Jivtesh Garg Mehmet Arik

GE Global Research Center, Thermal Systems Laboratory, Niskayuna, NY 12309

Meso Scale Pulsating Jets for Electronics Cooling

Microuid devices are conventionally used for boundary layer control in many aerospace applications. Synthetic jets are intense small-scale turbulent jets formed from periodic entrainment and expulsion of the uid in which they are embedded. The jets can be made to impinge upon electronic components thereby providing forced convection impingement cooling. The small size of these devices accompanied by the high exit air velocity provides an exciting opportunity to signicantly reduce the size of thermal management hardware in electronics. A proprietary meso scale synthetic jet designed at GE Global Research is able to provide a maximum air velocity of 90 m / s from a 0.85 mm hydraulic diameter rectangular orice. An experimental study for determining the cooling performance of synthetic jets was carried out by using a single jet to cool a thin foil heater. The heat transfer augmentation caused by the jets depends on several parameters, such as, driving frequency, driving voltage, jet axial distance, heater size, and heat ux. During the experiments, the operating frequency for the jets was varied between 3.4 and 5.4 kHz, while the driving voltage was varied between 50 and 90 VRMS. Two different heater powers, corresponding to approximately 50 and 80 C, were tested. A square heater with a surface area of 156 mm2 was used to mimic the hot component and detailed temperature measurements were obtained with a microscopic infrared thermal imaging technique. A maximum heat transfer enhancement of approximately 10 times over natural convection was measured. The maximum measured coefcient of performance was approximately 3.25 due to the low power consumption of the synthetic jets. DOI: 10.1115/1.2065727

Stanton Weaver
GE Global Research Center, Micro and Nano Structures Technology Lab, Niskayuna, NY 12309

Todd Wetzel
GE Global Research Center, Thermal Systems Laboratory, Niskayuna, NY 12309

Seyed Saddoughi
GE Global Research Center, Propulsion Technologies Laboratory, Niskayuna, NY 12309

Introduction
Thermal management of tight space, low power electronics applications is one of the current challenging engineering problems. More functionality, faster signal speed and tighter enclosures have resulted in an increase in volumetric heat generations. Typically, these devices are built in tightly sealed housings where space is at a premium. To improve the heat transfer path, a possible replacement for natural convection heat transfer is impingement heat transfer using micro/meso scale devices like synthetic jets. Heat transfer paths in wireless communication devices, such as cellular phones, pagers, two-way radios, and PDAs, etc. were presented by Lee et al. 1 . Much of the heat generated in IC packages is rst conducted into printed circuit boards, then transported to the housing interior walls by conduction, convection through air and radiative processes. The heat must then be conducted through the case walls, and nally removed to the ambient. The low thermal conductivity of the berglass epoxy resin-based printed circuit boards leads to a high thermal resistance between the heat source and the ambient. With the advent of smaller enclosures, higher digital clock speeds, greater numbers of power emitting devices and shorter design cycle times, thermal management becomes critical and must be considered early in the design cycle. Recently, Chriac et al. 2 described further thermal problems in power ampliers in mobile devices. CFD simulations for a power amplier device were presented, and tight space natural convection was analyzed. A study of synthetic jets, for thermal management of compact electronic devices such as cell phones was presented by Minichielo et al. 3 . They used synthetic jet technology to promote active cooling in a cellular phone mock-up. The authors observed
Contributed by the Electronic and Photonic Packaging Division of ASME for publication in the JOURNAL OF ELECTRONIC PACKAGING. Manuscript received October 11, 2004; nal manuscript received April 20, 2005. Review conducted by: Stephen McKeown. Paper presented at the 2004 ASME Heat Transfer/Fluids Engineering Summer Conference HT-FED2004 , July 11, 2004July 15, 2004, Charlotte, North Carolina, USA.

