CHAPTER ONE

1.0 1.1 Introduction Background of the Study

Professional builders have been in constant experimentation over the past twenty years in an attempt to learn how to increase the level of sustainability in their building practices. In response to growing concerns about building quality, health, quality of life, energy costs and dwindling natural resources, an increasing number of building professionals are embracing green building. This holistic approach to homebuilding emphasizes quality construction, energy efficiency, good indoor air quality and livable neighbourhoods (Build it Green, 2005). In an industry once dominated by economics and aesthetics, the popularity of sustainable building practices has been growing immensely. This can be explained by the general increase in public environmental awareness and concern. A sustainable building, also referred to as a green building, is a structure that is designed, built, renovated, operated, or reused in an ecological and resource-efficient manner. objectives. Sustainable buildings are designed to meet certain life cycle based These objectives include: protecting the health of building occupants;

improving employee productivity; using energy, water and materials more efficiently; incorporating recycled-content building materials; adding compost and yard waste prevention practices into the landscape design; and reducing the environmental impacts associated with the production of raw materials, building construction, and building maintenance and operations. The results: enhanced occupant health and productivity, significant cost savings, and a better environment.
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Green buildings may cost more upfront, but saves operating costs over the life of the building. The green building approach applies a project life cycle cost analysis for determining the appropriate up-front expenditure. Cost savings can be fully realized when an integrated team of professionals is contracted. The integrated system of approach ensures that the building is designed as one system rather than a collection of stand-alone systems. Over the lifespan of a green building the cost savings can be 20 70 percent less than structures built to current codes. Even with a tight budget, many green building measures can be incorporated with minimal or zero increased upfront costs and they can yield enormous savings (Environmental Building News, 1999). In the late 1980's, the notion of sustainable development was beginning to generate interest. Buildings account for one-sixth of the worlds fresh water withdrawals, onequarter of its wood harvest, and two-fifths of its material and energy flows (D.M Roodman and N. Lenssen, 1995). resources efficiently. Population growth and housing development have many impacts on the environment and on quality of life issues. The sheer number of existing housing units as well as the potential impact of future growth in the study area directly speaks to the need of an integrated green building approach to housing. There are many very real benefits to living in a green home, and every day, more and more people are discovering those benefits. That is why green homes are expected to make up 10% of new home construction by 2010, up from 2% in 2005, according to the 2006 McGraw-Hill Construction Residential Green Building SmartMarket Report. Some of the benefits are as follows:
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Building "green" is an opportunity to use our

A Healthier Home
Green homes use of toxin-free building materials helps combat indoor air pollution, which can be much worse than outdoor pollution. Unhealthy air inside can pose serious health risks for residents, including cancer and respiratory ailments like asthma. Such non-toxic materials include wheatderived strawboard, natural linoleum made from jute and linseed oil, paints with little or no volatile organic compounds and toxin-free insulation made from soybeans, recycled paper or even old denim. Green homes have far fewer problems with mold or mildew. Natural ventilation in green homes, as well as use of mechanical ventilation systems to filter and bring fresh air inside and vent stale air outside, keep residents breathing easy.

A Cost-Efficient Home
A green home is more durable than most standard homes because of its highquality building materials and construction processes, requiring fewer repairs. Month to month, people who live in green homes save money by consuming 40% less energy and 50% less water than standard homes (Green Home Guide, 2007). Over the years, that adds up to big savings. The net cost of owning a green home is comparable to or even cheaper than owning a standard home. If upfront costs are higher, it is often because many architects, homebuilders, engineers, plumbers and other industry professionals just dont have the knowledge and experience to cost-effectively plan, design and build a green home. Finding a professional familiar with green-building
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techniques will save you money and ensure youre getting the best-quality work possible. A healthier home means fewer expensive doctors visits and fewer days of missed work.

An Environmentally Friendly Home

Far fewer natural resources are used in the construction of a green home. Many green building materials have significant recycled content. Some companies, for example, now make carpets and floor tiles from recycled tires and bottles. Green homes can also be constructed with salvaged materials from demolished buildings. Green homes use materials made from rapidly renewable materials, like bamboo, hemp, agrifibers and soybean-based products. Building a standard 232.26m2 home creates approximately 2 tons of

construction waste that ends up in landfills. Construction of a green home, however, generates 50% to 90% less waste (Green Home Guide, 2007). Efficient plumbing and bathing fixtures, drought-tolerant landscaping and water-conserving irrigation systems help green homes use, on average, 50% less water than standard homes (Green Home Guide, 2007).

1.2

Need for the Study

We cannot avoid impacting the environment when we build a house, but we can work toward reducing that environmental impact. New construction, whether of a single home or a large development, contributes to the states economic vitality and helps meet our pressing need for more housing. At the same time, every new home places
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additional demands on our supplies of land, water and energy, and on our infrastructure of roads, sewers and other services. Therefore, a green building looks into reducing of such demands.

1.3

Research Question/Problem

This project is designed to answer the question, are green buildings which are cost effective and environmentally friendly equal or better in quality than conventional buildings. The Kaduna Property and Development Company (KSDPC) is constantly building, renovating and fixing buildings within the neighbourhood. The energy and resources used in the construction in Malali is abundant and far surpasses sustainable levels. It is time to explore new alternatives in building materials and process. This will ensure that construction is as environmentally sounded as possible. When answering this research question it is important to note that there will be a bias present. I am an Environmental and Resource Study student interested in sustainability; therefore I am more in favour of green products. I realize it is our job to influence contactors to become greener and this is where the bias will appear. More importantly we are responsible in making sure that the contractors are aware of green buildings and their potential benefits. This project will help builders with the best building practices.

1.4

Aim

Towards achievement of a sustainable natural ecosystem through the development of green buildings.

1.5

Objectives

This project brings attention to the benefits that can be derived from sustainable building practices which can be built on the following objectives:

To examine the existing Building types for green building compatibility To examine the effect of design, building materials, and infrastructure available to the housing estate on green building compatibility.

To bring attention to the benefits that can be derived from green building practices.

1.6

Hypothesis

Supporting the objectives mentioned above are the following hypotheses. Ho 1: There is no statistically significant relationship between conservation

of natural resources, efficient use of energy, indoor air quality, and the One (1) bedroom building type. Ho 2: There is no statistically significant relationship between planning for

livable communities and the One (1) bedroom building type. Ho 3: There is no statistically significant relationship between conservation

of natural resources, efficient use of energy, indoor air quality, and the Two (2) bedrooms building type.

Ho 4:

There is no statistically significant relationship between planning for

livable communities and the Two (2) bedrooms building type. Ho 5: There is no statistically significant relationship between conservation

of natural resources, efficient use of energy, indoor air quality, and the Three (3) bedrooms building type. Ho 6: There is no statistically significant relationship between planning for

livable communities and the Three (3) bedrooms building type. Alternative hypothesis formulated will be accepted if the null hypothesis will be rejected. Hi 1: There is significant relationship between the variables tested.

1.7

Scope of the Study

The scope of this research work covers the investigation into the neighbourhood development, design and building materials used for the Malali Housing Estate, in Doka Local Government Area of Kaduna State, with consideration given to a particular three (3) low cost type building in the neighbourhood. Non existent of prototype green buildings within the country as of the time of carrying out this research serve as constraints; as such, data sourced from the internet, journals and textbooks were solely relied upon.

