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Fig. 1.1: The dark-cold expanding voids shown cause all radiated energy to be dissipated deep inside them as explained by Fig. 1.2.
Fig. 1.2: The Cause-Effect Paradox in the Crisis about the Origin of time, Arrows of Time, Entropy Growth and all Irreversibilities in Nature.
Fig. 1.3: Our Non-Expanding Neighborhood is home to thousands of galaxies. These are wrapped around by dark SPACE-3. Located in the Local Group of about 30 galaxies [picture center], we feel its coldness each night. But there is much more to say about this information. (Image Source: NASA/Wikipedia) FIRST, most of the shining galaxies shown are assumed to contain super massive black hole 6 at their center. Each Galactic Center therefore acts as a gigantic matter-energy sink in the immediate neighborhood of the black hole. SECONDLY, black holes are neither universal nor the largest thermodynamic sinks. The gigantic amount of radiation energy poured out from all the shining galaxies is evenly dispersed in all space directions, and is always proceeding from Space-3 into Space-2 that wraps clusters of galaxies. Therefore, only a very small portion of this wide-spread universal radiation energy reaches and irreversibly dissipated in galactic centers. In fact, most of it
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proceeds outside the dark space that dominates Fig. 1.3, thereby being irreversibly dissipated in expanding Space-1. THIRDLY, and most important, without the observed Space-1 expansion, the density of radiation energy (Fig. 1.2) in Spaces 1, 2 and 3, would increase with time, eventually reaching the highest temperatures maintained by nuclear fusion4 in active stellar cores, causing not only our roasting on earth and disintegrations of the all structures, but eventual equilibrium throughout all space. So if we owe our life to the universal rules of physics and bio-physics, we specifically owe it to Space-1 expansion. The apparent paradox involved here is what causes what: Said dynamics give rise to the 2nd Law of thermodynmaics, or vice versa. Gravitism is based on the first assertion. In other words, space-1 expansion is the prime cause of cosmic time, the Master Arrow of Time, the origin of entropy growth and of all observed irreversibilities in Nature. Next we plunge into specific verifiable facts that illustrate and support the universal scales and dynamics of involved in the meaning of Gravitism. Our LOCAL GROUP contains some 30 galaxies of different size and shape. Each galaxy contains billions of active stars. Superclusters Virgo include over 2,500 galaxies and is about 50,000,000 light years away from us. It stretches about 20,000,000 light years in diameter. Only Fig. 1.1 -- on a 10 times bigger scale shows our nearby Coma Superclusters, which contain about 800 major galaxies. Also the nearby superclusters Hydra are out of the picture. Further away are superclusters Hercules, which is about 50,000,000 light years across -- the home of about 5,000,000 galaxies. Our Milky-Way galaxy is less than a spot in the large-scale portrait of our visible universe. [Fig. 1.1]. While our galaxy harbors billions of sun-like stars, it is only 0.1 million light years across. The distance from us to our sun is about 8 light minutes.
Fig. 1.4: The Fundamentals of Gravitism Vs. the Earliest Dark Voids (dark blue) that had started our endless world differentiation and aggregations and have thus given rise to the history of our cold night sky and the cold-hot world at large. (Fig. 1.3). (Image Source: Wikipedia) The first-ever dark voids shown are the earliest differentiated components of expanding SPACE-1 that wraps around the yellow-green-red hot sources and irreversibly absorbs all the radiation poured into the voids from the gravitationally-condensing, and, therefore, heated material emitters. (Fig. 1.2). The universal differentiation-aggregations is isotropic and homogeneous.
Assertiion 2: Dynamics and thermodynamic in such a single cell represent those of the entire universe. Assertions 1 and 2 are based on the observed isotropic and homogeneous distribution of the cosmic dark voids in both Figs. 1.1 and 1.4 and the science of fusion. (Footnote 4).
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With the additional definition of supernovae (Footnote 5), it also means that the same max temperatures characterize all cosmic material emitters -- qualities that have been approximately preserved as the universe has further expanded into what is shown in Fig. 1.1.