heat transfer enhancement of 24 times over natural convection. A similar enhancement over natural convection in air was also observed by Gillespie 4 . Parametric variation of enhancement in natural convection and derivation of optimum parameters was presented. Synthetic jets are small scale devices and they do not require an external uid source eliminating the need for input piping and complex uidic packaging. Researchers in several universities and companies have focused on both theoretical and experimental aspects of how to implement these zero-net mass-ux jets in real applications for a decade. Promising thermal ndings have been published for small volume, high ux applications such as cellphones and PDAs. In recent years, plane and round synthetic jets, that by timeperiodic alternate ejection and suction of the working uid through an orice, have been investigated both experimentally and numerically 5 . The studies have emphasized a compact ow generator in which the orice forms one of the surfaces of an otherwise sealed shallow cavity, where the ow is driven by the motion of a diaphragm that is built into one of the cavity walls. For a given actuation input, the effectiveness of the ow generator can be maximized when the diaphragm and cavity are driven at a coupled resonance that depends on both the cavity ow and the structural characteristics of the diaphragm. An isolated synthetic jet in the absence of a cross ow is produced by the interactions of a train of vortices that are typically formed by alternating momentary ejection and suction of uid across an orice such that the net mass ux is zero. Whereas the nominally axis-symmetric ow during the suction stroke may be thought of as similar to the ow induced by a sink that is coincident with the jet orice, the ow during the ejection stroke is primarily conned to a nite narrow domain in the vicinity of the jet centerline. During the momentary ejection, the ow separates at the sharp edges of the orice and forms a vortex sheet that typically rolls into a vortex 6 . Synthetic jet enhancement of natural convection and pool boiling heat transfer in an enclosure lled with a dielectric liquid FC-72 was presented by Garg et al. 7 . The jet actuator used in DECEMBER 2005, Vol. 127 / 503

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this study, produced planar, submerged liquid jets, which impinged upon the at foil heater and spread laterally along its surface. Augmentation of convective thermal transport from the heated surface was found to peak around 300 Hz and 120 VRMS, yielding nearly fourfold improvement over the natural convection. The highest enhancement of pool boiling was observed near boiling incipience, with the synthetic jet producing an earlier transition to nucleate boiling than encountered in a quiescent pool. The development of a closed-loop two-phase microchannel cooling system using electro osmotic pumping was presented by Jiang et al. 8 . The silicon heat exchanger achieved junction-uid resistance near 0.1 K / W, using 40 channels with hydraulic diameter of 100 m. The electro-osmotic pump with working volume of 1.4 cm3 achieved a maximum backpressure and a ow rate of 160 kPa and 7 ml/ min, respectively, using deionized water. The closed-loop system removed 38 W with pump power of 2 W, and junction-ambient thermal resistance near 2.5 K / W. An alternative technology to the synthetic jets is cantileverlike piezofans. Although they do not produce high magnitude ows, their effective ow area is higher than concentrated impinging synthetic jets. Recently, piezoelectric fans for the thermal management of electronic devices, were presented by Acikalin 9 . Several piezoelectric fans were fabricated and tested. For a piezoelectric fan with a steel shim length of 5 cm and 35% PZT patch coverage, a tip deection of more than 2 cm was attained under 60 VAC and 20 Hz. The piezo fans had a maximum power consumption of 10 mW. The fans increased the heat removal rate for a heat source by more than a factor of 2 relative to natural convection in a test setup comparable to a cell phone. When the orientation was altered, the enhancement due to the piezoelectric fan decreased signicantly. In a commercially available laptop, piezoelectric fans resulted in a temperature drop of more than 6 C in nearby power electronics, and more than an 8 C temperature drop in the surrounding air, over and above the effects of the rotational fan installed in the computer. The use of micro synthetic jets to disrupt the laminar ow in forced air convection in microchannels and improve the heat transfer to the cooling air was numerically studied by Timchenko et al. 10 . They reported that a fully optimized synthetic jet has the potential to signicantly improve heat transfer from an integrated circuit to the cooling uid. This paper discusses an experimental study for determining the performance of a synthetic jet for possible thermal management of electronic components. The jets were driven by a time harmonic signal and the operating signal frequency was varied between 3.4 and 5.4 kHz. The resonance frequency for a particular jet was determined by measuring the exit air velocity. The effect of varying the signal voltage and the spacing between the synthetic jet and heater on heat transfer augmentation was also studied. A microscopic an infrared thermal imaging technique was used to enable small area temperature measurements. The use of an infrared thermal imaging technique enabled the temperature distribution for the entire heater surface to be obtained, instead of just a few point measurements via thermocouples.

