Professional Documents
Culture Documents
LIST OF COMMANDS FOR AUTOCAD 2002/ quick reference for AutoCAD 2002
COPY (co) OFFSET(o) MOVE SCALE(sc) LENGTHEN EXTEND BREAK FILLET(f)
ERASE(e) MIRROR(mi) ARRAY(ar) ROTATE (ro) STRETCH TRIM(tr) BREAK CHAMFER EXPLODE(x)
AT POINT
Line(l) multilane (ml) polygaon arc (a) spline make block regions
5
Construction(xl) polyline(pl) rectangle (rec) circle(c) insert block (i) hatch(bh) multiline text
line
OOPS-another name of undo command. Old version command.
MULTIPLE: repeats the command several times.
LIMITS: set the drawing limits.
BLIPMODE: to turn blip mode on or off
DIST: to find the distance between two points.
UNITS: Defines the unit and angle formats.
PAN (P) - to move the drawing in drawing area
LINE (L) - to draw a line
@ - From / with reference to previous point
ARC (A) - to draw an arc.
Options in arc command
1) Start point – end point
2) Center point- start point- end point
3) Center point- start point – angle
4) Center point- start point- chord length
Z- ZOOM
Z W (ZOOM WINDOW)
Z E (ZOOM EXTENT)
Z P (ZOOM PREVEOUS)
Z A (ALL)
ZOOM REAL TIME (Z TWICE PRESS ENTER KEY)
CARTESIAN CO-ORDINATE SYSTEM: in this system the co-ordinates are specified in
x and y
X is written first @ x, y
Y is written next
-,- +,-
270
CARTESIAN SYSTEM
POLAR SYSTEM
1) STANDARD CURSOR
CROSSING WINDOW: this window will select all those objects that are completely
enclosed within window as well as those objects, which are crossing with window.
In this case two circles as well as a line will
be selected as a line is crossing with window. This
window is generated when mouse is dragged from
lower right corner to upper left corner.
TR- TRIM - To trim the objects which extends beyond certain boundary line.
Boundary edge.
LAYERS: layers are nothing but plastic sheets or glass sheets on which we draw
drawing having zero thickness. In AutoCAD separate layers are required for hidden lines,
centerlines, different colors, dimensions etc. we can make any numbers of layers as per
our requirement.
CURRENT LAYER: for drawing any object at least a one plastic or glass sheet will be
required, that layer is called current layer. Only one layer can be a current layer. Current
layer cannot be freezed.
ON/ OFF LAYER: when the layer is OFF objects on that layer will be temporarily
invisible. These objects become visible when layer is ON.
LOCK AND UNLOCK LAYER : when the layer is lock then objects on that layer can
not be modified i.e. We can not use move, copy , erase , trim, mirror etc. commands on
these objects.
FREEZE/UNFREEZE LAYER: FREEZE layer will show same effect as that of OFF
layer.
WHAT IS BLOCK?
Block is a group of objects (line, arc, circles etc), which are bounded together to form a
single object. Some standard items are converted into block like nuts, bolts, rivets, and
threads so that they need not to be drawn every time they are required.
BLOCK or BMAKE- To Make Block
I -Insert Block
WBLOCK- with this command the block is permanently stored on hard disk so that it
can be used in other files.
DIFFERENCE BETWEEN BLOCK AND GROUP?
for modifying the objects in block we have to explode the block where as in group we
have to turn the group off by ctrl+a - to turn group on /off.
GROUP(G) :- to group the objects together
AR- ARRAYS
1) POLAR ARRAYS: the objects are multiplied in circular fashion about a center.
BEARING
XL - CONSTRUCTION LINES these are the lines of infinite length generally used
as projection lines. Use H for horizontal and V for vertical A for angle.
LENGTHEN
1) DELTA: by this option the length is either decreased or increased by difference
between final and initial length.
2) PERCENT: by this option the length is either increased or increased in
percentage.
3) TOTAL: directly give the final length you want.
4) DYNAMIC: mouse can adjust length of object.
EXTEND
SC- SCALE scales the objects by required factor. To double the objects give 2, to make it
half give 0.5.
DT- DIRECT TEXT
MTEXT-MULTILINE TEXT
ED- EDIT TEXT
ST- TEXT STYLE
XR- EXTERNAL REFERANCE
XBIND- EXTERNAL BIND
the expression
(end+cen)/2
EXPRESSION
(MID+MID+MID)/3
Suppose I want to draw a line 2.5 in x direction and 5 in y direction from a end point of a
line then expression will be end+[2.5,5.0]
PL- POLYLINE what is polyline? How it is different from simple line?