Assertion 3: SPACE-I expansion comprises the earliest and most universal clock. We therefore define this unidirectional time as the 1st Cosmological Arrow of Time (Fig. 1.2) or THE MASTER TIME ASYMMETRY of all processes in the universe, including those of the living systems.
Assertion 4: Socio dynamics on earth are subject to the same laws of physics and chemistry as in the large-scale foundations of Gravitism. Said down-scaled dynamics are demonstrated and explained in Lectures 1 and 2.
Lecture 1 Synopsis
Starting from this Lecture, we search for the earliest and most remote origins of
time, arrows of time, irreversibilities, entropy growth, life and social dynamics. Socio-dynamics deals with the origin of the most private and collective traits of humanity and civilization. Example: Why people dynamics cannot be ruled under the objective dynamics that control the entire physical universe? Is there a verifiable, large-scale, physico-chemical cause-and-effect that has given rise to some destructive forces of humanity? What should be the science that deals with this fundamental phenomenon during all historical times? The methodology employed is to detect interconnecting facts that support the optional world outlook provided by Gravitism, using minimal pre-suppositions and imposed axioms. Though some fragments of these facts are scattered throughout the literature on specific problems, there is yet no dedicated professional framework to deal with the subject matter. The subject matter has never before been presented as a unified field of study, partially because it covers a relatively new field of integrated studies, and partially because specialized fragments are scattered throughout the literature on specific problems. As a result, different socio-proponents have approached this subject from widely varying and sometimes misleading viewpoints, employing disjointed concepts to what should be a unified methodology. Consequently, these Lectures depart from traditional, isolated texts, in emphasizing the interconnectedness of updated facts in different and apparently unrelated disciplines. Thus, in trying to develop a new INTEGRATED METHODOLOGY, we refrain from repeating well-known but isolated analyses, and, instead, stress the integrated consequences from the point of view of largescale physics and bio-chemistry that, combined, are termed Gravitism. For the sake of unification and simplicity, the physico-chemical supporting facts are first introduced in as simple a manner as possible, using illustrated graphs, pictures and drawings that can lead to testable consequences.
Verified evidence cannot yet be admitted to a number of topics presented here. Therefore, if scientists are counted as moderate skeptics, as no doubt they should, they must adopt the practice of suspend judgment. By this we do not mean radical empiricism, or the denial of any rational addition to sociology. Thus, we refrain from leaving the study of Gravitism in the various domains of sociodynamics to the sole care of disciplinary sociologists.
Differences
begin on the largest and earliest scales of the visible universe, as demonstrated in Figs. 1.1 and 1.4. We first focus on the shining emitters vis--vis the dark-cold cosmological Voids that absorb all the outpouring radiation, as marked in Figs. 1.1 and 1.2. It is an undisputed evidence that the dark voids not only expand, but their expansion is accelerated [1-5, 7, 9, 10, 20-52, 55]. This expansion, we assert and discuss below, not only causes the 2nd Law of thermodynamics of living systems [12-16], but via the Einsteinian-Gravity-Based evolution of galaxies, stars, planets and biophysics, has generated all life and its diversity. [17 and below].
SUPPORTING FACTS: 1) The core pillar of modern astronomy and astrophysics is the empirical HUBBLE LAW. It is based on verified observations since first discovered by Hubble in the 1920s. [1-4, 7, 9, 11, 52, 53, 55]1,2. Hubble Law is marked in Fig. 1.2 as Uo=Hor, where r is the distance from earth to CLUSTER I. r represents superclusters or a cluster of galaxies shown in Fig. 1.1. Here Ho is the Hubble Constant and Uo the recession velocity, namely, how fast the observed astronomical object is receding away from us, or how fast R(t) is increasing with time, or how fast SPACE-1 is increasing with time. 2) SPACE -1 wraps all superclusters of galaxies.3 It contains all expanding dark voids shown in both Figs. 1.1 and1.4. It does not, however, includes the non expanding superclusters.
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3) SPACE 2 wraps around but does not include the non-expanding clusters of galaxies, galaxies, stars, planets, moons, etc. 4) SPACE-3 wraps around but does not include the non-expanding moon, earth, solar system, and galaxies. [Cf. Figs. 1.2 and 1.3].