Fig. 1 Schematic of the heater arrangement

the heat source. The heater was attached to a plexiglass frame to improve the eld of view. The frame was attached to a styrofoam insulator. A Lexan holder was used to support the structure. The Lexan holder was designed to house a 100 mm diameter, IRtransparent ZnSe window at the center. As can be seen from the gure, both sides of the window were covered with Styrofoam plates to minimize heat losses. The heater temperature prole was rst obtained under natural convection conditions. The synthetic jet was then turned on and allowed to impinge perpendicularly on the thin foil heater. Heat transfer augmentation was measured by comparing the temperature proles under natural convection conditions with the jet on conditions. In order to be able to get the temperature prole for the entire heater with the maximum number of points, it was decided to use state-of-the-art microscopic infrared imaging for temperature measurement. Figures 2 and 3 show the pictures of the front and back views of the test set up. The jet was mounted on a traverse system, which enabled precise 3D location adjustment of the jet. In order to ensure that most of the electrical power input to the heater was dissipated from the surface of the heater facing the jet, it was essential to minimize the heat losses from the surface facing the IR camera. To avoid heat losses, a zinc selenide ZnSe window was mounted in between the IR camera and the heater. The window was mounted on the same Lexan holder on which the heater was mounted. ZnSe has high transmissivity to infrared radiation in the wavelength range of 810 m. Two properties had to be known in order to make temperature measurements using IR camera; the emissivity of the surface and the transmissivity of the IR window. The surface of the heater facing the IR camera was painted with a black paint, whose emissivity was measured using

Experimental Setup
The test setup was designed in such a way that the temperature measurements could be made using an IR camera. A thin foil heater was used as the heat source. In order to obtain the temperature prole of the entire surface, it was critical that the entire surface was visible to the IR camera. Temperature measurements had to be made while the jets were operating. The only way this could be achieved was by allowing the jet to impinge on one surface of the heater, and making the temperature measurements from the back surface using the IR camera. In order to ensure that a large fraction of the electrical power input to the heater was dissipated from the surface facing the jets, it was important to minimize the heat losses. The test set up used to study the heat transfer augmentation due to synthetic jets is shown in Fig. 1. A thin foil heater was used as 504 / Vol. 127, DECEMBER 2005

Fig. 2 Digital image of the jet side

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Fig. 3 Digital image of the camera side Fig. 4 IR image at high temperature

calibration experiments. The transmissivity of the IR transmissive window was also measured using separate calibration experiments. The synthetic jet was powered by means of a function generator. A time harmonic signal generated by the function generator was fed to a power amplier. The amplied signal was then fed to the synthetic jet. An oscilloscope was placed in the power circuitry to precisely measure the frequency and driving voltage. Calibration of the Emissivity and the Transmissivity. Two major components involved in the IR temperature measurements were the emissivity of the painted surface and the transmissivity of the IR window. If those parameters are not calibrated accurately, signicant temperature measurement errors could persist. Therefore, a careful calibration procedure was developed and carried out. In order to measure the emissivity of the black paint, a calibration plate was fabricated out of highly conductive aluminum. The plate was 50.8 mm in diameter with a thickness of 6 mm. A thin foil heater was attached at one face of the calibration plate. On the other face of the plate, 0.5 mm deep grooves were made for mounting T-type thermocouples. Thermocouples were tightly located in the grooves and the remaining clearances were lled with thermally conductive epoxy. The face of the plate with the thermocouples was painted with black paint. The foil heater was heated to several power levels to reach the desired plate temperatures between 30 C and 90 C. At each power level, the temperature was measured using thermocouples as well as the IR camera. By adjusting the emissivity parameter in the IR camera, temperatures were matched for both measurement techniques. The adjusted emissivity was taken to be the emissivity of the black paint. The thermocouple reading at steady state for the rst calibration point was 48.4 C. The IR point measurement for the thermocouple location, with an emissivity setting of 0.98 was 48.2 C. Two areas were selected near the thermocouple location. Their average temperatures at steady state were 49.2 C. Thus, an emissivity of 0.98 gave excellent agreement with thermocouple measurements. A higher temperature setting of close to 80 C was another point for paint calibration. A sample IR image is shown in Fig. 4. The thermocouple measurement for this setting was 80.4 C, while the IR point measurement was 79.9 C for the emissivity of 0.98. Once again two areas were selected in the vicinity of the thermocouple location. The area averages of the two areas were 80.1 C and 80.2 C. Good agreement was obtained between the thermocouple measurements and IR measurements by using an emissivity of 0.98 for the black paint. The next step was to obtain the transmissivity of the IR window. In order to obtain the transmissivity of the window, the same calibration plate was used. The heat ux to the heater was adjusted such that the temperature of the calibration plate was in the Journal of Electronic Packaging