1.8

Methodology

A detailed investigation into the construction procedure and materials used for an existing three (3) bedroom low cost house will be carried out through observation, records and consultations with the relevant authorities concerned. This will include the
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main structural components of which a building is comprised. The main areas will include: foundation, walling, windows, doors, roofing, painting, underlayment, carpeting, flooring, cooling, water supply, electricity and site orientation/layout. A Leadership in Energy and Environmental Design LEED checklist for Existing Buildings and Neighbourhood Development (FWCI, 2008), which is a rating system that reflects scientific knowledge, leading-edge architectural and engineering design approaches, and best practices in construction and development is used to assess the existing building and its environment for green building compatibility.

1.9

Definition of Terms

Biodiversity or Biological Diversity: is the sum total of all the different species of animals, plants, fungi and microbial organisms living on Earth today, and the variety of habitats in which they live. Some scientists estimate that upward of 10 millionand some even suggest more than 100 milliondifferent species inhabit the Earth, each adapted to its unique niche in the environment. Biodiversity is often used as a measure of the health of biological systems. Browneld: Urban areas of former (and now abandoned) manufacturing or warehousing sites with varying degrees of existing contamination, from none to severe. They typically have valuable infrastructure such as roads, water supply, sewage and storage drains in place, which will cut down considerably on development costs. The restoration of brownfields is a major target of green building. Building Envelope: The building envelope is what separates the interior and exterior environments of a building and includes the foundation, roof, walls, doors
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and windows. The dimensions, performance and compatibility of materials, fabrication process and details, their connections and interactions, are the main factors that determine the effectiveness and durability of the building enclosure system. Building Envelope design includes four major performance objectives: Structural integrity Moisture control Temperature control Control of air pressure boundaries

Carbon-dioxide: A (greenhouse) gas naturally produced by animals during respiration. It is also generated as a byproduct of the combustion of fossil fuels or vegetable matter. Carbon dioxide is called a greenhouse gas because it traps solar heat within the atmosphere. Having the effect of a greenhouses glass roof, this carbon dioxide prevents solar heat from radiating back out into space. The trapped atmosphere is then absorbed by the earths surface, slowly contributing to the planetary cycles majorly responsible for the raising of water, land and vegetation temperatures. The reduction of carbon dioxide emission is one of the major goals of green building. Carbon Footprint: A general measure of the impact of human activities on the environment in terms of greenhouse gases produced, usually measured in units of carbon dioxide. Carbon Neutral: A statement that at the end of the day you (or your organization) has removed as much carbon dioxide from the atmosphere as you have emitted into it, normally by sponsoring the planting of trees, which will consume carbon dioxide and emit oxygen in its place.
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Certication: A process that provides an acknowledged third-party verification of achievement in the green arena. Certied Wood: Wood products certified by a trustworthy third party (such as the Forest Stewardship CouncilFSC) as being made from sustainable harvested lumber. Charrette: The term charrette evolved from a pre-1900 exercise at the Ecole des Beaux Arts in France, where architectural students were given a design problem to solve within an allotted time. When that time was up, the students would rush their drawings from the studio to the ecole in a cart called a charrette. Students often jumped in the cart to finish drawings on the way. The term evolved to refer to the intense design exercise itself. Today, the charrette refers to a creative process akin to visual brainstorming used by design professionals to develop solutions to a design problem within a limited time frame. Comfort = Productivity: Healthy and comfortable occupants (employees) are more productive than unhealthy, uncomfortable ones. This is a major selling point when it comes to convincing the corporate bottom-liner that indoor air quality, temperature, available daylight, outside view and other aspects of green design will amply pay for itself in the short to medium term by productivity gains alone. Cool Roofs: Dark or black roofs will drive the cooling bill up dramatically, whereas an energy-efficient roofing system, also called cool roofs, can reduce the summer roof temperature by as much as 37.7 degrees Celcius, and so greatly reduce the buildings air conditioning needs (FWCI, 2008). LEED awards one credit point for a roof that covers at least 75 percent of the
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surface with efficiently reflective material (having a Solar Reflectance Index rating of at least 78 for a low-sloped roof and 29 for a steep-sloped roof). Daylighting: Simply stated, this means making daylight available to the occupants of a building. Many studies have concluded that employees without adequate natural daylighting do not perform as well, and are not as healthy, as those who do. The design implication of this is a plan where no employee is farther than 10 meters from a window, making a daylight green building no wider than 20.1 meters. This is a standard requirement in many countries in Europe, where, as a rule, the health of people is rated higher than economic efficiency. Ecological Footprint: The ecological footprint question wonders: How many planet Earths would it take to sustain current human activity, assuming todays levels of consumption, pollution and resource depletion? The answer, in 2003, was that if every man, woman and child were to maintain their existing level of consumption, pollution and resource depletion, we would need 1.25 Earths, right now. More to the point, however: Were we to assume instead that every man, woman and child on our planet were to consume as much as is done in the United States (in other words, had the U.S. ecological footprint) the much darker answer varies from a low (and most likely conservative) five Earths to the more probable 11 Earths. We have only one. FSC - Forest Stewardship Council: The most active group to certify that lumber has been harvested in a sustainable manner. Global Warming: The current warming of the planet influenced in part by human activity.
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Greenhouse Effect : A warming of the Earth caused in part by the capacity of certain gases in the atmosphere such as carbon dioxideto trap heat emitted from Earths surface, so creating an insulating blanket. Without this insulation the Earth would be too cold for most living things to survive. It has been posited recently that human activities may be influencing the normal process of warming and cooling that create the warm periods and ice ages in Earths existence (as a result of its position in relation to the sun and its activities), with potentially dangerous consequences (global warming), by trapping too much heat. Green Power Earth provides three types of natural resources: Perpetual, those that are virtually inexhaustible on a human scale,33 and include wind, solar and tidal. Renewable, those that can be replenished in a relatively short time, such as trees, and Non-Renewable, those that require millions or billions of years to replenish, such as oil and coal (although Green power normally falls within the perpetual category, and includes wind and solar power. Greenwash: A word coined from green and whitewash, and that describes the act of misleading consumer regarding the environmental practices of a company, or the environmental benefits of a product or service. Hardscape: Open areas, such as plazas and walkways, serving a landscaping function but normally consisting of paved surfaces. High-Performance Building: A term roughly equivalent to green building or
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sustainable building, but that flips the coin to stress the increase of the positive rather than the decrease of the negative. A high-performance building is rated and promoted in terms of energy efficiency, water conservation efficiency, indoor air quality, availability of natural light and recycling. This term and concept is often an easier sell to the corporate world than green, which still smacks a little of treehugging. LCA - Life Cycle Assessment: This holistic evaluation of an activity or a product takes into account such environmental factors as water pollution, air pollution, global warming, environmental degradation, ozone depletion, habitat destruction and human health. The LCA of a product would involve the detailed measurement and assessment of its ecological footprint all the way from planning and design, through acquisition of raw materials needed for manufacture, transportation of raw materials, manufacture, waste products during manufacture, distribution, packing material, emissions during use, to recycling or reuse at end of the products useful life. This would add up to the ecological life cycle impact of the product, which is its actual cost to the planet. LEED - Leadership in Energy and Environmental Design: The U.S. Green Building Councils now widely accepted yardstick of what constitutes a green, or high-performance, building. Light Pollution: Excessive evening and night light generated by a brightly lit neighborhood. Locally Sourced: As a rule, at item is considered locally sourced if it is obtained from a source within 805 kilometers of the building site.
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Mixed-Mode Systems: Mixed-mode refers to combining natural ventilation with air conditioning in the same building (for example, operable windows in an airconditioned office space). Mixed-mode strategies have the potential to offer the best of all worlds by using natural ventilation to provide occupant control, high ventilation rates and reduced HVAC energy, while using air-conditioning to maintain comfort when necessary during temperature extremes. Passive Solar Design: The term refers to buildings designed to incorporate sunlight and natural ventilation into a building in order to eliminate the need for mechanical systems, and includes buildings with a long east-west axis to optimize utilization of sunlight. Permeable Pavement: Parking lot pavement material that allows water to filter through and into the ground rather than running off into storm drains to pollute lakes and rivers with runoff oil and grease. Photo-voltaic: Designating electrical systems that convert direct sunlight into electricity. Solar cells are often made from semiconductor-grade silicon and are normally 5 to 12 percent efficient in converting sunlight energy to electricity. Recently, some firms have announced significant improvements in this sunlight-toelectricity conversion ratio and claim to have reached a 20 to 22 percent efficiency. Rapidly Renewable Material: These are materials that can be planted, grown and harvested in less than 10years. Examples include bamboo and cork. SFI: Sustainable Forestry Initiative SRI: Solar Reflectance Index. A composite index used to estimate how hot a surface will become when exposed to full sun. The temperature of a surface depends on the surfaces reflectance and emission, as well as solar radiation. The
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SRI is used to determine the effect of this reflectance and emission on the surface temperature, and varies from 100 for a standard white surface to zero for a standard black surface. Sustainable Design: A design philosophy that seeks to maximize the quality of the built environment, while minimizing or eliminating negative impact to the natural environment.34 This definition complements the often quoted statement made by Gro Harlem Bruntland at the 1987 World Commission on the Environment and Development, that sustainable development aims to meet the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs. TOD (Transit Oriented Development): This is a commercial or residential development that is located and designed to maximize access to public transportation in order to encourage transit ridership, and so cut down on automobile usage and pollution. Urban Heat-Island Effect: The thermal phenomenon of cities being noticeably hotter, typically 5 degrees to 7 degrees, than their surrounding countryside. VOC: Volatile Organic Compounds. Carbon-based chemicals that emit vapors at normal room temperatures. Products that emit VOCs include paint, lacquers, adhesives and sealants. Xeriscaping: Xeri- comes from Greek meaning dry, while scaping is from landscaping. The term has come to mean to landscape in such a way that no additional water is needed to irrigate the result. The xeriscaping approach is to use only regionally appropriate plants, whichalready being adapted to the local climate cycleshave no additional water needs.
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CHAPTER TWO
2.0 2.1 Literature review Sustainability