1) Polyline can have any width while width of simple line is limited.
2) Line and arcs are interconnected in polyline.
3) Polyline can have varying width i.e. width at start and end may be different.
PEDIT- polyline edit. Use fit (F) to make line smooth.
SKETCH- to draw freehand drawing with SKPOLY variable the sketch will be drawn
with polyline.
Green line: temporary sketching.( rough sketching)
r- record it to turn into permanent sketch.
c- connect where sketching was stopped.
x- exit sketch command.
Internal Diameter
MIRRTEXT – so that mirror image of text should not be created with graphics.
QTEXT-turns text into box so that zoom and regeneration should be faster.
SPELL: to check the spelling of text.
EXPLODE (X) – to break the objects into their elements.
F-fillet to make corners smooth
CHA- CHAMFER –to make corners other than 900
DIV- divide :- to divide the object into equal number of segments.(2-32767 only)
MEASURE:- to divide the object into specified length. Therefore in this case there is a
possibility that last segment may be of the shorter length than specified.
NOTE : use NODE osnap and DDPTYPE command with divide and measure
commands.use PDSIZE to change size of marker.
LIMITS: this command sets limits of your drawing. If you try to draw outside the limits
AutoCAD will not allow (shows the message outside limits.)
* we can use union, subtraction , intersection commands with two regions.
MSLIDE – to make slide
VSLIDE- to view slide
PROGRAM EXPLANATION VSLIDE C:\S1
VSLIDE SLIDE1 Begin slide show and load slide1 VSLIDE *C:\S2
VSLIDE *SLIDE2 Preload slide 2 DELAY 3000
DELAY 2000 1000 Pause to allow audience to view slide 1 VSLIDE
(milliseconds) = 1 second VSLIDE *C:\S3
VSLIDE Display slide 2 DELAY 3000
VSLIDE *SLIDE3 Preload slide 3 VSLIDE
DELAY 2000 Pause to allow audience to view slide 2 DELAY 3000
VSLIDE Displays slide 3 RSCRIPT
DELAY 2000 Pause to allow audience to view slide 3 NOTE: save the file
RSCRIPT Restart the script from beginning with *.scr extension
NOTE : SAVE SLIDE SHOW WITH *.SCR EXTENSION, LINES WITH *.LIN
EXTENSION AND PATTERN FILE *.PAT EXTENSION.USE NOTEPAD TO WRITE
CODES .
To break without gap, use FIRST POINT option and at second point use @ sign.
MTEXT- MULTILINE TEXT use this command when you want to write more
number of text lines in a drawing say a paragraph.
DT- DIRECT TEXT- use this command when limited text is to be written in drawing.
ED or DDEDIT- EDITS TEXT- to edit direct as well as multi-line text.
ST- TEXT STYLE
USIDEDOWN: print the text upside down.
BACKWARD: print the text backward.
WIDTH FACTOR: adjust the width and spacing of the characters in the text. A value of
1 keeps the text at its normal width. Value greater than 1 will expand the text, value less
than 1 will compress the text.
dipak shirbahte
3d
this object will be this object will be extruded this object will not be extruded
this object will
extruded as it forms as it forms a close loop
not be extruded
a close loop
Isolines=4 isolines=40
REG: *regions- Regions can be extruded to become 3d solids. Regions should form a
closed boundary. Regions are two-dimensional areas you create from closed shapes or
Loops. You can carry Boolean operation on regions.
CUSTOMIZATION OF AUTOCAD
*** POP1
[MY MENU]
[SKETCH]^C^C_SKETCH
[SILHOUTEE]^C^C_DISPSILH
[CALCULATOR]^C^C_’CAL
[DDPTYPE]^C^C_DDPTYPE
[AREA]^C^C_AREA
[OOPS]^C^C_OOPS
[ISOLINES]^C^C_ISOLINES
[MASSPROP]^C^C_MASSPROP
[DIVIDE]^C^C_DIVIDE
[MEASURE]^C^C_MEASURE
[DISTANCE]^C^C_DIST
NOTE: MYNAME.DWG is a file name containing drawing. Save this file with *.mnu
extension. Save your file in AutoCAD’s support directory.
*SHIRBHATE,2422684 __ . __ . __ . __ . __ . __ . __ . __
A,.5,-.25,0,-.25
* SHIRBHATE,2422684 _._._._._._._._._._._._._._._.