vicinity of 80 C. The steady state temperature of the calibration plate was rst measured using IR camera alone without the window. Then the window was placed in between the IR camera and the calibration plate. At this point the transmissivity of the external optics was set to 1. Since the insertion of the ZnSe window caused the amount of radiation received by the camera to drop, the temperature recorded by the camera also dropped. The transmissivity value was then adjusted to make the recorded temperature equal to the steady state temperatures recorded without the window. Two different transmissivity values were used, 0.96 and 0.97. The results of this study are shown in Fig. 5. The steady state temperature recorded without the window was 82.0 C. The temperature recorded by the camera, upon insertion of the IR window, but without making any adjustment to the transmissivity was 80.2 C. The temperature recorded with a transmissivity value of 0.96 was 82.1 C and that with a transmissivity of 0.97 was 81.7 C. Thus for an emissivity of 0.96 there was a good agreement between the temperatures recorded by the IR camera without the window, and the temperatures recorded using the window. Therefore 0.96 was taken to be the value of the transmissivity of the IR window. The measured transmissivity agreed very well with the manufacturers data 11 . An array of 400 400 pointwise temperatures on the heater were recorded using a microscopic IR system. This would allow pointwise Nu numbers and heat transfer coefcients in the theoretical study of the synthetic jets later. Velocity Measurements. The jet velocity was measured by means of a TSI IFA 100 hot wire anemometry system. The jet operates by periodic ejection and suction of the uid. In order to capture both the suction and the ejection velocities the probe was placed close to the jet orice at a distance of approximately 1 mm. A computer code was used to separately average the ejection

Fig. 5 Transmissivity calibration

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Fig. 6 Typical velocity response of a synthetic jet

peaks and suction peaks. A typical velocity prole for the synthetic jet is shown in Fig. 6. The average exhaust velocity and average suction velocity was calculated. In order to study the variation of velocity with the driving frequency, the frequency was varied and average exhaust velocity was measured at each frequency. The exhaust velocity increased with driving frequency until it reached a peak and then started dropping. So there existed an optimum frequency at which the exhaust velocity was maximum. The exhaust velocity also increased with driving voltage. The variation of maximum exhaust velocity with driving voltage is shown in Fig. 7. It can be seen from the gure that the mean exhaust velocity increased sharply from a driving voltage of 50 VRMS to 90 VRMS, but increased much less from 90 VRMS to 110 VRMS. The mean exhaust velocity at 50, 90, and 110 VRMS was 59, 86, and 92 m / s, respectively. It was observed that the velocity behavior started saturating after 90 VRMS. Further increase in the driving power would not increase the velocities as much as at low voltages. Uncertainty Analysis. Standard techniques were followed to obtain the experimental uncertainty 12 . The basic uncertainty sources were temperature and power measurements, heat losses, and calibration errors. The IR measurements were calibrated against standard T-type thermocouples. The uncertainty associated with temperature measurement using the thermocouples was 1 C. The error in temperature measurements using the IR camera is introduced at two stages, rst due to the emissivity of the paint, and second due to the IR transmissive window. The error in temperature measurements due to emissivity is 0.5 C. The total error in the measurement of temperature using IR camera is 1.1 C in the temperature range where the experiments have been performed. It is interesting to note that most of this uncertainty was contributed by the thermocouple. A standard 0.1 precision resistor was placed in the power

Fig. 8 Temperature distribution under natural convection condition for lower heat ux

circuit to measure the current. Total uncertainty in the power measurements was estimated to be approximately 0.05%.