In simplest terms, sustainability is best represented by the protection of natural resources utilized by all living organisms on earth. Sustainability was defined by the World Commission on Environment and Development in 1987 as meeting the needs of today without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs. (Krochalis, R.F.) However, this philosophy by no means suggests that humans should completely discontinue utilizing natural resources, but rather manage the existing resources in a more efficient manner. In doing so, consideration is given to the future of the worlds resources and the future generation who will depend on them. The philosophy behind sustainability is extremely broad, with practices ranging from selective harvesting to sustainable landscaping. Further, sustainability applies to, our homes, housing developments, communities, cities, and regions and helps the environment at all levels when successfully implemented. The ways in which buildings are constructed are directly intertwined with their surrounding natural environment, contributing directly to its sustainability. (Krochalis, R.F.)

2.2

Sustainable Design

Sustainable design (also referred to as "green design", "eco-design", or "design for environment") is the art of designing physical objects and the built environment to comply with the principles of economic, social, and ecological sustainability. It ranges from the microcosm of designing small objects for everyday use, through to the
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macrocosm of designing buildings, cities, and the earth's physical surface. It is a growing trend within the fields of architecture, landscape architecture, urban design, urban planning, engineering, graphic design, industrial design, interior design and fashion design. The needed aim of sustainable design is to produce places, products and services in a way that reduces use of non-renewable resources, minimizes environmental impact, and relates people with the natural environment. Sustainable design is often viewed as a necessary tool for achieving sustainability. It is related to the more heavy-industryfocused fields of industrial ecology and green chemistry, sharing tools such as life cycle assessment and life cycle energy analysis to judge the environmental impact or "greenness" of various design choices. Sustainable design is general reaction to the global "environmental crisis", i.e., rapid growth of economic activity and human population, depletion of natural resources, damage to ecosystems and loss of biodiversity (Fan Shu-Yang, Bill Freedman, and Raymond Cote, 2004). The appearance is that our growing use of the earth has exceeded the sustainable limits of the earth importantly because of continually increasing investment in diminishing resources. Proponents of sustainable design generally believe the crisis may be resolved by using innovative design and industrial practices which reduce the environmental impacts associated with goods and services. Green design is considered a means of doing that while maintaining quality of life by using clever design to substitute less harmful products and processes for conventional ones. The limits of green design in reducing whole earth impacts are beginning to be considered because growth in goods and services is consistently outpacing gains in
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efficiency. As a result the net effect of sustainable design to date has been to simply improve the efficiency of rapidly increasing impacts. The present approach, which focuses on the efficiency of delivering individual goods and services, does not solve this problem. The basic dilemmas not yet well addressed include: the increasing complexity of efficiency improvements, the difficulty of implementing new technologies in societies built around old ones, that physical impacts of delivering goods and services are not localized but distributed throughout the economies, and that the scale of resource uses is growing and not stabilizing. 'Transformative' technologies are hoped for, but workable options are not yet evident. Only if the scale of resource uses stabilizes will the efficiency of how they are each delivered result in reducing total impacts.

Principles of Sustainable design

While the practical application varies among disciplines, some common principles are as follows: Low-impact materials: choose non-toxic, sustainably-produced or recycled materials which require little energy to process Energy efficiency: use manufacturing processes and produce products which require less energy Quality and durability: longer-lasting and better-functioning products will have to be replaced less frequently, reducing the impacts of producing replacements Design for reuse and recycling: "Products, processes, and systems should be designed for performance in a commercial 'afterlife'."(Anastas, P.L. and Zimmerman, J. B., 2003).
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Design Impact Measures for total earth footprint and life-cycle assessment for any resource use are increasingly required and available. Many are complex, but some give quick and accurate whole earth estimates of impacts.

Sustainable Design Standards and project design guides and also increasingly available and vigorously being developed originated by wide array private and organizations and individuals. There is also a large body of new methods emerging from the rapid development of what has become known as 'sustainability science' promoted by a wide variety of educational and governmental institutions.

Biomimicry: "redesigning industrial systems on biological lines ... enabling the constant reuse of materials in continuous closed cycles..."(Paul Hawken, Amory B. Lovins, and L. Hunter Lovins, 1999).

Service substitution: shifting the mode of consumption from personal ownership of products to provision of services which provide similar functions, e.g. from a private automobile to a car-sharing service. Such a system promotes minimal resource use per unit of consumption (e.g., per trip driven). (Ryan, Chris, 2006).

Renewability: materials should come from nearby (local or bioregional), sustainably-managed renewable sources that can be composted (or fed to livestock) when their usefulness has been exhausted.

Healthy Buildings: sustainable building design aims to create buildings that are not harmful to their occupants or to the larger environment. An important

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emphasis is on indoor environmental quality, especially indoor air quality. (Levin, Hal, 1995).

.1

Sustainable Architecture

Sustainable Architecture, also known as "Green building" (or "green architecture"), is a general term that describes environmentally-conscious design techniques in the field of architecture. Sustainable architecture is framed by the larger discussion of sustainability and the pressing economic and political issues of our world. In the broad context, sustainable architecture seeks to minimize the negative environmental impact of buildings by enhancing efficiency and moderation in the use of materials, energy, and development space.

