Regional S R i l Security i Architecture

Emeritus Professor Carl Thayer Security Studies (Regional) y ( g ) Australian Command and Staff College September 29 2011 29,

Types of Security Architectures

Collective Security y Collective Defence Security Regime S i i Security Community y y

Collective Security
Alternative to balance of power and spheres of influence
League of Nations

States join together to confront any would-be would be aggressor

Permanent potential alliance against an unknown enemy on behalf of an unknown victim. United Nations through Security Council

Collective Security
Three conditions: 1. No state can be so powerful that even the strongest opposing coalition would be unable to apply preponderant force j p 2. All major powers must share a common view of what constitutes a stable and acceptable international order 3. Major powers must share a minimum of political solidarity and moral community

UN Charter Chapter VII

Article 51 Nothing in the present Charter shall impair the inherent right of individual or collective self-defence if an armed attack occurs against a Member of the United N ti U it d Nations, until the S til th Security Council has taken it C il h t k measures necessary to maintain international peace and security security.

UN Charter Chapter VIII

Article A ti l 52 Nothing in the present Charter precludes the existence of r i n l arrangements or agencies f r it n f regional rr n m nt r n i for dealing with such matters relating to the maintenance of international peace and security as are appropriate for regional action provided that such arrangements or agencies and their activities are consistent with the Purposes and Principles of the United Nations.

Collective Security
United Nations
Korean War Vietnam War i

Collective security or collective defence?

North Atlantic Treaty Organisation NATO South East Asia Treaty Organisation SEATO
Laotian crisis 1961-62

SEATO, 1954-76
South East Asia Collective Security Treaty Manila Charter South East Asia Treaty Organisation US, UK F US UK, France, Australia, New Zealand, A li N Z l d Pakistan, Thailand and the Philippines COIN internal focus

Collective Defence
Alli Alliances are one f form of collective d f f ll i defence
coalitions, mutual assistance agreements

Alliances are formal agreements that pledge states to cooperate in using their military resources against a specific state or states. Alliances usually obligate one or more of the signatories to use force or to consider the use of force - unilaterally or in consultation - i specified f il t ll i lt ti in ifi d circumstances.

Functions of Alliances
1) increase the power of the states which

subscribe to them, and allow for an ; international division of labour; 2) assist the signatories in maintaining their y; internal security; 3) serve to restrain the behaviour of other states; 4) help maintain international order in an anarchical international system (eg. by drawing , g g ) a line, or aligning nations)

Collective Defence and the Asia-Pacific

S Francisco System 1951 San F i S U.S. Mutual Security/Defence Treaties
Japan, South Korea, Republic of China Philippines, Thailand Australia and New Zealand (ANZUS)

Goal of forming a wider regional security arrangements in Asia-Pacific

US Hub and Spokes Model

Japan
ANZUS

South Korea

USA
Thailand

Taiwan

Philippines

Security Regime
A group of states cooperate to manage their p y g disputes and avoid war by seeking to mute their security dilemma Principles, Principles rules and norms regulate state behaviour Regime = sum of the rules

Security Community
A group of states attained a sense of community or collective identity y adopted formal or informal institutions and practices become integrated h ld dependable expectations of peaceful hold d d bl t ti f f l change, rule out the use of force to solve disputes

Regional Security Associations g y

Longevity (in Years)
ASEAN (44) FPDA (40) APEC (22) CSCAP CSCA (18) ARF (17) ( ) ASEM (15) Shanghai Cooperation Organisation (15) ASEAN Plus Three (14) Shangri-La Dialogue (9) Six Party Talks (8) East Asian Summit (6)

Association of South East Asian Nations

1. 1 Association of South East Asian Nations (ASEAN)

To accelerate the economic growth, social progress and cultural development To promote regional peace and stability
Bangkok Declaration, August 8, 1967 g , g ,

Founding members:
Indonesia, Malaysia, Philippines, Singapore and Thailand h il d

Conflict avoidance/regional autonomy

ASEANs Dialogue Partners

Australia (1974) New Zealand (1975) EU (1977) Japan (1977) Canada (1977) ( ) United States (1977) UNDP (1977) South Korea (1991) India (1996) China (1996) Russia (1996) Pakistan (1997)*

*sectoral partner

Post-Ministerial Conference
Dialogue Partners

ASEAN Defence Ministers + 8

China Russia USA

Australia A t li

ASEAN D f Defence Ministers

New Zealand

South Korea India

Japan

Five Expert Working Groups p g p

Maritime y Security Peace Keeping HA/DR Counter Terrorism

Military Medicine M di i

2. Five Power Defence . ve owe e e ce Arrangements

Formed 1971
defence of Malaysia and Singapore indivisible consultative body annual joint training exercises

Integrated Air Defence System (IADS) Confidence building measure between Malaysia and Singapore