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Upscaling 1: Since Space-1 is expanding -- and its expansion rate has been observationally proved as being accelerated -- the universe is unidirectionally cooling down forever. The corollary is that eventually all energy density gradients depicted in Fig, 1.2 and in the solar system8 -- would flat, and all processes here and there would stop in what is called the final cold death. Downscaling 1: Said expansion generates the observed large-scale energy-density gradients [Fig. 1.2], which, in turn, generate small-scale stellar and planetary temperature gradients the ones that allow life to emerge and be sustained. [17]. Downscaling 2: Einsteinian gravity [general relativistic physics] is wellapproximated by Newtonian Physics as one goes down the scales of size-mass. Accordingly, above a certain size-mass, all is structured by specific gravity, the heaviest components down in the core; the lightest up at the top. We term this phenomenon gravitationally-induced selectivity or gravitationally-induced survival of the fittest. [Lecture 2]. Downscaling 3: Adiabatic envelopes7 in the observed homogeneous and isotropic universe are always located between any pair of superclusters or clusters of galaxies. [Fig. 1.2]. Collecting all said spots forms Space-1 cells (adiabatic surfaces-envelopes around superclusters or clusters7), each of which evolves as representative of the entire universe that we cannot observe due to the event horizon/Space-1-expansion discussed next.
C. String theories, black holes, gravity-based linguistics, Limitations of Theories, dark matter and dark energy are treated in the next online Lectures.
FOOTNOTES
1.
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Fundamental physics should the same for all observers, accelerating linearly, rotating, standing on a small astronomical body, like earth, or on a massive star. This need provides the basis for using coordinate translators that we call tensors.
EGR is expressed in terms of Einstein local metric tensor and its curved spacetime mathematical derivatives [Volume I, Ref. 17]. Distances deduced theoretically can thus be determined locally between two infinitesimally close points in curved space-time. It is, therefore, an unresolved issue to determine within the framework of each model, how to evaluate large distances between two distant points. The issue should not be confused with the fact that SPACE-1 [the Master Black Sink] size increases with time. Yet, in debating the validity of each proposed model, one must specify the space-time-curvature -- the curve-path-of-light that connects two such cosmic-apart points. Unfortunately, for the theoretician who wishes to gain support for his own specific model, that determination depends on HIS OWN selected cosmological model. In the Commoving Distance Model, for instance, commoving distances cannot be fixed. In practice, the distance of distant objects are best measured by their luminosity -- which is reduced by the square power of the distance to the radiation source [17] and by the redshifts of their incoming electromagnetic radiation.
orbit around the sun and at angle of 61 degrees tilted upward [northward] from the plane of the disk-like Milky Way. We travel around the sun at about 30 km/sec. These speeds should not be confused with the recession speed of clusters and super-clusters of galaxies away from each other. [R(t) Fig. 1.2]. This is the Hubble expansion. Our galaxy is deviating from this uniform expansion motion by about 600 km/sec.
light-years away. Andromeda and our galaxy are the largest in our Local Group, which is about 10,000,000 light-years in its largest spatial diameter, namely, the size of our local group is about 100 times the size of our galaxy. Our local group includes M31 (Andromeda), M49, M58, M59, M60, M61, M84, M86, M87 and M89. Radiation pressure on any test-surface facing the lowest radiation-energy density value in the universe [adiabatic envelopes in mid cold Voids of SPACE-1, are less than that exerted by radiation impinging on that test surface from the other side, namely, from the one facing the source of radiation. (This is the familiar phenomenon behind SOLAR SAILS in space research.) The result is the universal driving force for energy transport from all hot radiation sources to cold SPACE-1, whereby the energy-density gradients inside adiabatic envelopes constitute the driving force of all irreversible processes in K for all the energy outpouring into it from all shining sources. SPACE-1 expansion is the prime mover of all irreversible processes in nature. Nature, and of the 2nd law of thermodynamics. Conclusion: With or without localized black holes, only expanding, cold, SPACE-1 [the Master Black Sink] provides us, with the universal, UNSATURABLE SINK, the cause of the 2nd Law.