Fig. 2.1

The passivhaus standard combines a variety of techniques and

technologies to achieve ultra-low energy use. Energy efficiency over the entire life cycle of a building is the most important single goal of sustainable architecture. Architects use many different techniques to reduce the

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energy needs of buildings and increase their ability to capture or generate their own energy.

.2

Building Placement

One central and often ignored aspect of sustainable architecture is building placement. Although many may envision the ideal environmental home or office structure as an isolated place in the middle of the woods, this kind of placement is often detrimental to the environment. First, such structures often serve as the unknowing frontlines of suburban sprawl. Second, they usually increase the energy consumption required for transportation and lead to unnecessary auto emissions. Ideally, most building should avoid suburban sprawl in favor of the kind of light urban development articulated by the New Urbanist movement. Careful mixed use zoning can make commercial, residential, and light industrial areas more accessible for those traveling by foot, bicycle, or public transit, as proposed in the Principles of Intelligent Urbanism.

.3

Heating, Ventilation and Cooling System Efficiency

The most important and cost effective element of an efficient heating, ventilating, and air conditioning (HVAC) system is a well insulated building. A more efficient building requires less heat generating or dissipating power, but may require more ventilation capacity to expel polluted indoor air. Significant amounts of energy are flushed out of buildings in the water, air and compost streams. Off the shelf, on-site energy recycling technologies can effectively recapture energy from waste hot water and stale air and transfer that energy into incoming fresh cold water or fresh air. Recapture of energy for uses other than gardening from compost leaving buildings requires centralized anaerobic digesters.
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Site and building orientation have a major effect on a building's HVAC efficiency. Passive solar building design allows buildings to harness the energy of the sun efficiently without the use of any active solar mechanisms such as photovoltaic cells or solar hot water panels. Typically passive solar building designs incorporate materials with high thermal mass that retain heat effectively and strong insulation that works to prevent heat escape. Low energy designs also requires the use of (mobile) solar shading, by means of awnings, blinds or shutters, to relieve the solar heat gain in summer and to reduce the need for artificial cooling. In addition, low energy buildings typically have a very low surface area to volume ratio to minimize heat loss. This means that sprawling multi-winged building designs (often thought to look more "organic") are often avoided in favor of more centralized structures. Traditional cold climate buildings such as American colonial saltbox designs provide a good historical model for centralized heat efficiency in a small scale building. Windows are placed to maximize the input of heat-creating light while minimizing the loss of heat through glass, a poor insulator. In the northern hemisphere this usually involves installing a large number of south-facing windows to collect direct sun and severely restricting the number of north-facing windows. Certain window types, such as double or triple glazed insulated windows with gas filled spaces and low emissivity (low-E) coatings; provide much better insulation than single-pane glass windows. Preventing excess solar gain by means of solar shading devices in the summer months is important to reduce cooling needs. Deciduous trees are often planted in front of windows to block excessive sun in summer with their leaves but allow light through in winter when their leaves fall off. Louvers or light shelves are installed to allow the sunlight in during the winter (when the sun is lower in the sky) and keep it out in the
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summer (when the sun high in the sky). Coniferous or evergreen plants are often planted to the north of buildings to shield against cold north winds. In colder climates, heating systems are a primary focus for sustainable architecture because they are typically one of the largest single energy drains in buildings. In warmer climates where cooling is a primary concern, passive solar designs can also be very effective. Masonry building materials with high thermal mass are very valuable for retaining the cool temperatures of night throughout the day. In addition builders often opt for sprawling single story structures in order to maximize surface area and heat loss. Buildings are often designed to capture and channel existing winds, particularly the especially cool winds coming from nearby bodies of water. Many of these valuable strategies are employed in some way by the traditional architecture of warm regions, such as south-western mission buildings. In climates with four seasons, an integrated energy system will increase in efficiency: when the building is well insulated, when it is sited to work with the forces of nature, when heat is recaptured (to be used immediately or stored), when the heat plant relying on fossil fuels or electricity is greater than 100% efficient, and when renewable energy is utilized.

.4

Alternative Energy Production and Building Design

Active solar devices such as photovoltaic solar panels help to provide sustainable electricity for any use. Roofs are often angled toward the sun to allow photovoltaic panels to collect at maximum efficiency, and some buildings even move throughout the day to follow the sun. The Samundra Institute of Maritime Studies (SIMS) at Lonavala, near Pune India, has the longest photovoltaic wall in the world, at over
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ninety meters long. Undersized wind turbines (normal turbines are often over 250 feet) may have been oversold and do not always provide the returns promised, particularly for North American households (Levin, Hal, 1995). Active solar water heating systems have long provided heating-specific energy in a sustainable manner. Occasionally houses that use a combination of these methods achieve the lofty goal of "zero energy" and can even begin generating excess energy for use in other structures.

.5

Waste Management

Sustainable architecture focuses on the on-site use of waste, incorporating things such as grey water systems for use on garden beds, and composting toilets to reduce sewage. These methods, when combined with on-site food waste composting and offsite recycling, can reduce a house's waste to a small amount of packaging waste.

.6

Re-Using Structures and Materials

Some sustainable architecture incorporates recycled or second hand materials. The reduction in use of new materials creates a corresponding reduction in embodied energy (energy used in the production of materials). Often sustainable architects attempt to retro-fit old structures to serve new needs in order to avoid unnecessary development.

.7

Social Sustainability in Design

Architectural design can play a large part in influencing the ways that social groups interact. Communist Russia's Constructivist Social condensers are a good example of this, buildings which were designed with the specific intention of controlling or directing the flow of everyday life to "create socially equitable spaces".

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Sustainable design can help to create a sustainable way of living within a community. While the existing social constructs can be seen to influence architecture, the opposite can also be true. An overtly socially sustainable building, if successful, can help people to see the benefit of living sustainably; this can be seen in many of Rural Studio's buildings in and around Hale County, Alabama, for example. The same can be said for environmentally sustainable design, in that architecture can lead the way for the greater community (Wikipedia, 2008).

2.4

Green Building Materials

Evaluating building materials is a complex process. There are always tradeoffs. The underlying belief is that healthy ecosystems sustain healthy economies. Factors such as price, performance, aesthetics, and practicality determine whether a product has utility value within the marketplace. In addition to drawing comparisons between products on the basis of price, performance, usability, practicality and aesthetics, the products must also offer additional benefits. These products must aim to protect health, and use energy and other resources efficiently and sparingly. There is a multitude of factors that need to be considered when determining the "greenness" of a product. When defining what makes a product green, there are many aspects to consider. The recommended materials for foundation, walling, windows, doors, roofing, painting, underlayment, carpeting, flooring, cooling, water supply, electricity and site orientation/layout will be selected with thought into incorporating components of the following four categories (Green, 2001):

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(1) Products that can be made from environmentally attractive materials: Salvaged products Products with post-consumer content Products with post-industrial content Rapidly renewable products Products made from agricultural waste material Natural of minimally processed products

(2) Products that are green because of what is not there: Products that reduce material use Alternatives to ozone-depleting substances Alternatives to products made from PVC and polycarbonate Alternatives to conventional preservative-treated wood Alternatives to other components considered hazardous

(3) Products that reduce environmental impacts during construction, renovation, or demolition (Reed, 1997): Take life cycle costing into account, rather than first cost. This will lead to higher quality design and materials. Reuse existing building materials and infrastructure to reduce the amount of new materials required. Recycle construction waste at job site. New markets are continually being developed. Minimize waste by designing for standard sizes. Use value-engineered products such as prefabricated components for more efficient structures.
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Select durable and heavy materials that can provide thermal mass in buildings. Specify as many locally manufactured materials and products as possible to support the local economy and minimize transportation.