FPDA
Integrated Area Defence System (2000) Expanding role in addressing asymmetric p g g y threats (2003) Only effective multilateral military structure y y with an operational dimension in Southeast Asia Facilitates cooperation in other areas
Malaysia in East Timor Singapore and NZ in Afghanistan

3, Asia Pacific Economic Cooperation (APEC)

Asia Pacific Economic Cooperation

APEC CounterAPEC C t Terrorism Task Force Secure Trade in the APEC Region (STAR)

4. C 4 Council f Security il for S it Cooperation in Asia-Pacific Asia Pacific (CSCAP)

Established 1984

Established 1991

Epistemic Community
Strategic and Defence Studies Centre, Australian National University, Australia. University of T U i it f Toronto-York University J i t C t f A i P ifi Studies, t Y kU i it Joint Center for Asia Pacific St di Canada. Centre for Strategic and International Studies, Indonesia. Japan Institute of International Affairs Japan. Affairs, Japan The Seoul Forum for International Affairs, Republic of Korea. Institute of Strategic and International Studies, Malaysia. Institute for Strategic and Development Studies, Philippines. Studies Philippines Singapore Institute of International Affairs, Singapore (replaced by Institute for Defence and Strategic Studies). Institute for Security and International Studies, Thailand. Studies Thailand Pacific Forum/CSIS, United States of America.

CSCAP and the ARF T k 1 activities i fi t h lf of year Track ti iti in first half f Track 2 activities in second half of year ARF Chair and CSCAP
Informal to formal relationship? p Possible editor of annual Asia Pacific Security Outlook

5. 5 ASEAN Regional F R i l Forum - ARF

ASEAN Regional Forum

Membership Expansion p p
Brunei Indonesia Malaysia Philippines Singapore Thailand Vietnam Australia Canada C d China European Union Japan South Korea New Zealand PNG Russia United States Laos L Myanmar y Cambodia Mongolia North Korea India Pakistan East Timor Bangladesh Sri Lanka S iL k

6. Shanghai Cooperation Organisation

1996 Shanghai Five
China, Russia, Kazakhstan, Kyrgystan, Tajikistan

2001 SCO (Shanghai Five plus Uzbekistan) Address security problems along borders Hi hl structured inter-governmental Highly t t d i t t l organisation

7. Asia Europe Meeting - ASEM

Inaugural Summit March 1996
26 f founding members di b Ministerial meetings annually Summits every two years Coordinators two from each side

Dialogue platform

ASEM Three Pillars

1 Political
Membership enlargement (10 plus 3) = 39 fight against terrorism, the management of migratory flows, human rights, global environment challenges, and the impact of globalisation

2 Economic and Financial

I Investment, fi financial and social policy reform i l d i l li f

3 Cultural and Intellectual

C Cooperation in higher education ti i hi h d ti

8. ASEAN Plus Three - APT

ASEAN plus China, Japan, South Korea Founded during Asian Financial Crisis of 1997-98 Summit meeting of heads of government/state E Economic focus i f Non-traditional security issues on agenda

9. Shangri-La Dialogue
Initiated by International Institute of Strategic Studies (IISS) in 2002 Participation by defence ministers from 15 countries
Plus 6 deputy ministers or senior officials

2003 Chiefs of Defence Staff National Security Advisors and Permanent Under Secretaries for Defence (2004-05)

10. Six Party Talks

North Korea withdraws from NonProliferation Treaty (2003) y( ) Six parties: North and South Korea, China, Japan, Japan Russian Federation and the U.S. US 2005 Agreement S b Subsequent N h K North Korean nuclear tests l Talks suspended

11. East Asian Summit

1st Summit held in Kuala Lumpur, December 14, 2005 , Promote peace, stability and economic prosperity in East Asia
ASEAN members + China, Japan, South Korea, Australia New Zealand, India Australia, Zealand

Plus USA & Russia

PatternsofSecurityCooperation
Sub-regional middle power multilateralism FPDA US PACOM Theatre Engagement

Middle powers operating as equals

Hierarchical

under U S U.S. Leadership ASEANcentric multilateralism

Exclusive East Asian

Regionalism
ASEAN Plus Three (China, Japan, South Korea)

ASEAN g Regional Forum ADMM-Plus

Conclusion
No single security architecture [multilateral institution] effectively covers the Asia-Pacific Region Multiple overlapping architectures deal with hard d ft h d and soft security challenges it h ll The ASEAN Way embedded in ARF and EAS No enforcement structures

Conclusion
Spread of cooperative security norms Emergence of ad hoc institutions
Six Party Talks Proliferation Security Initiative Shangri-la Dialogue

Growing interdependence across the AsiaG i i t d d th A i Pacific Region

Regional Security Architecture

Emeritus Professor Carl Thayer Australian Command and Staff College g Security Studies (Regional) September 29 2011 29,