up the speeder in 700 m , maintaining a constant acceleration. a) Qualitatively plot the position versus time graph for both cars from the police cars start to the catch-up point. b) Calculate how long it took the police officer to overtake the speeder, c) Calculate the required police car acceleration. d) Calculate the speed of the police car at the overtaking point. Suggested solutions: Answer: The police office overtakes the speeder t = 22.9 s after the start of the pursuit. The required acceleration of the police car is a = 2.67 m / s 2 . The police car is moving at v = 220 km / h at the overtake point. Data: v0 police = 0 , v = 110 km / h , x = 700 m ; Problem: t = ? , a = ? , v police = 0 We may realize that the speeder and the police officer share both time and distance required to catch-up. 1000 // 1100 275 275 vspeeder = 110 km / h = 110 m/ s = m/ s = m/ s vspeeder = m/ s 3600 // 36 9 9 The speeder car The police car 275 1 Displacement vspeeder = m/ s x = v0 t + a t 2 x = 700 m 9 2 1 x = v speeder t 2 700 = a (22.909) 2 275 t = 700 x = 1.334 t 275 700 2 x = t m 9 9 a= (22.909 )2 700 9 t= s a = 2.668 m / s 2 275 t = 22.9 s a = 2.67 m / s 2 275 x = 1.334 t 2 x = 1.33 t 2 m xspeeder = t m 9
The pursuit 800 700 600 500 400 300 200 100 22.91 s; 700 m x (m)
2
speeder
10
12
14
16
18
20
22
24
26
t (s)
Acceleration Velocity
a=0
vspeeder =
v speeder
275 m/ s 9 = 110 km / h
Time
t = 22.9 s
a = 2.67 m / s 2 v = v0 + a t v = 2.67 t m / s v = 2.67 (22.909 ) m / s v = 61.1 m / s v 61 m / s 3600 // v = 61.1 km / h 1000 // v = 220 km / h t = 22.9 s
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MVG2.68 Physics A.1D.Motion. In the design of a rapid transit system, it is necessary to balance out the average speed of a train against the distance between the stops. The more stops there are, the slower the trains average speed. To get an idea of this problem, calculate the time it takes a train to make a 36 km trip in two situations: a. the stations at which at which the trains must stop are 0.80 km apart; and b. the stations are 3.0 km apart. Assume that at each station the train accelerates at a rate of 1.1 m / s 2 until it reaches 90 km / h , then stays at this speed until its brakes are applied for arrival at the next station, at which time it decelerates at 2.0 m / s 2 . Assume it stops at each intermediate station for 20 s Suggested solutions: Answer: t a = 3132.6 s = 52 12 ; t b = 1891.4 s = 31 31 Data: x = 36 km , d a = 0.80 km , d b = 3.0 km , a = 1.1 m / s 2 , v0 = 0 , vmax = 90 km / h Decelerate a = 2.0 m / s 2 Stop: v = 0 , Stop for t = 20 s 1000 vmax = 90 km / h = 90 m / s = 25 m / s 3600 v 25 m / s It takes t1 = max = = 22.73 s for the train to accelerate to its a 1 .1 m / s 2 maximum velocity vmax = 90 km / h = 25 m / s from rest, after any station! During this time the train moves: x1 = Before any station it takes t 3 =
0 v0 max a
2 vmax 0 2 25 2 = = 284.09 m . 2a 2 (1.1) 0 25 m / s = = 12.5 s for the train to 2 .0 m / s 2
2 v 2 v0 0 2 25 2 = 156.25 m = 2a 2 ( 2.0 ) (a) the train makes the remaining distance of x2 a = 359.66 m in t 2 a = 14.36 s : x 359.66 x2 a = 800 (284.09 + 156.25) m = 359.66 m ; t 2 a = 2 a = s = 14.36 s vmax 25 3600 = 45 stations, the train takes Answer: For the case (a) with n = 800 t a = 52 min 12 sec to cover x = 36 km :