Build with salvaged materials whenever possible. Minimize and recycle packaging materials. Use materials that do not require frequent harmful maintenance. Products that reduce the impacts of new construction Products that reduce the impacts of renovation Products that reduce the impacts of demolition

(4) Products that contribute to healthy and safe indoor environments: Products that do not release significant pollutants into the building. Products that block spread of indoor contaminants. Products that remove indoor contaminants. Products that remove indoor pollutants. Products that improve light quality.

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CHAPTER THREE
Research Methodology 3.1 Introduction

The success of any research work is hinged to a large extent, on the methodology adopted by the researcher in gathering and analyzing the data. Therefore, this chapter focuses on the study population, data collection procedures and methods of data analysis. With a careful thought and deep understanding. Appropriate methodologies for the achievement of the objective of the study were chosen. The method to be adopted in carrying out this research work shall be prcise and focused. There have been different rating methods developed across the globe for sustainable buildings which include the LEED ratings, Green Globes and the Build it Green rating for homes, 2005. Due to its general area of coverage which includes New Construction (and major renovations), Core and shell (office buildings and other speculative projects), Commercial Interiors (remodels), Existing Buildings (continuing building operation), Neighbourhod Development and Homes; the Leadership in Energy and Environmental Design rating methods was adopted.

3.2

Area of the Study

Malali, Doka Local Government Area of Kaduna State is located to the northern part of the city centre. Located approximately on Latitude 10o3331.22N and Longitude 7o2816.49E, it is bounded to the North Kawo district, to the West by Badarawa district, to the South by Unguwan Rimi and to the East by River Kaduna. It occupies an area of about 376, 693.99 sq meters (37.67 Hectares).
29

3.3

Historical Background of Malali Housing Estate

Malali Housing Estate was purposely constructed to house the participating countries for the then Festival of arts and Culture (FESTAC 77). Construction work was carried out by A.G. ferrerro which began in 1976 and was concluded the following year in time for the event. The Estate was available by October 1977 for occupation by Nigerians based on first-come-first-serve basis through purchase of forms. Malali Housing Estate has a central sewage system and treatment plant to facilitate sanitary conditions. An estate office, police station, schools, religious facilities, corner shops, recreational facilities, a petrol station and water treatment plant for supply of portable drinking water to the estate and neighbouring districts. It has good road network and is well accessible to neighbouring districts from all four cardinal points. Malali Housing Estate is within reach of the city centre which is the heart of commercial activities in the city.

3.4

Malali Housing Estate Structures/Buildings

A total of Six Hundred and twenty (620) housing units were constructed together with supporting facilities which includes: 1. One Hundred and Forty Eight (148) numbers 3-bedroom type housing units 2. Three Hundred (300) numbers 2-bedroom type housing units 3. One Hundred and Seventy two (172) numbers 1-bedroom type housing units
30

4. One (1) number police Station 5. One (1) Sewage Treatment Plant 6. One (1) Estate Office 7. Provisions for religious activities 8. Corner shops 9. One (1) number Estate Dry cleaning service 10. One (1) number Estate Petrol Station 11. One (1) number Islamic School For the purpose of this research, the housing units will be subjected to rating of unittype for LEED Existing Buildings and Homes, and the Estate in general using the LEED Neighbourhood Development rating.

3.5

Design of the Study

Amongst numerous designs available to researchers to serve as a guide in arranging ideas in an orderly way, a survey was used to prepare a mental plan and scheme of attack for solving the problem systematically. This involved careful observation and unstructured interviews for collection of detailed descriptions of the existing situation and using of the so collected, to justify current conditions and practices for improving the phenomenon.

31

3.6

Research Population

Since the study deals with Study of Practices in Built Environment for sustainability in Nigeria, an existing Housing Estate which served as a model for several other housing projects was chosen. The three (3) bedrooms, two (2) bedrooms and one (1) bedroom building types which forms the main categories of the houses in the estate were targeted. The study was focused on the three building types and the whole Neighbourhood in general.

3.7

Data and Method of Data Collection

The data used in the course of this project are primary and secondary. The primary data were collected through the use of direct or personal observation and unstructured interview. The secondary data were collected from books, journals, research projects, magazines, term papers, internet, Kaduna State Property and Development Company (KSDPC) and Department of Land Survey and Country Planning, Kaduna State. The Leadership in Energy and Environmental Design (LEED) ratings for Existing Buildings and Neighbourhood Development used for the primary data collection is described below: LEED certification is divided into six different rating systems:

1. LEED-NC for New Construction (and major renovations)

2. LEED-CS for Core and Shell (office buildings and other speculative
32

projects) 3. LEED-CI for Commercial Interiors (remodels)

4. LEED-EB for Existing Buildings (continuing building operation)

5. LEED-ND for Neighborhood Development

6. LEED-H for Homes (FCWI, 2008)

3.7.1 LEED PointsHow They Are Awarded

The first four LEED rating systems above (NC, CS, CI and EB) are broken down into six categories of evaluation: 1. Sustainable Sites 2. Water Efficiency 3. Energy and Atmosphere 4. Materials and Resources 5. Indoor Environmental Quality 6. Innovation and Design (LEED-ND and LEED-H have their own distinct areas).Below is discussion of the criteria for the LEED-EB and LEED-ND categories:

33

3.7.1.1

LEED for Existing Buildings (LEED-EB)

This system aims at rating the continuing environmental footprint of an existing building. The long-term effect of a building on the environment results from a multitude of small choices that owners and operators make over the lifetime of a building. LEED-EB is the first system that aims to assess these choices and to suggest how to lessen their detrimental impact.

3.7.1.2

LEED for Neighbourhood Development (LEED-ND)

This LEED version was announced in early 2007 as a beta rating system of up to 240 projects. It seeks to provide a set of standards for the location of neighbourhoods, and to evaluate the combined effect of smart growth, new urbanism and green building.

3.8

Instruments for Data Analysis

Descriptive statistics tools were employed in analyzing data and presenting results of the study because of its simplicity, clarity and adaptability of the method to quantitative study. Tables are used to display some background information of the output derived from the ratings of the three (3) building types and the neighbourhood in general. Ranking will be used to analyze some of the data through the use of factor analysis, significant index and ranking of best value contributing factor (BVCF) the while mean was used to assess the factors that resulted in the inability of Malali Housing Estate to attain Green Building Certification and suggested strategies in improvement for the highest rated building type.