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When a certain amount of iron is formed in the interiors of active stars, endothermic reaction replaces the exothermic one. (The exothermic reaction generates energy in the stars, while the endothermic one consumes it.) All active stars produce energy through such nuclear fusion.
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THE COLLAPSE: At this stage the core pressure falls and the doomed star cannot support the gravity-induced weight of its upper layers. This leads to a gigantic collapse-implosion of the entire star structure. A few general-relativistic deterministic options then emerge, depending on the mass and details of the doomed massive star: (i) if the mass of the star is about 1.4 times that of the sun, the star slowly decays into a white dwarf, (ii) if its mass is larger, the formation of an extremely packed neutron star or a black hole is the end result (in which no atomic nuclei structure survives), (iii) a gigantic supernova explosion follows the collapse-implosion by bouncing back from a central dense body [neutron star]. Type Ia supernovae harbor consistent brightness (absolute luminosity) because their progenitor is accreting mass from a nearby star, always imploding into the central neutron star at exactly the same mass -- the Chandrasekhar Mass Limit. [CPP, Volume I]. The Canada-France-Hawaii Telescope Legacy Survey Supernova Program is designed to measure several hundred high-redshifted supernovae. Massive stars: Due to their high, gravity-induced, inner-core pressurestemperatures, massive stars are much faster than smaller stars, like the sun, to exhaust their hydrogen-helium fuel by nuclear fusion. The resulting higher pressures-temperatures in massive stars cause faster releases of fusion energy in the interiors of these stars. From there the energy reaches the outer layers of the star and eventually leaves the star and spreads out in Spaces 3, 2 and, eventually, 1. 6. Black holes are postulated astronomical local objects that are spread throughout galaxies and superclusters of galaxies that are wrapped around by non-expanding SPACE-3, or may exist within Spaces 2 and 1. Black holes come into being by gravity and the expansion of unsaturable SPACE-1 [the Master Black Sink]. They act as additional unsaturable sinks to that caused by the expansion of SPACE-1. Like stars and galaxies, black holes cannot be formed without SPACE-1-expansion. Astrophysicists expect to detect black holes ranging between roughly the mass of a few suns to ten billion times greater. Such super-massive ones are postulated to be in the center of some extremely bright galaxies, including the Milky Way and quasars.
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Black holes are LOCAL, general relativistic cosmological sinks for all matterenergy arriving and falling into them. They are postulated to be highly concentrated, local gravity-sinks where the gravity field is so strong that nothing, not even light, can escape from them. General relativistic cosmology predicts them as one-way sinks in space-time. Some are assumed to be in the center of some galaxies. They may be associated with what is observed and termed quasars. Within a black hole all atomic and sub-atomic structures had already been crushed to become only geometrically-curved space-time. This is due to the extremely strong gravitational field within the black hole. The cause of that total break down of all structures is only gravity. Quasars and black holes. Quasars are assumed to be super massive forms of black holes. Hundreds have been detected by NASA's Spitzer space telescope, which measures infrared light, and by Chandra, which measures X-ray emissions. These quasars are in young (far-away) galaxies that are surrounded by relatively high-density gas that emits X-rays as it is being sucked into and accelerated towards a one-way sink of a massive black hole. Quasars and black holes form local sinks, in addition to the universalunsaturable sink generated by SPACE-1-expansion. Most quasars recede from us at speeds of over 150,000 km per second. They are among the brightest objects in the universe, with the average quasar being 100,000 times brighter than the Andromeda galaxy. Their gigantic energy output is probably powered by super massive black holes swallowing nearby stars. Their X-rays emissions are detectable even when they cannot be detected. It is speculated that about 9 to 10 billion years ago, when the age of the universe was between 2.5 to 1.5 billion years, many "super massive" black holes had been formed inside large galaxies during their initial stages.
three points on such imaginary surfaces, namely, where there is No net energy flow across them. These surfaces wrap around superclusters of galaxies in 3 dimensions. No net energy flow means that radiation [and matter particles] somewhat similar to the ones detected within our solar wind do not cross such adiabatic surfaces. The maximum temperature attainable in each galaxy is about the same. It is roughly the same as that generated initially by supernovae and is attributed to: (i) the maximum temperature in stellar cores during fusion in all active stars, (ii) The maximum temperature during supernovae explosions. (iii) The maximum detectable temperatures attainable by at the external surfaces of quasars or galactic centers that harbor gigantic black holes.