stop. During this time the train moves x3 =
t a = 45 (t1 + t 2 a + t 3 + 20) = 45 (22.73 + 14.36 + 12.5 + 20) s = 3132.6 s = 52 min 12 sec
(b) the train makes the remaining distance of x2b = 2 560 m in t 2b = 102.4 s : x 2 559.7 x2b = 3000 (284.09 + 156.25) m = 2 559.7 m ; t 2b = 2b = s = 102.4 s vmax 25 3600 = 12 stations, the train takes Answer: For the case (b) with n = 3000 t b = 31 min 31 sec to cover x = 36 km : tb = 12 (t1 + t 2b + t3 ) = 12 (22.73 + 102.4 + 12.5 + 20) s = 1891.4 s = 31 min 31 sec = 31 31
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MVG2.69 Physics A.1D.Motion. Pelicans tuck (fold) their wings and free fall straight down when diving for fish. Suppose a pelican starts its dive from a height of 16.0 m and cannot change its path once committed. If it takes a fish 0.20 s to perform evasive action, at what minimum height must it spot the pelican to escape? Assume the fish is at the surface of the water. Suggested solutions: Answer: The fish must at least spot the pelican at the height of hmin 3.4 m Data: t fish = 0.20 s , hdive = 16.0 m , Free fall, Dropped: v0 = 0 , a = g = 9.82 m / s 2 Problem: h fish = ?
1 1 16 16 x = v0 t + at 2 16 = 9.82 t 2 16 = 4.91 t 2 t 2 = t= s t = 1.805 s 2 2 4.91 4.91 Therefore, if the fish is to spot the pelican 0.20 s before it catches him, the pelican has already had a free fall for t = 1.805 0.2 = 1.605 s and has 1 2 dropped: x = 9.82 (1.605) = 12.651 m 2 The fish must at least spot the pelican at the height of hmin 3.4 m : hmin = 16 12.651 m = 3.349 m 3.4 m
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MVG2.70 Physics A.1D.Motion. In putting, the force with which a golfer strikes a ball is planned so that the ball will stop within some small distance of the cup, say 1.0 m long or short, in case the putt is missed. Accomplishing this form an uphill lie (i.e. putting downhill) is more difficult than from a downhill lie. To see why, assume that on a particular green the ball decelerate constantly at 2.0 m / s 2 going downhill, and constantly at 3.0 m / s 2 going uphill. Calculate the allowable range of initial velocities we may import to the ball so that it stops in the range 1.0 m short to 1.0 m long of the cup. Do the same for a downhill lie 7.0 m from the cup. What in your results suggests that the downhill putt is more difficult? Suggested solutions: Answer: The downhill lie (downhill putt) is easier. The golfer has a larger range for the initial velocity of the ball. i.e. 6.0 v0 6.93 m / s against 4.90 v0 5.66 m / s . Data: a down = 2.0 m / s 2 , aupp = 3.0 m / s 2 , d = 1.0 m , x = 7.0 m , Problem: Range of v0 = ? To calculate the rang of the initial velocities in each case we may calculate the initial velocity for the boundary cases, i.e. when xmin = 7.0 m 1.0 m = 6.0 m and when it is xmax = 7.0 m + 1.0 m = 8.0 m . In both
2 cases organized in the table below, we use 2ax = v 2 v0 , calculate v0 for
v = 0 , i.e. when the ball stops finally.
initial velocity
uphill lie (i.e. putting downhill): a down = 2.0 m / s 2