34

3.8.1 Regression Analysis

Ashworth, (1990) defines simple regression analysis as a statistical technique which attempts to quantify the relationship between two or more variables. The simplest form of regression is known as linear regression which shows the plotting on graphs values of independent variables (denoted by X) and the dependent variables (denoted by Y). Linear Regression estimates the coefficients of the linear equation, involving one or more independent variables, which best predict the value of the dependent variable. A pattern of dots is obtained. The objective of regression line is thus to fit a straight line through the dots that best describe the relationship or otherwise between the variables. The method commonly employed is that of the least square where the deviations of individual points from the chosen line are kept to the barest possible minimum. The equation for the null hypothesis i.e. where bi0 and Y=bo + 0(x) which gives Y=0 depicts that no relationship exists between X and Y but for an alternate hypothesis where bi0, Y= bo + bi(x), i.e. there is significant relationship between the variables. The regression model general equation is: Y= a+bx Where, Y= the Dependent Variable a = Y-intercept b = Slope of the line or gradient x = Independent
35

Other type of models is: Quadratic: Y = a + bx + b2x2 Cubic: Y = a + bx + b2x2 + b3x3

Exponent: Y = a + bx

3.8.2 The Coefficient of determinant (R2)

The coefficient of determination, (R2) R-square measures the percentage of variation in the dependent variable that is explained by the regression on the trend line. R2 = [(X-x)-(Y-y) 2] [(x-x) 2 - (y-y)2]

3.8.3 Decision Rule

The decision rule adopted for this research study specifies under what condition the null hypothesis will be accepted or rejected. The region of rejection determines the proportion of the area in which the hypothesis null is rejected. Testing for significance involves errors known as type I error and type II error. Type I error is the rejection of the null hypothesis that should be accepted and the type II error is the acceptance of the null hypothesis that should be rejected. Ho: F 0.05 < f Calculated: Rejected Ho: F 0.05 > f Calculated: Accepted

36

3.8.4 Analysis of Variance (ANOVA)

The Anova is essentially a test of significance, which employs several measures of goodness of fit used in casual forecasting model such as the simple linear regression and e.t.c. To describe the nature of relationship that exists between the dependent and independent variables. Some of the common tests are: the standard error of estimate, the test T-test for slope, P-test and F-test, used were discussed of result would be discussed here.

3.8.5 Inferential Statistics Analysis

Inferential statistic analysis is used to determine the degree of venerability of statistics and they represent the most widely used of all statistical research techniques. This involves the testing of null hypothesis with the use of regression statistics, and the analysis variance to show the existing relationship and different between the sample area.

3.8.6

Descriptive Statistics Analysis

It reduces the analysis and very easy to interpret. The analysis of data will be facilitated by using of bar chat.

37

CHAPTER FOUR
Data Presentation, Analysis and Discussion 4.1 Introduction

Previous chapters had dealt extensively with sustainable practices involved in green buildings and its benefits as outlined by various authorities whose works were reviewed. The last chapter however, explained the methodology to be adopted in the research work. It was also noted that data gathering shall be through observation and unstructured interviews which resulted in data obtained from Kaduna State Property and Development Company (KSDPC). This chapter considers the analysis of the data obtained via use of the LEED EB, Existing Building and LEED ND, Neighbourhood Development rating methods and presentation of results in order to attain the aim of the study which is towards achievement of a sustainable natural ecosystem through the development of green buildings. Data collected were analyzed through the use of descriptive and inferential statistical tools and were summarized and presented in tables with frequency distribution and percentiles. This is aimed at giving a clear and concise representation of each of the variables.

4.2

Data Presentation 14 POINTS

TABLE 4.1 LEED EB SUSTAINABLE SITES

Prereq. 1 Prereq. 2

3-BDRM 2-BDRM 1-BDRM E r o s i o n & S e d i m e n t a t i o n required YES YES YES Control Age of Building required 31 31 31
38

Credit 1.1 Plan for Green Site & Building 1 Exterior Management 4 Specific Actions Credit 1.2 Plan for Green Site & Building 1 Exterior Management 8 Specific Actions Credit 2 High Development Density 1 Building & Area Credit 3.1 Alternative Transportation 1 Public Transportation Access Credit 3.2 Alternative Transportation 1 Bicycle Storage & Changing Rooms Credit 3.3 Alternative Transportation 1 Alternative Fuel Vehicles Credit 3.4 Alternative Transportation 1 Carpooling & Telecommuting Credit 4.1 Reduced Site Disturbance 1 Protect or Restore Open Space (50% of site area) Credit 4.2 Reduced Site Disturbance 1 Protect or Restore Open Space (75% of site area) Credit 5.1 Stormwater Management 25% 1 Rate and Quantity Reduction Credit 5.2 Stormwater Management 50% 1 Rate and Quantity Reduction Credit 6.1 Heat Island Reduction Non- 1 Roof Credit 6.2 Heat Island Reduction Roof 1 Credit 7 Light Pollution Reduction 1 TOTAL 14

0 1 0

0 1 0

0 1 0

0 0 0

0 0 0

0 0 0

1 1 0 0 1 6

1 1 0 0 1 7

1 1 0 1 1 7

TABLE 4.2 LEED EB WATER EFFICIENCY

5 POINTS

3-BDRM2-BDRM1 BDRM
Prereq1 Minimum Water Efficiency Required YES Prereq 2 Discharge Water Compliance Required YES Credit 1.1 Water Efficient Landscaping- 1 1 Reduce Portable Water Use by 50%
39

YES YES 1

YES YES 1

Credit 1.2 Water efficient Landscaping- 1 Reduce Portable Water Use by 90% Credit 2 I n n o v a t i v e Wa s t e w a t e r 1 Technologies Credit 3.1 Water Use Reduction-10% 1 Reduction Credit 3.2 Water Use Reduction-20% 1 Reduction TOTAL 5

1 1 0 4

1 1 0 3

1 1 0 4

TABLE 4.3 LEED EB ENERGY & ATMOSPHERE

23 POINTS

Prereq 1 Prereq 2 Prereq Credit 1

Credit 2.1 Credit 2.2 Credit2.3 Credit 2.4 Credit 3.1

Existing Commissioning Minimum E n e r g y Required Performance-Energy Star 60 Ozone Protection Required Optimize Energy Performance 1 to 10 Energy Star rating-63 1 Energy Star Rating -67 2 Energy Star Rating -71 3 Energy Star Rating -75 4 Energy Star Rating-79 5 Energy Star Rating-83 6 Energy Star Rating-87 7 Energy Star Rating-91 8 Energy Star Rating-95 9 Energy Star Rating-99 10 Renewable Energy-On-site 1 3%/Off-site 15% Renewable Energy-on-site 1 6%/Off-site 30% Renewable Energy-On-site 1 9%/Off-site 45% Renewable Energy-On-site 1 12%/Off-site 60% B u i l d i n g O p e r a t i o n &1 Maintenance- Staff Education
40

3-BDRM 2-BDRM 1-BDRM B u i l d i n g Required NO NO NO YES YES 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 YES YES 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 YES YES 1 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

Credit 3.2

Credit 3.3

Credit 4 Credit 5.1

Credit 5.2

Credit 5.3

Credit 5.4

Credit 6

B u i l d i n g O p e r a t i o n &1 Maintenance-Building System Maintenance B u i l d i n g o p e r a t i o n &1 Maintenance- building System Monitoring Additional Ozone Protection 1 Performance Measurement- 1 Enhanced Metering (4 specific actions) Performance Measurement- 1 Enhanced Metering (8 specific actions) Performance Measurement- 1 Enhanced Metering (12 specific actions) Performance Measurement- 1 Emission Reduction Reporting Documenting Sustainable 1 Building Cost Impacts TOTAL 23

1 1

1 1

1 1

0 3

0 3

0 4

TABLE 4.4 LEED EB MATERIALS & RESOURCES 16 POINTS 3 - 2-BDRM1 BDRM BDRM
Prereq1.1 Source Reduction & Waste Required Management- Waste Stream Audit Source Reduction & Waste Required Management-Storage & Collection To x i c M a t e r i a l s S o u r c e Required Reduction-Reduced Mercury in Light Bulbs Construction, Demolition & 1 R e n o v a t i o n Wa s t e Management-Divert 50% Construction. Demolition & 1 R e n o v a t i o n Wa s t e Management-Divert 75%
41