A,.25,-.125,0,-.125
Complex line types
["String", style name=XX,R=XX,S=XX,X=XX,Y=XX]
*SACHIN,MY BROTHER
A,.5,-.2,["NITIN",STANDARD,S=.1,R=0,X=0,Y=0],-.25
* SHIRBHATE,2422684 ________ . . ________ . . _
A,1.0,-.5,0,-.5,0,-.5
* SHIRBHATE,2422684. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
A,0,-.25
* SHIRBHATE,2422684........................................
A,0,-.125
* SHIRBHATE,2422684. . . . . . . . . . . . . .
A,0,-.5
*SHIRBHATE,double-dash triple-dot __ __ . . . __ __ . .
A,12,-3,12,-3,0,-3,0,-3,0,-3
PRACTICE DRAWING 1
Explain the dimensioning options in AutoCAD, with the help of neat explanatory
sketches.
BASE LINE
BASE LINE
BASE LINE
BASE LINE
LINEAR DIAMETER
ALIGNED
LINEAR
R4.11
ANGULAR
CONTINUE
LINEAR
LINEAR
QUICK LEADER
R8.12
(both side) LINEAR
RADIUS LINEAR
Change: This command will allow you to change the endpoint of line and radius of
circle. It can do lot of other changes.
SHIFT+CTRL+A: group on or off
For coaching in PRO/E contact 0724- 2422684. students joining the course will get
pro/e cd free.
3D Orbit and
Standard
IUB-1928
Sixth Semester B.E. (Civil) Examination
NUMERIACALS METHODS AND COMPUTER PROGRAMMING 6SC1
SECTION B SOLVED BY Prof. D.V. SHIRBHATE B.E. (Production Engg), M.E.
(Production Technology & Management), A.M.I.E
Lecturer in production Engineering, College Of Engineering & Technology, Akola
Residential address: c/o siddhivinayak computers, Near Wadekar Kirana Shop,
Renuka Nagar, Dabki Road, Akola phone: - 0724-2422684
A coordinate system used as the basis for defining all objects and other
coordinate systems.
A Cartesian coordinate system has three axes: X, Y, and Z. When you
enter coordinate values, you indicate a point's distance (in units) and its
direction (+ or –) along the X, Y, and Z-axes relative to the coordinate
system origin (0,0,0) or relative to the previous point. Usually, when you
begin a new drawing in AutoCAD, you are automatically in the world
coordinate system (WCS); the X-axis is horizontal, the Y-axis is vertical,
and the Z-axis is perpendicular to the XY plane.
In addition to the WCS, you can define a movable user coordinate system
(UCS) with a different origin and axes in different directions. You define a
UCS in terms of the WCS.
Q (b) the object shown in fig 7(b) is to be drawn using LINE command in
order P1, P2, P3,………,P10,P1.
1.5 0.8
8. (a) explain the use of object snap feature in AutoCAD with the help of
neat sketches.
In AutoCAD it is not possible to snap endpoint, midpoint, center point,
intersection without object snap or osnap. With object snap During drawing commands,
you can snap the cursor to points on objects such as endpoints, midpoints, centers, and
intersections. For example, you can turn on object snaps and quickly draw a line to the
center of a circle, the midpoint of a polyline segment, or the apparent intersection of two
lines.
(b) Show with the help of neat sketches, the object snap points available on CIRCLE,
LINE, ARC and POINT object
1) ON CIRCLE one CENTRE snap and four Quadrant snaps are available.
2) On LINE one MIDPOINT and two END point snaps are available.
3) On ARC one mid point and Two end point snaps are available
4) On point Node osnap is available.
MIDPOINT SNAP
CENTRE SNAP
ENDPOINTSNAP
ENDPOINT SNAP
ZOOM Extents displays a view with the largest possible magnification that includes all
of the objects in the drawing. This view includes objects on layers that are turned off but
does not include objects on frozen layers. This command stretches the drawing to the
maximum extent of screen.
Zoom previous When you work with minute parts in your drawing, you may need to
zoom out frequently to see an overview of your work. Use ZOOM Previous to return
quickly to the prior view. with zoom previous you can go back to your previous view.
Zoom All: ZOOM all displays either the user-defined drawing limits or the drawing
extents, whichever view is larger. Zoom all command shows all the drawings present in a
drawing file.