8. The Solar System is composed of our sun, the orbiting planets, moons,
asteroids, comets, rocks, gases and dust, all bounded together by the COMBINED attractive gravitational field of the sun, our galaxy, our local group of galaxies, our super-clusters of galaxies [Fig. 1.3] and the gravitational field of all the masses in the rest of the universe. The sun, like all active stars, is a self-gravitating massive sphere of sub-atomic particles in a state of hot plasma that is pressed-heated by the attractive force of gravity. It accounts for about 99% of the solar system total mass. Its diameter is about 1.392 million km and is slightly larger than of an average star in our Milky Way galaxy. About 74% of the suns mass is hydrogen, with about 25% helium. Gravity-captured debris from previous generations of earlier gas or stars/supernovae, had started to condense and fall into or orbit the sun, gradually structuring the currently observed solar planets. During more than half of its present age, the universe did not harbor our solar system. The Solar System extends far beyond the farthest planets, asteroids, comets, rocks and dust in our community. It is located inside non-expanding Space 3 that wraps our entire galaxy and is spatially interconnected with Spaces 2 and 1.
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The Solar Systems outer boundary is where the solar wind clashes with other active-stars-winds emerging from nearby stars. It may form there a gigantic shock wave called heliosphere. The non-flat, clashing surface, is twisted and different in temperatures and composition as affected by winds emerging from close, or far-away stars. No Net Suns Energy Remains in Earth: This is the verified result of complicated thermal cycles in our atmosphere and on earths surface. [Our atmosphere comprises the following gravity-induced layers: Homosphere from sea level to 80km (Troposphere up to about 13km; Ozone layer about 13-43km; Stratosphere 13-50km; Mesosphere 50-80km); Thermosphere 80-175 km (dilute Nitrogen 80-15km, Oxygen 105-128km, Helium 128-150km, Hydrogen 150-175km)]. Much work has been done concerning methods to reduce man-induced carbon emissions, e.g., by deleting from or injecting into it what can economically decrease its absorption and/or increase its reflectivity. These may change the atmospheric net heat balance. On ATTRIBUTING CURRENT CLIMATE CHANGE to acts of humanity: The monotonic increase in (automatically) measured global temperatures does not show the 11-YEARS SOLAR CYCLE during which the sun luminosity changes. These changes are the results of complicated sun-interior convection currents, granulation, magnetic field lines between changing sunspot pairs, huge solar flares, etc.
1.
Such short-time cycles may correspond to the unexplained Little Ice Age that chilled Northern Europe during the late 17th century, suggesting a causal link between solar total luminosity activity and climate change on earth.
2.
There have been 17 or 19 ice ages: From about 3,000,000 years ago until the last one, which gradually ended from about 12,000 to 8000 years ago. These ages have strongly affected ecological systems on earth, and each lasted about 50,000 to 100,000 years and each had lowered the surface of the oceans, resulting in climate-induced changes in life and all ecological systems.
3.