Experimental Procedure and Results

The thin foil heater dimensions were selected to be 12.5 12.5 mm2. The heat transfer augmentation experiments were conducted at two different heater power levels. The heat ux levels from the heater surface were chosen such that the maximum heater temperatures in natural convection were in the vicinity of 50 C and 80 C. At each heat ux level the variation of heat transfer augmentation with axial distance between the jet and heater as well as with driving voltage was studied. The axial distance between the heater and the jet was varied between 2 mm and 24 mm at seven distinct locations. In addition, the driving voltage was varied between 50 and 90 VRMS. The driving frequency during the experiments was kept constant and equal to the resonance frequency. The resonance frequency was previously determined from two different experiments. First, the resonance frequency of the jet was determined from the variation of the velocity with frequency experiments. Secondly, separate heat transfer experiments were conducted where heat transfer augmentation was measured as a function of driving frequency. From these experiments the resonance frequency was measured to be 4400 Hz. In the rst set of heat transfer augmentation experiments conducted, the power to the heater was set to such a level that the heater temperature was in the vicinity of 50 C. The total power input to the heater for this setting was 0.3 W. The IR image of the heater under natural convection conditions is shown in Fig. 8. Temperature at the lexan frame was found to be around 33 C, while the main styrofoam structure was at 25 C or near ambient. After the system reached steady state under natural convection conditions, the IR temperature distributions were recorded. Thereafter the axial distance between the jet and the heater was set to 2 mm. The synthetic jet was turned on, with the driving jet frequency set to 4400 Hz. The driving voltage for the rst set of experiments was 50 VRMS. After the system reached steady state, the IR image was recorded. The axial distance was then varied from 2 mm to 24 mm, in several steps, and at each step the steady state temperatures were recorded. The procedure was repeated for driving voltages of 70 VRMS and 90 VRMS. Figure 9 presents the variation of the temperature rise above ambient with the axial distance for various driving voltages. The heater temperature was found to decrease as the axial spacing between the jet and the heater was increased, until it reached a minimum. Thereafter increasing the distance led to an increase in the heater temperature. Optimum cooling was obtained at a distance of approximately 8 mm. The temperature rise above ambient under natural convection Transactions of the ASME

Fig. 7 Variation of the exhaust velocity with driving voltage

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Fig. 9 Variation of the temperature rise with jet axial distance for low heat ux case

Fig. 11 Heater temperature prole with the jet on V = 50 V, Distance= 8 mm

conditions was 27.8 C, while the minimum value under jet on conditions was 7.2 C. Thus the temperature rise decreased by a factor of 3.9 with the jet on. During the second set of experiments the heater power was set to a level such that the heater temperature was in the vicinity of 80 C. The heater temperature proles under natural convection and synthetic jet operating conditions are shown in Figs. 10 and 11, respectively. Figure 12 presents the variation of the temperature rise with axial distance for various driving voltages at this second heat ux level. It can again be seen that there is a maximum in heat transfer enhancement at around 8 mm jet to heater axial distance. The heater temperature rise above ambient under jet on conditions decreased by a factor of 4.1 compared to natural convection, for the high heat ux case. Going from 50 VRMS excitation to 70 VRMS only decreases the temperature by 1.5 K, while further increasing the jet driving power to 90 VRMS did not further improve cooling. In order to study the enhancement provided by the jet, an enhancement factor was dened. The denition of enhancement factor is given in Eq. 1 , Enhancement = hjet qjet Ts Tair = hnc qnc Ts Tair
nc jet

In Eq. 1 , Ts is the average heater temperature and qjet is the heat ux being dissipated from the surface of the heater facing the synthetic jet. Clearly, qjet was not equal to the total heat input to the heater, as there was a nite heat loss from the backside of the heater as well as by conduction from the heater to the support xture and from the support xture to ambient air. Similarly, qnc is

the heat ux being dissipated from the surface of the heater facing the ambient air and not facing the IR window. Again this heat ux was not equal to the total heat input to the heater as there was heat loss by conduction to the support xture as well as from the surface of the heater facing the IR window. In order to estimate the enhancement factor correctly, it was important to estimate these losses and use the correct values of qjet and qnc. An experimental approach was adopted to estimate these losses and is described below. The approach consisted of three steps. In step 1 , a thin foil heater was held in ambient air, using the electrical wires for support. In this conguration, both surfaces of the heater, were exposed to the same ambient conditions. The heat ux to the heater was turned on and steady state temperatures were recorded. It can be expected that in this conguration, the heat dissipation from both sides of the heater was the same and equivalent to the free convection heat transfer from the heater. Therefore heat dissipation from one side of the heater was half of the total input power. Heat input to the heater was varied from 0.028 W to 0.39 W in six steps. At each heat ux, steady state heater temperatures were recorded. A function relating the natural convection heat dissipated to the average temperature difference between the surface of the heater and the ambient was obtained. Regression analysis was done to t a second order polynomial to the experimental data. The function relating the heat ux to temperature difference is given in Eq. 2 , Qnc = 0.00003395 T2 + 0.0053 T 0.003838 where T = Ts Tair 2