NO

NO

NO

Prereq 1.2

YES

YES

YES

Prereq 2

NO

NO

NO

Credit 1.1

Credit 1.2

Credit 2.1

Credit 2.2

Credit 2.3

Credit 2.4

Credit 2.5

Credit 3.1

Credit 3.2

Credit 4.1

Credit 4.2

Credit 4.3

Credit 5.1

Credit 5.2

Credit 5.3

Credit 6

Optimize Use of Alternative 1 M a t e r i a l s - 1 0 % o f To t a l Purchase Optimize Use of Alternative 1 M a t e r i a l s - 2 0 % o f To t a l Purchase Optimize Use of Alternative 1 M a t e r i a l s - 3 0 % o f To t a l Purchase Optimize Use of Alternative 1 M a t e r i a l s - 4 0 % o f To t a l Purchases Optimize Use of Alternative 1 M a t e r i a l s - 5 0 % o f To t a l Purchase O p t i m i z e U s e o f I A Q1 Complaint Products-45% of Annual Purchase O p t i m i z e U s e o f I A Q1 Complaint Products-90% of Annual Purchases S u s t a i n a b l e C l e a n i n g1 Products & Materials-30% of Annual Purchase S u s t a i n a b l e C l e a n i n g1 Products & Materials-60% of Annual Purchase S u s t a i n a b l e C l e a n i n g1 Products & Materials-90% of Annual Purchase Occupant Recycling- Recycle 1 30% of the Total Waste Stream Occupant Recycling-Recycle 1 40% of the Total Waste Stream Occupant Recycling-Recycle 1 50% of the Total Waste Stream Additional Toxic Materials 1 Source Reduction-Reduced Mercury in Light Bulbs TOTAL 16

42

TABLE 4.5 LEED EB INDOOR ENVIRONMENTAL QUANTITY 22 POINTS 3-BDRM2-BDRM1 BDRM

Prereq 1 Prereq 2 Prereq 3 Prereq 4 Credit 1 Credit 2 Credit 3 Credit 4.1 Outside Air introduce & Required Exhaust System E n v i r o n m e n t a l To b a c c o Required Smoke (ETS) Control A s b e s t o s R e m o v a l o r Required Encapsulation PCB Removal Required O u t s i d e A i r D e l i v e r y1 Monitoring Increased Ventilation 1 Construction I A Q1 Management Plan Documenting Productivity 1 Impacts-Absenteeism & Healthcare Cost Impacts Documenting Productivity 1 Impacts-Other Productivity Impacts Indoor Chemical & Pollutant 1 Source Control-Reduce Particulates in Air System Indoor chemical & Pollutant 1 Source Control-Isolation of High Volume Copy/Print/Fax Room Controllability of Systems- 1 Lighting Controllability of Systems- 1 Temperature & Ventilation Thermal Comfort- Compliance 1 Thermal Comfort-Permanent 1 Monitoring System
43

NO NO NO NO 0 1 1 0

NO NO NO NO 0 1 1 0

NO NO NO NO 0 1 1 0

Credit 4.2

Credit 5.1

Credit 5.2

Credit 6.1 Credit 6.2 Credit 7.1 Credit 7.2

0 0 1 0

0 0 1 0

0 0 1 0

Credit 8.1 Daylight & Views-Daylight for 1 50% of Spaces Credit 8.2 Daylight & Views-Daylight for 1 75% of Spaces Credit 8.3 Daylight & Views-Daylight for 1 45% of Spaces Credit 8.4 Daylight & Views- Daylight 1 for 90% of Spaces Credit 9 Contemporary IAQ Practice 1 Credit 10.1 Green Cleaning- Entryway 1 System Credit 10.2 Green Cleaning- Isolation of 1 Janitorial Closets Credit 10.3 G r e e n C l e a n i n g - L o w 1 Environmental Impact Cleaning Policy Credit 10.4 G r e e n C l e a n i n g - L o w 1 Environmental Pest Management Policy Credit 10.5 G r e e n C l e a n i n g - L o w 1 Environmental Pest Management Policy Credit 10.6 G r e e n C l e a n i n g - L o w 1 Environmental Impact Cleaning Environment Policy TOTAL 22

1 1 1 0 0 1 0 0

1 1 1 1 0 1 0 0

1 1 1 1 0 1 0 0

44

TABLE 4.6 LEED EB INNOVATION & DESIGN PROCESS 5 POINTS 3 - 2-BDRM1 BDRM BDRM
Credit 1.1 I n n o v a t i o n i n U p g r a d e s , 1 Operations & Maintenance: Specify the exemplary performance achieved (Option A). alternatively, identify the intent of the proposed innovation credit, the additional environmental benefits delivered, the proposed requirements for compliance, the proposed performance metrics to demonstrate compliance and the approaches (strategies) that might be used to meet the requirements; meet the proposed requirements during the performance period (option B) Credit 1.2 Innovation in Operations: Same 1 as Credit 1.1 Credit 1.3 Innovation in Operations: Same 1 as Credit 1.1 Credit 1.4 Innovation in Operations: Same 1 as Credit 1.1 Credit 2 L E E D TM A c c r e d i t e d1 Professional 5 Certified: 32-39 points, Silver: 40-47 points, Gold: 48-63 points, Platinum: 64-85 points TOTAL 85 1 1 1

1 1 1 0 4

1 1 1 0 4

1 1 1 0 4

27

28

30

45

TABLE 4.7 LEED ND SMART LOCATION & LINKAGES 30 POINTS 3 - 2-BDRM1 BDRM BDRM
Prereq.1 Prereq. 2 Prereq. 3 Prereq.4 Prereq. 5 Prereq. 6 Credit 1 Credit 2 Credit 3 Credit 4 Credit 5 Credit 6 Credit 7 Credit 8 Credit 9 Credit 10 Credit 11 Smart Location Required Proximity to Water and Required Wastewater Infrastructure I m p e r i l e d S p e c i e s a n d Required Ecological Communities Wetland and Water Body Required Conservation Farmland Conservation Required Floodplain Avoidance Required Brownfield Redevelopment 2 High Priority Brownfield 1 Redevelopment Preferred Locations 10 R e d u c e d A u t o m o b i l e8 Dependence Bicycle Network 1 Housing and Jobs Proximity 3 School Proximity 1 Steep Slope Protection 1 Site Design for Habitat or 1 Wetland Conservation Restoration of Habitat or 1 Wetlands Conservation Management of 1 Habitat or Wetlands TOTAL 30 YES YES YES YES YES NO 0 0 10 8 0 3 1 0 0 0 1 20 YES YES YES YES YES NO 0 0 10 8 0 3 1 0 0 0 1 20 YES YES YES YES YES NO 0 0 10 8 0 3 1 0 0 0 1 20

46

TABLE 4.8 LEED ND NEIGHBOURHOOD PATTERN & DESIGN 39 POINTS 3 - 2-BDRM1 BDRM BDRM
Prereq.1 Prereq. 2 Credit 1 Credit 2 Credit 3 Credit 4 Credit 5 Credit 6 Credit 7 Credit 8 Credit 9 Credit 10 Credit 11 Credit 12 Credit 13 Credit 14 Credit 15 Credit 16 Open Community Compact Development Compact Development Diversity of Uses Diversity of Housing Types Affordable Rental Housing Affordable For-Sale Housing Reduced Parking Footprint Required Required 7 4 3 2 2 2 YES YES 7 0 3 0 0 2 8 0 0 1 1 2 1 1 1 0 27 YES YES 7 0 3 2 2 2 8 0 0 1 1 2 1 1 1 0 31 YES YES 7 0 3 2 2 2 8 0 0 1 1 2 1 1 1 0 31

Walkable Streets 8 Transit Facilities 1 Tr a n s p o r t a t i o n D e m a n d 2 Management A c c e s s t o S u r r o u n d i n g1 Vicinity Access to Public Spaces 1 Street Network 2 Access to Active Public 1 Spaces Universal Accessibility 1 Community Outreach and 1 Involvement Local Food Production 1 TOTAL 39