The incoming sun energy [Cf, Solar Wind] is partially reflected [and scattered] from the upper layers of our atmosphere [about 30%] back to non-expanding Space-3, and, eventually, to expanding SPACE-1. Most incoming short-wave energy [about 64%] is reflected back to Spaces 3, 2 and eventually absorbed in the deepest-coldest VOIDS/SPACE-1 [THE
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MASTER BLACK SINK] as long-wave radiation that results from the suns energy undergoing complex processes in the earths atmosphere and on the earth surface. Thus, all incoming suns energy (plus about 6% of heat from the earths interior], is proceeding further into the depths of Spaces 3, 2 and 1. Unlike planets, all active stars generate and spread out radiation energy-matter that is generated in their very hot interiors by fusion. The sun, for instance, emits this energy-matter as solar wind, which spreads in all directions and is eventually dissipated in SPACE-1. On its way to SPACE-1, the solar wind engulfs earth and the other solar planets. No equivalent amount of this incoming radiation energy remains with this and the other planets, as many wrongly assume. Part of it is reflected immediately by our upper atmosphere to outer, cold-dark spaces 3, 2 and, eventually, to Space-1. The rest of the solar wind enters our atmosphere, and following complicated thermal-ecological-hydrological cycles it dissipates irreversibly in outer colddark Space 1. The outgoing energy includes additional, small amount of energy from the earths interior. On its way to SPACE-1 the solar wind first undergoes through a huge shock wave that is generated at the solar system outer boundary. It is there where it clashes with opposing solar winds from nearby stars. Together with similar solar winds generated by billions of stars in our galaxy, this radiation reaches SPACE 1 -- the unsaturable, limitless, universal sink of all radiation energies pouring into it from all stellar and galactic sources [12-18]. That one-way, irreversible energy dissipation in SPACE-1 -- the Master Black Sink -- is driven by the radiation energy gradients formed between Spaces 3 to 2, and between Space 2 and 1. About 2 billion years post genesis, most gravity-induced, proto-massive-entities have already been condensed by gravity so as to ignite nuclear fusion inside their cores and radiate the produced energy from their outer surfaces. Figs. 1 and 3 provide proof of an isotropic and homogeneous universe in terms of large-scale distribution of cold voids, hot matter-structures-emitters and their maximum temperature. There are no net energy flows across adiabatic envelopes in SPACE-1.
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Matter (gas, plasma) has been aggregated by the force of gravity to form selfgravitating entities -- the early massive stars -- possibly include some quasars. 9. Galactic Centers. The center of our galaxy is called Sagittarius A. It is a very compact source of radio waves that originate from gas and dust heated to millions of degrees K as they are postulated to fall into the galactic center, which is further postulated to contain a super-massive black hole. Galactic centers of other galaxies are postulated to contain such a super massive black hole. They may contain huge amounts of matter [mass], each in the range of hundreds of thousands to tens of billions of the mass of the entire solar system. 10. Symmetry-Asymmetry & Super symmetries. Various branches of super symmetries are postulated in string theories. For instance, some theorists introduce to theoretical physics a kind of primitive symmetry: If the universe is eternal into the future it must be eternal into the past, or prior to creation [the big-bang], there must have been a symmetric contraction into an allcontaining black hole.. As the density had increased during that pre-creation contraction, gigantic black holes are claimed to be formed, and, at the instant of maximum contraction, they had switched to expansion, and only one of them has turned into our expanding universe. Upcoming tests at CERN or by the Planck Satellite or by the ground-based LIGO and VIRGO observatories, may reveal slight variations in gravitational radiation that are claimed to be associated with such postulated effects, say, on the polarization of the cosmic black body radiation. 11. Merging-Colliding Galaxies
Our galaxy is predicted by some models to collide with the Andromeda galaxy in about 5 billion years. The rate of galactic collisions was much higher in the past, mainly because the galaxies were closer to each other. Andromedas system consists of Cassiopeia Dwarf, Pegasus dSph, M32, M110, NGC 147, NGC195, AND I-V, etc. The Triangulum Galaxy, the 3rd largest galaxy in our local group, also includes the Pisces Dwarf as a satellite. Our satellite galaxies consist of the Large and Small Magellanic Clouds, Ursa Minor Dwarf, Darco Dwarf, Sculptor Dwarf, Canis Major Dwarf, Fornax Dwarf, Carina Dwarf, Sextans Dwarf, Tucana Dwarf, Leo I, Leo II, Leo A, Sag DEG, etc.
Lecture 2
Socio-Gravitism
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Many aspects of animals social organization and evolution can be predicted on the basis of gravity-induced environmental variables. Since biogeochemical evolution causes key natural resources to be distributed non-uniformly in the spatial and temporal coordinates of the biosphere, resource monopolization develops in all levels of socio-biological systems.
geological strata are ordered-selected by the specific gravity of their chemical components. It was gravity that put the early components of living systems at one and the same strata.
Gravity Selection is therefore a key component of Natural selection. Gravity is also the universal builder of structures, including all chemistry in the cores of gravitationally pressed-heated stars [See fusion in Lecture I], geological strata, earth morphology the entire evolution of life, village/city structures, transportation systems, linguistic hierarchy, recorded symbols, letters, grammar vs. time, structure of sentences, pages, books, shelves, houses.