2 2 ( 2 ) 6 = 0 2 v0 min
downhill lie (i.e. putting uphill): aupp = 3.0 m / s 2

2 2ax = v 2 v0
Minimum xmin = 6.0 m
2 2ax = v 2 v0
2 2 ( 3) 6 = 0 2 v0 min
2 v0 min = 24
2 v0 min = 36
v0 min = 24 m / s
v0 min = 36 m / s
v0 min 4.899 m / s
Maximum xmax = 8.0 m
2 2ax = v 2 v0
2 2 ( 2 ) 8 = 0 2 v0 max
v0 min = 6.0 m / s
2 2 ( 3) 8 = 0 2 v0 max
2 2ax = v 2 v0
2 v0 max = 32
2 v0 max = 48
v0 max = 32 m / s
v0 max = 48 m / s
v0 max 5.657 m / s
The range The difference
v0 max 6.928 m / s 6.0 v0 6.93 m / s v0 = 0.93 m / s
4.90 v0 5.66 m / s v0 = 0.76 m / s
According to the table above, the downhill lie (downhill putt) is easier. The golfer has a larger range for the initial velocity of the ball. i.e. 6.0 v0 6.93 m / s against 4.90 v0 5.66 m / s .
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MVG2.71 Physics A.1D.Motion. A car is behind a truck going 25 m / s on the highway. The driver looks for opportunity to pass, guessing that his car can accelerate at 1.0 m / s 2 , and he estimates that he has to cover the 20 m length of the truck, plus 10 m clear room at the rare of the truck and 10 m more at the front of it. In the incoming lane, he sees a car approaching, probably also traveling at 25 m / s . He estimates that the car is about 400 m away. Should he attempt the pass? Give details. Suggested solutions: Answer: No! The driver should not attempt to pass! Data: vTruck = v0 car = 25 m / s , a = 1.0 m / s 2 , xcar = 10 + 20 + 10 = 40 m , d = 400 m ,
v app .car = 25 m / s , xapp .car = 400 m
Problem: Should he attempt the pass? If the driver decides to pass now, during the time that the approaching car is coming toward him, he should drive 40 m more, otherwise there is a possibility of head-on collision. Therefore, we may calculate the time necessary for the approaching car to cover: d 40 m 400 40 m 360 m x= = = = 180 m , 2 2 2 the driver of the car should cover at least x = 180 m + 40 m = 220 m . x 180 m The approaching car: t = = = 7 .2 s v 25 m / s During t = 7.2 s the passing car will travel 1 1 2 x = v0 t + a t 2 = 25 (7.2) + (1.0) (7.2) m = 205.92 m 206 m . 2 2 Therefore, due to the fact that x 206 m < 220 m the car should not attempt to pass!
x 206 m < 220 m
180 m
d = 400 m
10 m 20 m
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NV-College
MVG2.72 Physics A.1D.Motion. A stone is dropped from the roof of a high building. A second stone is dropped 1.50 s later. How far apart are the stones when the second one has reached a speed of 12.0 m / s ? Suggested solutions: Answer: The stones are d = x1 x2 29.1 m apart when the second stone is moving at 12.0 m / s . Data: t 2 = t1 1.50 s , v01 = v02 = 0 , v2 = 12.0 m / s ,
a = g = 9.82 m / s 2 Problem: x1 x2 = ? when v2 = 12.0 m / s We may first calculate the time necessary for the second stone to gain v2 = 12.0 m / s . v = v0 + at 12.0 = 0 + 9.82 t 2 12.0 t2 = s = 1.22 s 9.82 During this time the second stone has travelled: x2 = 7.332 m 2 2ax = v 2 v0 2 (9.82) x2 = 12 2 0 2
x2 = 12 2 m = 7.332 m 2 (9.82 ) The first stone was dropped 1.50 s earlier. Therefore, it has been moving for t1 = t 2 + 1.50 s Using t 2 = 1.22 s t1 = 1.22 s + 1.50 s = 2.722 s The first stone has travelled x1 = 36.379 m during t1 = 2.722 s 1 x = v0 t + a t 2 2 1 2 x1 = 0 + (9.82) (2.722) m 2 x1 = 36.379 m d = x1 x2 = 36.379 m 7.332 m = 29.048 m 29.1 m Answer: The stones are d = x1 x2 29.1 m apart when the second stone is moving at 12.0 m / s .
x2 = 7.332 m t 2 = 1.22 s
v2 = 12.0 m / s
t1 = 2.722 s
x1 = 36.379 m
Sjdalsgymnasiet
NV-College
MVG2.73 Physics A.1D.Motion. Bond is standing on a bridge, 10 m above the road below, and his pursuers are getting too close for comfort. He spots a flatbed truck loaded with mattresses approaching at 30.0 m / s , which he measures by knowing that the telephone poles the truck is passing are 20 m apart in this country. The bed of the truck is 1.5 m above the road, and Bond quickly calculates how many poles away the truck should be when he jumps down from the bridge onto the truck, making his getaway. How many poles is it? Suggested solutions: Answer: When the truck is 2 poles away Bond must jump! Data: h = 10 m , vTruck = 30.0 m / s , d = 20 m , hb = 1.5 m ,
a = g = 9.82 m / s 2 x =? Problem: 20 If we assume the truck is x m away when Bond jumps down, during the time t s that he is falling h 1.5 m = 10 1.5 m = 8.5 m the truck has travelled x m . Therefore, it is the time t s that the truck and falling Bond share. 1 8.5 = (9.82) t 2 2 2 8.5 t2 = 9.82 2 8.5 t= s = 1.316 s 9.82 During this time, t = 1.316 s , the truck has moved x 39.5 m x = vTruck t = 30.0 (1.316) = 39.472 m . x 39.472 n= = 2 20 20 Answer: When the truck is 2 poles away Bond must jump!
Sjdalsgymnasiet

CH2 Describing Motion, Kinematics in One Dimension

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CH2 Describing Motion, Kinematics in One Dimension

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CH2 Describing Motion: Kinematics in One Dimension