Fig. 10 Temperature prole under natural convection for high heat ux case

Fig. 12 Variation of the temperature rise with jet axial distance for high heat ux

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Table 1 Heat loss from the heater back face during natural convection

The data from this rst step provides an estimate for free convection losses from the heater to ambient. The data for the natural convection experiments with the heater in the xture was used, in conjunction with the data from rst step, to estimate the conduction and convection heat loss from the back of the heater the side facing the IR camera for a given heater temperature. There were two natural convection runs, with the heater inside the xture: one with the heater at approximately 50 C and the other with the heater at approximately 80 C. The function from step 1 was used to estimate how much heat was being dissipated from the front surface Qfront of the heater for these two cases. Then by substracting Qfront from Qtotal, heat dissipated from the back surface was obtained Qloss for these two temperatures see Table 1 . The natural convection heat transfer coefcients are presented in the last column of Table 2, and simply dened as h= Qfront A T 3

It is to be noted that Qfront was a sum of heat dissipated by both convection and by radiation. Thus h, obtained by using the above equation was an effective heat transfer coefcient. The reason to choose effective h instead of a pure natural convection h, was that in any real application the heat dissipated from the surface would be a sum of both convection and radiation components. The h used henceforth in this paper, is based on heat lost by both convection and radiation. A linear equation relating Qloss to the temperature difference between heater and ambient was obtained:

Qloss = 0.007 T + 0.00162

In step 3, the heat transfer coefcients with the jet on were determined. Heat losses from the back face of the heater were determined by using Eq. 4 . By subtracting the heat losses from

Table 2 Heat transfer coefcients for low heat ux condition

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Table 3 Heat transfer coefcients for high heat ux condition

total heat input, the heat ux dissipated from the front face of the heater was determined. This value was then used to determine the heat transfer coefcient with the jet on. The data for the heat transfer coefcient for natural convection and jet operating conditions for low heat ux conditions is presented in Table 3. Figure 13 presents the heat transfer enhancement for the low heat ux condition for three jet excitation power levels. When the jet was located at the closest location i.e., 2 mm of 2.3 jet diameters from the heater surface, the overall enhancement was measured to be 5.5. The enhancement was found

Fig. 13 Enhancement factor for lower heat ux case

to be maximum at an axial distance of approximately 8 mm, or 9.3 jet diameters. The maximum enhancement was found to be approximately 10 times that of natural convection. Although the reason for an optimum spacing is being further studied, there are several possibilities that can account for it. First, at low spacing, the area of the heater being cooled by impingement is much smaller compared to larger spacing. This implies that the region of high heat transfer coefcient is smaller at a smaller spacing, leading to a lower average heat transfer coefcient. This in turn leads to higher average heater temperature. Another important aspect is the coolant temperature. The air exiting the jet during the exhaust cycle is hotter than the ambient, mainly because of the heat generated within the jet itself. When the jet is placed very close to the heat source, the temperature of the impinging air is close to the temperature of the air exiting from the jet. When the distance between the jet and the heater is increased, ambient air gets entrained, causing the temperature of the air impinging upon the heater to decrease substantially. In order to study this effect more carefully, air temperature measurements were made at different distances from jet orice in the absence of a heater. At 90 VRMS driving voltage, the air temperature increased by 11 C above ambient at a distance of 1 mm from the jet orice. The temperature increase at a distance of 8 mm was close to 4 C. When the jet was located further, the performance degraded. This is likely due to reduced velocities due to expansion of the jet. The variation in jet thermal performance for three excitation DECEMBER 2005, Vol. 127 / 509