Zoom Center: You can move a specific point in your drawing to the center of the
drawing area. ZOOM Center is useful for resizing an object and bringing it to the center
of the view port. You can specify size by entering either the number of vertical drawing
units or a magnification relative to the current view. by using this command you can
bring the drawing in the center of the screen.
9) (a) Object shown in Fig 9(a) comprise of ,
(1) A 20 cm diameter circle A, with center at point 50,30.
(2) An equilateral triangle B, inscribed in circle as shown in Fig.
(3) a circle C, touching all the sides of the triangle B.
Write all the steps, clearly showing command and its options used, required to complete
the drawing.
Command: c (circle)
Command: _circle Specify center point for circle or [3P/2P/Ttr (tan tan radius)]:t (tan tan
radius)
Specify radius of circle or [Diameter] <10.0000>: (select two lines for tangent and one for mid point)
(b) Explain with the help of neat explanatory sketches the uses of surface drawing
commands 3DFACE,RULESURF, TABSURF, REVSURF and EDGESURF.
3DFACE creates a three- or four-sided surface anywhere in 3D space.
RULESURF constructs a polygon mesh representing the ruled surface between two curves.
TABSURF constructs a polygon mesh representing a general tabulated surface defined by a path curve and
a direction vector. In short, tabulated surface crates a surface from a line, arc, circle, ellipse, or 2D or 3D
polyline in the direction of direction vector. Direction vector is a line, which indicates the height and
direction of extrusion.
AXIS
OBJECT
TO
BE REVOLVED
REVOLED OBJECT
Umbrella created by
VISIT ME AT http://business.vsnl.com/siddhivinayak_akola. D.V.
Prof. 2422684
Shirbhate using 33
Mail me at dipak_shirbhate@hotmail.com
Edge surf command.
FOR PRO/E, AUTOCAD AND CATIA CONTACT 0724-2422684
(B) Explain giving all steps, how you can use ‘Line’ and ‘Arc’ options of PLINE
command to draw the objects shown in fig 10b . The object is to drawn with a single
PLINE command entry, starting from point P1.
Command: _pline
Specify start point:
Current line-width is 0.0000
Specify next point or [Arc/Close/Halfwidth/Length/Undo/Width]: @100<180
Specify next point or [Arc/Close/Halfwidth/Length/Undo/Width]: a
Specify endpoint of arc or
[Angle/CEnter/CLose/Direction/Halfwidth/Line/Radius/Second pt/Undo/Width]:
@-25,-25
Specify endpoint of arc or
[Angle/CEnter/CLose/Direction/Halfwidth/Line/Radius/Second pt/Undo/Width]: l
Specify next point or [Arc/Close/Halfwidth/Length/Undo/Width]: @100<270
Specify next point or [Arc/Close/Halfwidth/Length/Undo/Width]: a
Specify endpoint of arc or
[Angle/CEnter/CLose/Direction/Halfwidth/Line/Radius/Second pt/Undo/Width]:
@25,-25
11(a) Using the object shown in fig 11a-part 1,show how you will create object shown in
fig 11a part2, using only the required editing from the list COPY, ROTATE, MIRROR,
TRIM, OFFSET and ARRAY.
Show steps entered and draw intermediate explanatory sketches showing the results of
the steps.
First method
Command: _rectang
Specify first corner point or [Chamfer/Elevation/Fillet/Thickness/Width]:
Specify other corner point: @10,10
Command: ro
ROTATE
Current positive angle in UCS: ANGDIR=counterclockwise ANGBASE=0
Select objects: Specify opposite corner: 1 found
Select objects:
Specify base point:
Specify rotation angle or [Reference]: 45
Command: mi
MIRROR
Select objects: Specify opposite corner: 1 found
Select objects:
Specify first point of mirror line: Specify second point of mirror line:
Delete source objects? [Yes/No] <N>:
Command: mi
MIRROR
Select objects: Specify opposite corner: 2 found
Select objects:
Specify first point of mirror line: Specify second point of mirror line:
Delete source objects? [Yes/No] <N>:
Second method
REC (for rectangle command)
Specify other corner point: @10,10
Command: CO
COPY
Select objects: Specify opposite corner: 1 found
Select objects:
Specify base point or displacement, or [Multiple]: M
Specify base point: Specify second point of displacement or <use first point as
displacement>: Specify second point of displacement or <use first point as
displacement>: Specify second point of displacement or <use first point as
displacement>: Specify second point of displacement or <use first point as
displacement>: *Cancel*
Command: MI
MIRROR
Select objects: 1 found
Select objects:
Specify first point of mirror line: Specify second point of mirror line:
Delete source objects? [Yes/No] <N>:
Command: RO
ROTATE
Current positive angle in UCS: ANGDIR=counterclockwise ANGBASE=0
Select objects: Specify opposite corner: 5 found
Select objects:
Specify base point:
Specify rotation angle or [Reference]: 45
Explain the AREA command and its ‘Object’, ‘Add’ and ‘subtract’ options.