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Using gravity pointers up, down, left, right, we generate signs and record numbers and letters for a later use and for other to read.
Assertion 1 The origin of temporal behavior in animals can be traced back in time and out to external physical influences. Even innate patterns" are frequently associated with simple orientation movement in the field of gravitation, i.e., as "up-warddownward" balancing of the biological body vis--vis the gravity pointer. Gravity periodicities around the sun emerge as prime sources of order via time and the arrow of time.
Additional
examples range from gyroscope inertial changes and gravity-induced changes involving the fluid in the vertebrate inner ear to a crystallizing suspension of organic spheres in water.
The sensing devices which plants and animals use for "gravity perception"
("gravity receptors", "g-perception", "bio-accelerometers", "gravity-induced biological clocks", etc.) are not yet well understood, even though a voluminous literature has been published on this subject. But what we already know justifies the central role we claim gravity plays in living systems and society.
Gravity-induced orientation-adaptation of an organism may occur when an organism orients itself by a gravity-induced gradient of density differences or hydrostatic pressure. Small organisms (including all bacteria) may have no means for sensing gravity, but they are affected by it.
Each of the billions of cells in our body contains specific organelles and nuclei,
which are heavier than the rest of the cell. These are key instruments in our lives, in our orientation, balancing, walking, reading, etc. Plants and animals always obey the gravity-induced commanding-guiding force, for a reason. They try to maximize sun input and minimize shadows from other trees. We form no exception. Even with closed eyes. we always feel and obey the ever-present gravity force. We and all animals detect it to orient ourselves anyplace on earth, and balance our motion. Assertion 3 When a limited terrestrial space is divided into lots in a community, it carries economic and social standing, or "lebensraums" involving "well-defined territories" and "Gravity-induced Natural Selection"; from animals' mating systems to animals' monopolies on water resources; from natural food administration to the control of key strategic ridges; from controlling fossil fuel resources to disputes over territories. In fact, as discussed below, much of 26 currently known socio-biological the evolution, and much of human history may be reassessed along these lines.
4.
One species, or one sex, may control a larger quantity of resources, say, scarce
water ponds, than the other, until a small percentage of the population monopolizes key resources. We observe this phenomenon in both the animal and human domains of sociobiology. In humans these gravity-induced territoriality is often developed into nationality, strategy and wars.
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Whole
cultures, civilizations and religions have been constructed on gravity-induced human orientability, concepts, spirituality, art, music, home structure, village structure, wells, canals, boats, trade, agriculture, and even law enforcement by hanging [17].
Assertion 4 Even the computer page is ordered by up, bottom,laft, right margins, footnotes, first and last pages. And it takes time to read them and to comprehend them; the time that always advances from past to future; the time that we term Linguistic-Musical Arrow of Time. Similarly, gravity-induced ordering of shelves, files, documents and books in a library introduces order into our life.
History
testifies that such gravity-induced cultural phenomena may proceed beyond Such gravity-induced order dominates not grammar and social order far into only composition-order-asymmetry of the spiritual and hierarchical everyday life, but our brain-mind domains: High priest, low deck, perception and arrow of time [17]. high commissioner, and highness, heaven, lofty, go to the bottom of the subject, etc.
We train our brain-mind to appreciate only gravity-induced, configurationorder-orientation and reject chaos and disorder. In short, we reject what does not well align with gravity-induced posture, standing and sitting modes. Our brain-mind searches for what is 'right' via gravitationally induced symmetries and asymmetry standards.
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Each picture we observe, each letter-symbol, word and sentence that we read, or hear, forms in our brain-mind a specific aggregated, configuration-boundary, gravity-oriented asymmetry in three-dimensional reality, or its equivalents in examining a two-dimensional page-space, or a computer display page-space. The three-dimensional configuration is than completed in our mind. Each letter-symbol, each word and each sentence generates an aggregated, configuration-boundary-asymmetry in our brain-mind, where it had been irreversibly recorded and compared with what has been forced on our brain-mind by previous forces of our education; -- the STANDARDS at home, school, social group, tribe, nation, religion or a specific branch of civilization. Time reversal of musical notes destroys our pleasure. One cannot enjoy it if it is played in reverse. The structure and modulation of voice and the sentences a human mind seeks to identify with are similarly affected.