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Fig. 14 Enhancement factor for higher heat ux case Fig. 15 Predicted and experimental heat transfer coefcients

levels was found to be within 10%. The heat transfer coefcients for the higher ux condition are presented in Table 3. Figure 14 presents the results for the higher power boundary condition. Similar enhancements were obtained for the high power condition. The 70 V and 90 V cases showed very similar behaviors, while the 50 V condition had about a 12% lower performance. For the same heater it is interesting to see the independence of thermal performance from the heat ux of the heater. This will provide a wider design space for the engineers. This is a strong indication that the synthetic jet is producing forced convection that is overwhelming heat-ux-driven free convection effects. A coefcient of performance was dened to study the heat transfer augmentation relative to the power consumed by the device. The COP was dened as the ratio of heat removed by the jet to the power consumed by it for a temperature rise of 15 C above the ambient. COP = Qjet P 5
T=15C

F1 = 2 Re1/2 1 + 0.005 Re0.55 and 1.1Dh r Dh G= H Dh r 1 + 0.1 6 Dh r 1 h= Nu k Dh

1/2

The values of COP for 3 different jet power levels are presented in Table 4. It can be seen from Table 4 that the COP is maximum at a driving voltage of 50 V, but decreases rapidly after that. In fact at 90 V driving voltage, the power consumed by the device is higher than the amount of heat removed from the heater. This clearly indicates a benet in operating the jet at lower driving voltages. The tests were not conducted at voltages below 50 VRMS, and the variation of COP with driving voltage at lower voltages remains to be studied. Predicting Pulsating Flow Heat Transfer. Impingement ows allow for short ow paths on the surface and then relatively high heat transfer rates are achieved. Over the last ve decades, a large number of experimental and numerical studies have been performed to understand the ow behavior and heat transfer characteristics. Many correlations have also been proposed by researchers, to compare the synthetic jet behavior with a conventional steady impinging jet. The empirical correlation from a single slot nozzle impingement jet is given as the following 13 : Nu = Pr0.42G where r H , F1 Re Dh Dh 6

This expression is valid for a range of Reynolds number between 2,000 and 400,000, while H / Dh ratio should be between 2 and 12, as well as r / Dh ratio should be between 2.5 and 7.5. In order to use a steady jet correlation to predict the heat transfer coefcient for a pulsating jet, a suitable jet exit velocity had to be used. For the current study, a time-averaged velocity was chosen as the velocity to be used in the correlation. So for a driving voltage of 50 VRMS, even though the peak exit velocity was 59 m / s, the time averaged velocity was only 29.3 m / s. Similarly for 90 VRMS driving voltage, the peak exit velocity and timeaveraged velocities were 86 m / s and 44.9 m / s, respectively. For the current experiments the Re number was found to be between 1500 and 2200 for 29.3 and 44.9 m / s, respectively. The comparison between predicted and experimental heat transfer coefcients is shown in Fig. 15. While the steady jet heat transfer coefcient continued to increase as the distance was decreased, the pulsating jet heat transfer coefcient was found to be optimum at a spacing of 8 mm. Decreasing the distance beyond 8 mm was found to decrease the pulsating jet heat transfer coefcient. At a distance of 8 mm, the predicted h was 14% higher than the experimental heat transfer coefcient for 50 VRMS driving voltage. As the distance was increased beyond 8 mm, the experimental heat transfer coefcient was found to decrease more sharply than the steady jet. At a distance of 24 mm, the predicted number was 30% higher than the experimental ndings. For 90 VRMS driving voltage, the discrepancies were found to be higher, being 31% at 8 mm spacing and 44% at 24 mm spacing. Since, the primary goal of the current study was determining the effectiveness of the synthetic jets for thermal management of conned high ux applications, no correlation development was

Table 4 Coefcient of performance

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sought. A further study based on an extensive DOE i.e., design of experiments with jet parameters such as size, driving power, frequency, orice size, hydraulic diameter, and heater geometric considerations such as axial distance, heated surface size, and surface characteristics, etc. would be useful to nd a suitable correlation to predict the Nu numbers and heat transfer coefcients in unsteady jets.