AREA is both a command and a system variable. The AREA system variable stores the
last area computed by the AREA command
Object: Calculates the area and perimeter of the selected object. You can calculate the
area of circles, ellipses, splines, polylines, polygons, regions, and solids.
Add: with this option area of selected object is added in the last area computed by AREA
command.
Subtract: with this option, the area of selected object is subtracted from the last AREA
computed by area command.
The command is explained as below.
Command: area
Specify first corner point or [Object/Add/Subtract]: o
Select objects:
Area = 1250, Perimeter = 150
With subtract option if I select three holes one by one then, remember that first select the
add option and then select subtract option.
Command: area
Specify first corner point or [Object/Add/Subtract]: a
Specify first corner point or [Object/Subtract]: o
(ADD mode) Select objects:
Area = 1250.0000, Perimeter = 150.0000
Total area = 1250.0000
(ADD mode) Select objects:
Specify first corner point or [Object/Subtract]: su
Specify first corner point or [Object/Add]: o
(SUBTRACT mode) Select objects:
Area = 25.0000, Perimeter = 20.0000
Total area = 1225.0000
(SUBTRACT mode) Select objects:
Area = 25.0000, Perimeter = 20.0000
Total area = 1200.0000
(SUBTRACT mode) Select objects:
Area = 25.0000, Perimeter = 20.0000
Total area = 1175.0000
12(a) explains various object selection options available in AutoCAD, with the help of
neat explanatory sketches.
OBJECT SELECTION OPTION
1) ALL 2) CROSSING (C) 3) CROSSING POLYGAON (CP) 4) FENCE (F)
4) MULTIPLE (M) 7) WINDOW (W) 8) WINDOW POLYGAON (WP) 9) ADD
(A) 10) REMOVE (R) 12) SINGLE (SI) 13) LAST (L)
All: this will select all the objects available in the file.
Crossing: if we drag the mouse from upper right corner to lower left corner, solid window
is generated but if “c” option is used then crossing window is generated.
CROSSING POLYGAON (CP): - this option enables us to have polygonal selection
area instead of rectangular.
FENCE (F): fence is a line, which will select those objects that are crossing with it.
MULTIPLE (M): this option will prevent AutoCAD from pausing and adding the
objects after every click; it will select the objects in background and will show selection
after pressing enter key. You will not see the counting of objects and its total. Observe
message Select objects: 1 found, 2 total. Will not be displayed.
Window (w): if drag mouse form lower right to upper left corner crossing polygon is
created but if w is given then this process is reversed ie window (solid) is created.
Window polygon (wp): - selection will be window polygon instead of rectangular.
Add (A) or remove (R): - with these options objects can be added or removed in the
selection set.
Single (si): - any command requiring object selection continuously prompts us to select
objects unless and until we don’t press enter key. The command is applied on selection
on second enter, but with single option the command is applied on first selection and then
the command ends.
Last (L): - selects the last object created.
Explain the difference between ‘window’ and ‘crossing’ options of object selection.
When the mouse is dragged from upper left corner to lower right corner then solid
window is created. This window will select all those objects, which are completely inside
the window, if the object is partially inside the window and partially outside the window
then it will not selected.
Opposite to this, crossing window will select all those objects, which are
completely inside the window, as well as those objects that are crossing (partially inside
and partially outside) with the window.
(b) Explain ‘fillet’ and ‘chamfer’ commands with the help of neat sketches.
FILLET rounds or fillets the edges of two arcs, circles, elliptical arcs, lines, polylines,
rays, splines, or xlines with an arc of a specified radius.
If you have been asked to divide a line of 100 mm into 15 equal parts then use divide
command (don’t forget to use DDPTYPE with divide and measure command)
If it is required to divide a line of 100 mm into segments of 15 mm each then use
MEASURE command. (ddptype command :--Specifies the display mode and size of point
objects)
Note: all the students of civil engg. Are hereby informed that we provide coaching in
AutoCAD at lowest charges. Those students who have not joined the classes will also get
all the assistance as well as help to understand these notes free of charges. Don’t hesitate
to ask or contact if you find any difficulty in understanding these notes. Because I believe
in the fact that if you survive then we will survive. So dial at 0724-2422684
Sixth Semester B.E. (Civil) Examination VSJ -1670
NUMERIACALS METHODS AND COMPUTER PROGRAMMING 6SC1
SECTION B SOLVED BY Prof. D.V. SHIRBHATE B.E.(Production Engg), M.E.