The origin of temporal behavior in animals can be traced back in time and out
to external physical influences. Gravity and geophysical periodicities emerge as prime sources of order and information in all non-living and living systems. Animals low on the evolutionary scale depend little on learning, and have a lesser adaptability to changes in the environment. Consequently, their dependence on heredity-geophysical-gravitational origins is high in proportion to animals high on the evolutionary scale.
Biological structures in the inner ear include semicircular canals and a fluid
that moves, by gravity force, with respect to the gravity vector and activates a system that transmits linear and rotational motions vis--vis the gravity vector to the vestibular nerve, which carries these signals through the brainstem to our brain cerebellum, which, in turn, uses them to control our balancing, orientation, coordination and movement. The vestibular system in our ears comprises two semi-circular canals, which are used to indicate our rotational movements, and otoliths, which indicate linear translations.
The vestibular system sends signals primarily to the neural structures that
control our eye movements, and to the Cerebellum-muscles system that keeps us upright and helps maintain clear vision-orientation vs. the gravity vector.
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Gravity
causes changes in cell division, metabolism and the immunity system. Reproduction is also impaired and the immune cells cannot differentiate into mature cells in low or zero gravity conditions attainable in space crafts. The size of a biological cell depends on the local gravity vector its size increases in larger local gravitational field-force values. Bone cells must attach themselves to something and will die if they cannot. Without the gravity force-field they float around and perish.
Protoplasmic
motion, cytoplasmic viscosity and specific gravity of cell components -- relative to the ground-plasma are also vital components. Moreover, when animals evolve on land, outside the oceans, they develop stronger skeletons to cope with larger gravity forces vis--vis the reduced one due to buoyancy in the waters. Earlier lifeforms in the oceans were smaller and had a jellyfish-like configuration. Without strong skeletons land animals could not come into being.
Each of the billions of cells in our body contains specific organelles and nuclei,
which are heavier than the rest of the cell. These are key instruments in our lives, orientation, balancing, walking, reading, etc.
They try to maximize sun input and minimize shadows from other trees. We form no exception. Even with closed eyes, we always feel and obey the ever-present gravity force, and detect it to orient ourselves anyplace on earth, and balance our motion.
Blood
circulation
and
its
pressure
are
also
affected
by
gravity.
Space travel may involve living in zero or low gravity values (hypo gravity). During post-stall supermaneuverability attainable by future [jet-steered or thrust-vectored] fighter aircraft, the gravity-acceleration forces on both aircraft and pilot are critical.
RECAP:
Gravity generates structures and controls all geological layers and global phenomena ranging from mountain crests, gravity-induced tectonic folds, valleys, beaches, oceans and lagoons, to springs, wells, swamps, glaciers and rivers, and the bio-systems connected with them. Without gravity-induced orientation-order and grammar we are lost in any given written language. Gravity-induced grammar prevents us from vertical reversals. Similarly, horizontal reversals prevent us, say, from reversals of W to M. There are more complicated gravity-induced grammar rules. They range from preventing reversal of past into future, and vice versa, to use gravity-induced structures as reference: A mountain crest, valley, beach line, river bed, sky, earth, ocean, etc. Gravity-sensing cells function as detectors of the direction of gravity. The fluidparticles systems inside cells initiate inner convective currents that cease under
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zero gravity. Thus, the absence of gravity affects the contacts of cells via their membrane potential and their cytoskeletons.
controls all geological layers and global phenomena ranging from mountain crests, tectonic folds and uplifts, valleys, village and city structures, transportation systems, oceans and lagoons, to springs, wells, swamps, glaciers and rivers, as well as the ecological-systems connected with them.
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Nevertheless, the cardinal role gravity plays in the treatment of gravity-induced disorders in biological systems, human perception, health and longevity, has been largely overlooked by health providers and researchers, partly because the key role of gravity as the universal generator of all socio-gravity-dynamics, has not yet been well understood and investigated.
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