Greek symbols T Subscripts air e front jet h loss nc off on p RMS s density kg/ m3 temperature difference K dynamic viscosity kg m / s2 ambient experiment surface of the heater facing the synthetic jet synthetic jet hydraulic heat dissipated from the surface of the heater facing the IR camera natural convection jet off jet on predicted root mean square heater surface

Summary and Conclusions

An experimental investigation of synthetic jet devices to observe the unsteady impingement heat transfer over a small heater surface area was implemented to determine the full-eld thermal maps and heat transfer characteristics. The point-wise temperatures for pixel sizes as small as 30 m were determined with microscopic IR measurements. The micro uidic jet was excited between 0.15 mW and 0.67 mW. The resonance frequency was found to be 4400 Hz. It was found that jet effectiveness strongly depends on the axial distance and driving frequency. The maximum heat transfer enhancement over the natural convection was found to be approximately 10 at a jet distance of 8 mm or 9.3 jet orice diameters. It was found that the enhancement was slightly lower at higher heat uxes. This was mainly because of an increase in natural convection heat transfer coefcient at higher heater temperatures. The maximum experimentally measured heat transfer coefcient, based on heater surface area and average heater temperature, was found to be approximately 240 W / m2 K.

References
1 Lee, T. T., Chambers, B., and Ramakrishna, K., 1998, Thermal Management of Handheld Telecommunication Products, Electronics Cooling Magazine, 4 2 , pp. 3033. 2 Chiriac, V. A., Lee, T., and Lutz, D., 2003, System and Package Level Thermal Optimization of Power Amplier Modules with Applications in Wireless Communications, International Intersociety Electronic Packaging Conference, Hawaii, IPACK2003-35216. 3 Minichiello, A. L., Hartley, J. G., Glezer, A., and Black, W. Z, 1997, Thermal Management of Sealed Electronic Enclosures Using Synthetic Jet Technology, Advances in Electronic Packaging 1997, in Proceedings of the InterPACK97, EEP-Vol. 19-2, Vol. 2, pp. 18091812. 4 Gillespie, M. B., 1998, Local Convective Heat Transfer From Heated Flat Plates Using Synthetic Air Jets, M.S. thesis, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta. 5 Smith, B. L., Trautman, M. A., and Glezer, A., 1999, Controlled Interactions of Adjacent Synthetic Jets, 37th AIAA Aerospace Sciences Meeting, 99-0669. 6 Glezer, A., and Amitay, M., 2002, Synthetic Jets, Annu. Rev. Fluid Mech., 34, p. 303. 7 Garg, J., Arik, M., Bar-Cohen, A., Wolf, R., Vukasinovic, B., Hartley, J. G., and Glezer, A., 2002, Synthetic Jet Enhancement of Natural Convection and Pool Boiling in a Dielectric Liquid, Int. Heat Transfer Conference, Grenoble, France. 8 Jiang, L., Mikkelsen, J., Koo, J. M., Huber, D., Yao, S., Zhang, L., Zhou, P., Maveety, J. G., Prasher, R., Santiago, J. G., Kenny, T. W., and Goodson, K. E., 2002, Closed-Loop Electro-Osmotic Microchannel Cooling System for VLSI Circuits, IEEE Trans. Compon. Packag. Technol., 25 3 , pp. 347355. 9 Acikalin, T., 2002, Miniature Piezoelectric Fans for Thermal Management of Electronics, M.S. thesis, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Purdue University, IN. 10 V. Timchenko, J. Reizes, and E. Leonardi, 2004, A Numerical Study of Enhanced Micro-channel Cooling Using A Synthetic Jet Actuator, 15th Australian Fluid Mechanics Conference, Sydney, Australia. 11 Janos product manual, www.janos.com, 2004. 12 Moffat, Robert J., 1988, Describing the uncertainties in experimental results, Exp. Therm. Fluid Sci., pp. 317. 13 Incropera, Frank P., and DeWitt, D. P., Introduction to Heat Transfer, 3rd ed., Wiley, NY.

Nomenclature
A COP D h H IR k m Nu P Pr Q q Re r T U x V W surface area of the heater m2 coefcient of performance heat removed/ consumed power hydraulic diameter m heat transfer coefcient W / m2 K jet axial distance m infrared thermal conductivity of air W / m K constant in equation Nusselt number power consumed by the jet W Prandtl number heat W heat ux W / m2 Reynolds number radius m temperature C velocity m / s half of heater length m voltage V jet slot width m

Journal of Electronic Packaging

DECEMBER 2005, Vol. 127 / 511

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