(Production Technology & Management) , A.M.I.E
Lecturer in production Engineering, College Of Engineering & Technology, Akola
Residential address: c/o siddhivinayak computers, Near Wadekar Kirana Shop,
Renuka Nagar, Dabki Road, Akola phone:- 0724-2422684
Explain the concept of x/y/z point filters, with the help of neat explanatory sketches.
Coordinate filters
Functions that extract individual X, Y, and Z coordinate values from different points to
create a new, composite point. Also called X,Y,Z point filters.
.X Specifies a .X point filter: .X
.Y Specifies a .Y point filter: .Y
.Z Specifies a .Z point filter: .Z
.XY Specifies a .XY point filter: .XY
.XZ Specifies a .XZ point filter: .XZ
.YZ Specifies a .YZ point filter: .YZ
You can use point filters to specify one coordinate value at a time while temporarily
ignoring other coordinate values. When used with object snaps, point filters can extract
coordinate values from an existing object so you can locate another point.
Specifying a point filter limits the next entry to a specific ordinate value, such as the X or
the Y value, or an X,Y coordinate value. You also can specify Z values (typically for 3D
models). After you specify the first value, AutoCAD prompts you for the remaining
values.
I(d.v.s)
wants to draw a circle exactly in the middle of the
square then the commands will be
Command: _circle Specify center point for circle or
[3P/2P/Ttr (tan tan
radius)]: .x
(Here click at mid point snap)
of (need YZ): (Here click at mid point snap)
Specify radius of circle or [Diameter] <1.0764>: d
Specify diameter of circle <2.1528>: 20
A drawing fig 7(b) comprise of objects A,B, and C. Explain showing the steps involved
how will you draw line object P1,P2,P3,P4,P5,P1, using the X/Y/Z point filters.
Command: l
LINE Specify first point: .x
of (need YZ):
Specify next point or [Undo]: .x
of (need YZ): _qua of
Specify next point or [Undo]: .x
of _qua of (need YZ):
Specify next point or [Close/Undo]: .x
of (need YZ):
Specify next point or [Close/Undo]: .x
of (need YZ): _int of
Specify next point or [Close/Undo]: .x
of (need YZ):
Layers are the equivalent of the overlays used in paper-based drafting. They are
the primary organizational tool in AutoCAD, and you use them to group information by
function and to enforce linetype, color, and other standards.
We provide coaching in AutoCAD at affordable charges to civil/architecture/mechanical/production
Engg students. Outstation students can contact at 0724-2422684. Special batches in summer and
winter are also available. Special coaching according to syllabus of six semester of civil engineering
is also available. Our mission is quality education at affordable charges. If u are not learning with us
u are missing something.
By creating layers, you can associate similar types of objects by assigning them to the
same layer. For example, you can put construction lines, text, dimensions, and title blocks
on separate layers. You can then control
Whether objects on a layer are visible in any viewports
When you begin a new drawing, AutoCAD creates a special layer named 0. By
default, layer 0 is assigned color number 7 (white or black depending upon your
background color), the CONTINUOUS linetype, a lineweight of Default (the default
setting is .01 inch or .25 mm), and the NORMAL plot style. Layer 0 cannot be
deleted or renamed.
BASE LINE
BASE LINE
BASE LINE
BASE LINE
LINEAR DIAMETER
ALIGNED
LINEAR
R4.11
ANGULAR
CONTINUE
LINEAR
LINEAR
QUICK LEADER
R8.12
(both side) LINEAR
RADIUS LINEAR
(c) Explain various options available in GRID and SNAP commands, with the help of
neat sketches.
The grid is a rectangular pattern of dots that extends over the area you specify as the
drawing limits. Using the grid is similar to placing a sheet of grid paper under a drawing.
The grid helps you align objects and visualize the distances between them. The grid is not
plotted. If you zoom in or out of your drawing, you may need to adjust grid spacing to be
more appropriate for the new magnification.
Snap mode restricts the movement of the crosshairs to intervals that you define. When
Snap mode is on, the cursor seems to adhere, or "snap," to an invisible rectangular grid.
Snap is useful for specifying precise points with the arrow keys or the pointing device.
Snap: Controls an invisible grid that restricts cursor movement to specified intervals.
Aspect: Specifies different spacing in the X and Y directions. This option is not available
if the current snap style is Isometric.
(a) Explain Center, Length, Angle Direction, Radius options of ARC command with
the help of neat explanatory sketch.
Angle: Draws an arc counterclockwise from the start point (1) using a center point (2)
with a specified included angle. If the angle is negative, AutoCAD draws a clockwise arc.
Included angle: Specify an angle
Chord Length
Draws either a minor or a major arc.
Specify length of chord: Specify a length
If the chord length is positive, AutoCAD draws the minor arc counterclockwise from the
start point (1), using the center point (2) and chord length to compute the ending angle.
If the chord length is negative, AutoCAD draws the major arc counterclockwise.
The following illustration on the left shows an arc drawn by specifying a start point,
endpoint, and radius. You can specify the radius by entering a length or by moving the
cursor away from the endpoint to specify a distance.
The illustration on the right shows an arc drawn with the pointing device by specifying a
start point and endpoint and a direction of the tangent. Moving the cursor up from the
start point and endpoint draws the arc concave to the object, as shown here. Moving the
cursor down would draw the arc convex to the object.
Center Point
Using the center point draws an arc counterclockwise from the start point (1) to an
endpoint (2) that falls on an imaginary ray drawn from the center point (3) through the
second point specified.
Angle
Draws an arc counterclockwise from the start point (1) to an endpoint (2), with a
specified included angle. If the angle is negative, AutoCAD draws a clockwise arc.
Specify included angle:
Direction
Begins the arc tangent to a specified direction. It creates any arc, major or minor,
clockwise or counterclockwise, beginning with the start point (1), and ending at an
endpoint (2). AutoCAD determines the direction from the start point.
Radius
Draws the minor arc counterclockwise from the start point (1) to the endpoint (2). If the
radius is negative, AutoCAD draws the major arc.
Command: rec
RECTANGLE
Specify first corner point or [Chamfer/Elevation/Fillet/Thickness/Width]: 40,30
Specify other corner point: @100,100
Command: _polygon Enter number of sides <4>: 3
Specify center of polygon or [Edge]: e
Specify first endpoint of edge: <Osnap on> Specify second endpoint of edge:
SECOND PICK
FIRST PICK
SECOND PICK
FIRST PICK
FIRST PICK
FIRST PICK
THIRD STEP
SECOND PICK
SECOND PICK
10. (a) Explain ‘Inscribed’, ‘Circumscribed’ and ‘Edge options of POLYGON’ with
the help of neat sketches.
POLYGON:-A polygon is a polyline object. AutoCAD draws polylines with zero width
and no tangent information. You can use the PEDIT command to change these values.
Inscribed in Circle :-
Specifies the radius of a circle on which all vertices of the polygon lie.
Specify radius of circle: Specify a point (2) or enter a value
Circumscribed about Circle: -Specifies the distance from the center of the polygon to
the midpoints of the edges of the polygon.
Specify radius of circle: Specify a distance
(b) Line AB is an existing horizontal line. Complete the drawing as shown in Fig,
given that:
(1) Arc BC is a Semicircular Arc.
(2) Arc BD is a Quarter Circular Arc.
(3) Arc CAE passes through point E, which is upper quadrant/Mid point
of Arc BC.
Write all the steps involved.
Command: ARC
Specify start point of arc or [CEnter]: CE
Specify center point of arc: _endp of
Specify start point of arc: _endp of
Specify end point of arc or [Angle/chord Length]: A
Specify included angle: 180
Command: A
ARC Specify start point of arc or [CEnter]: CE
Specify center point of arc: _endp of
Specify start point of arc: _endp of
Specify end point of arc or [Angle/chord Length]: A
Specify included angle: 90
Command: ARC
Specify start point of arc or [CEnter]: _endp of
Specify second point of arc or [CEnter/ENd]:
Specify end point of arc: _mid of
11. (a) Explain the function and utility of stretch command with the help of neat
explanatory sketches.
Drawing with the SKETCH command controls a screen-based pen with a pointing
device. SKETCH is useful for entering map outlines, signatures, or other freehand
drawings. Sketched lines are not added to the drawing until they are recorded. The
standard digitizer tablet button menu is not available while SKETCH is in progress.
You can use the SKETCH command to draw freehand sketches. Freehand sketches
comprise many line segments. Each line segment can be a separate object or a polyline.
You set the minimum length or increment of the segments. Sketching is useful for
creating irregular boundaries or for tracing with a digitizer. Small line segments allow for
greater accuracy, but they can greatly increase the drawing file size. For this reason, use
this tool sparingly.
Before sketching, check the CELTYPE system variable to make sure the current linetype
is BYLAYER. If you use a linetype with dots or dashes and set the sketch line segment
shorter than the spaces or dashes, you won't see the spaces or dashes.
To sketch, use the pointing device like a pen, clicking to put the "pen" down on the
screen to draw and clicking again to lift it up and stop drawing.
For a moment we assume that circle diameter is 10 mm. To create 12 arrows, first select
arrow. We will use polar array for this purpose. Use center of circle as center for array.
Command: ar
ARRAY
Select objects: Specify opposite corner: 1 found
Select objects:
Enter the type of array [Rectangular/Polar] <R>: p
Specify center point of array:(select the center of circle here)
Enter the number of items in the array: 12
Specify the angle to fill (+=ccw, -=cw) <360>: 360
Rotate arrayed objects? [Yes/No] <Y>: y
Command: ar
ARRAY
Select objects: all
14 found
Select objects:
Enter the type of array [Rectangular/Polar] <R>: r
Enter the number of rows (---) <1>: 2
Enter the number of columns (|||) <1> 3
Enter the distance between rows or specify unit cell (---): 10
Specify the distance between columns (|||): 10
12.(a) Explain the function and utility of TRIM and EXTEND commands with the
help of neat explanatory sketches.
TRIM: - Trims objects at a cutting edge defined by other objects
Objects that can be trimmed include arcs, circles, elliptical arcs, lines, open 2D and 3D
polylines, rays, splines, floating viewports, regions, text, and xlines.
CUTTING EDGE
Select the objects that define the cutting edges at which you want to trim an object or
press ENTER to select all objects as potential cutting edges. TRIM projects the cutting
edges and the objects to be trimmed onto the XY plane of the current user coordinate
system (UCS).
When AutoCAD prompts you to select boundary edges, you can press ENTER and select
the object to be trimmed. AutoCAD trims the object against the nearest candidate.
EXTEND: - Extends an object to meet another object
Objects that you can extend include arcs, elliptical arcs, lines, open 2D and 3D polylines,
and rays.
You can extend objects so they end precisely at a boundary defined by other objects. You
can also extend objects to where they would intersect a boundary. This is called
extending to an implied boundary. In the following example, you extend the lines
precisely to a circle, which is the boundary.
(b) Explain giving all the steps involved and neat explanatory sketches, how will you
create, using COPY and SCALE commands object shown in Fig.12 (b)-Part 2, from
the object shown in Fig.12 (b)-Part 1.
Command: CO
COPY
Select objects: Specify opposite corner: 3 found
Select objects:
Specify base point or displacement, or [Multiple]: M
Specify base point: Specify second point of displacement or <use first point as
displacement>: Specify second point of displacement or <use first point as
displacement>: Specify second point of displacement or <use first point as
displacement>: *Cancel*
Command: SC
SCALE
Select objects: Specify opposite corner: 3 found
Select objects:
Specify base point:
Specify scale factor or [Reference]: 2
Command: SC
SCALE
Select objects: Specify opposite corner: 3 found
Select objects:
Command: M
MOVE
Select objects: Specify opposite corner: 3 found
Select objects:
Specify base point or displacement: Specify second point of displacement or
<use first point as displacement>:
Command:
MOVE
Select objects: Specify opposite corner: 3 found
Select objects:
Specify base point or displacement: Specify second point of displacement or
<Use first point as displacement>:
Note: we provide Cd’s of AutoCAD 2000, AutoCAD 2002, and AutoCAD 2004
For coaching in AutoCAD 2004 at affordable charges contact at 0724-2422684. We provide coaching at
different computer centers for student’s convenience in various regions of Akola. 1) Star computers,
barajyothirling mandir, ranpise nagar, Akola contact person. Mr narayan wahokar 2) Prosoft, behind
choudhary hospital, devki plaza, Akola contact person. Mr Aniruddha Patokar3) uncle’s tom’s cyber
café, near sant tukaram hospital, gorakshan road, Akola contact person. Mr Bhushan Muley 4) Best carrier
Academy ,sanmitra complex , Akola contact person. Mr Vishal Ingole.