47

TABLE 4.9 LEED ND GREEN CONSTRUCTION & TECH 31 POINTS 3 - 2-BDRM1 BDRM BDRM
Prereq.1 Credit 1 Credit 2 Credit 3 Credit 4 Credit 5 Credit 6 Credit 7 Credit 8 Credit 9 Credit 10 Credit 11 Credit 12 Credit 13 Credit 14 Credit 15 Credit 16 Credit 17 Credit 18 Credit 19 Credit 20 C o n s t r u c t i o n A c t i v i t y Required Pollution Prevention L E E D C e r t i f i e d G r e e n3 Buildings E n e r g y E f f i c i e n c y i n3 Buildings Reduced Water Use 3 Building Reuse and Adaptive 2 Reuse Reuse of Historic Buildings 1 Minimize Site Disturbance 1 through Site Design Minimize Site Disturbance 1 during Construction Contaminant Reduction in 1 Brownfields Remediation Stormwater Management 5 Heat Island Reduction 1 Solar Orientation 1 On-Site Energy Generation 1 On-Site Renewable Energy 1 Sources District Heating & Cooling 1 I n f r a s t r u c t u r e E n e r g y1 Efficiency Wastewater Management 1 R e c y c l e d C o n t e n t f o r1 Infrastructure C o n s t r u c t i o n W a s t e1 Management C o m p r e h e n s i v e Wa s t e 1 Management Light Pollution Reduction 1 TOTAL 31 NO 0 0 3 0 0 1 0 0 5 0 1 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 1 12 NO 0 0 3 0 0 1 0 0 5 0 1 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 1 12 NO 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 5 0 1 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 1 9

48

TABLE 4.10 LEED ND INNOVATION & DESIGN PROCESS 6 POINTS 3 - 2-BDRM1 BDRM BDRM
Credit 1.1 Innovation and Exemplary 1 Performance: In writing, identify the intent of the proposed innovation credit, the proposed requirement for compliance, the proposed submittals to demonstrate compliance, and the design approach and strategies that might be used to meet the requirements. Credit 1.2 Innovation and Exemplary 1 Performance: Same as Credit 1.1 Credit 1.3 Innovation and Exemplary 1 Performance: Same as Credit 1.1 Credit 1.4 Innovation and Exemplary 1 Performance: Same as Credit 1.1 Credit 2 L E E D T M A c c r e d i t e d1 Professional TOTAL 6 LEED C e r t i f i e d : 4 0 - 4 9 p o i n t s , 106 Silver: 50-59 points, Gold: 60-79 points, Platinum: 80-106 points Source; Researchers Fieldwork (2008) 1 1 1

0 5 64

0 5 68

0 5 65

49

4.3

Data Analysis

A total of three (3) building types were investigated which covers the three (3) types that makes up the six hundred and twenty (620) numbers of housing units of the estate. The neighbourhood design and infrastructure was also assessed so that conclusions may be drawn.

TABLE 4.11 HOUSING TYPES

S/N 1 2 3 HOUSING TYPE 3 BEDROOMS 2 - BEDROOMS 1 BEDROOM TOTAL NO 148 300 172 620 % 23.87 48.39 27.74 100

Source; Researchers Fieldwork (2008)

Fig 4.1

Housing Type by Percentage %

50

Table 4.1 shows that the three (3) bedrooms building type constitutes 23.87%, the two (2) bedrooms building types constitutes 48.39% and the one (1) bedroom, makes up 27.74% of the total building types existing in the neighbourhood.

Table 4.12: Summary of Data Collected from Three (3) bedrooms building type for LEED EB, Existing Buildings.
LEED - EB, EXISTING BUILDING REQUIRED RATED OUTPUT RATED POINTS POINTS SS 14 WE 5 EA 23 MR 16 IEQ 22 IDP 5 TOTAL 85

6 4 3 3 7 4 27

Source; Researchers Fieldwork (2008) Certified: 32-39 points, Silver: 40-47 points, Gold: 48-63 points, Platinum: 64-85 points

Table 4.13: Summary of Data Collected from Three (3) bedrooms building type for LEED ND, Neighbourhood Development.
REQUIRED RATED POINTS 30 39 31 6 106 OUTPUT RATED POINTS 20 27 12 5 64

SLL NPD GCT IDP TOTAL

Source; Researchers Fieldwork (2008) Certified: 40-49 points, Silver: 50-59 points, Gold: 60-79 points, Platinum: 80-106 points
51

LEGEND
SS sustainable sites, WE water efficiency, EA energy and atmosphere MR materials and resources, IEQ indoor environmental quality, IDP innovation and design process, SLL smart location and linkage NPD neighbourhood pattern and design, GCT green construction and technology

Table 4.14: Summary of Data Collected from Two (2) bedrooms building type for LEED EB, Existing Buildings.
LEED - EB, EXISTING BUILDING OUTPUT RATED REQUIRED RATED POINTS POINTS SS 14 WE 5 EA 23 MR 16 IEQ 22 IDP 5 TOTAL 85

7 3 3 3 8 4 28

Source; Researchers Fieldwork (2008) Certified: 32-39 points, Silver: 40-47 points, Gold: 48-63 points, Platinum: 64-85 points

Table 4.15: Summary of Data Collected from Two (2) bedrooms building type for LEED ND, Neighbourhood Development.
LEED - ND, NEIGHBOURHOOD DEVELOPMENT REQUIRED RATED OUTPUT RATED POINTS POINTS SLL 30 NPD 39 GCT 31 IDP 6 TOTAL 106

20 31 12 5 68

Source; Researchers Fieldwork (2008)

52

Certified: 40-49 points, Silver: 50-59 points, Gold: 60-79 points, Platinum: 80-106 points

LEGEND
SS sustainable sites, WE water efficiency, EA energy and atmosphere MR materials and resources, IEQ indoor environmental quality, IDP innovation and design process, SLL smart location and linkage NPD neighbourhood pattern and design, GCT green construction and technology

Table 4.16: Summary of Data Collected from One (1) bedroom building type for LEED EB, Existing Buildings.
LEED - EB, EXISTING BUILDING OUTPUT RATED REQUIRED RATED POINTS POINTS SS 14 WE 5 EA 23 MR 16 IEQ 22 IDP 5 TOTAL 85

7 4 4 3 8 4 30

Source; Researchers Fieldwork (2008) Certified: 32-39 points, Silver: 40-47 points, Gold: 48-63 points, Platinum: 64-85 points

53

Table 4.17: Summary of Data Collected from One (1) bedroom building type for LEED ND, Neighbourhood Development.
LEED - ND, NEIGHBOURHOOD DEVELOPMENT REQUIRED RATED OUTPUT RATED POINTS POINTS SLL 30 NPD 39 GCT 31 IDP 6 TOTAL 106

20 31 9 5 65

Source; Researchers Fieldwork (2008) Certified: 40-49 points, Silver: 50-59 points, Gold: 60-79 points, Platinum: 80-106 points

LEGEND
SS sustainable sites, WE water efficiency, EA energy and atmosphere MR materials and resources, IEQ indoor environmental quality, IDP innovation and design process, SLL smart location and linkage NPD neighbourhood pattern and design, GCT green construction and technology

Results As expected, the individual housing types did not attain the minimum points for certification under the LEED EB, Existing Building; But attained Gold Certification in the LEED ND, Neighbourhood Development with 64, 68 and 65 points for the three (3), two (2) and one (1) bedrooms respectively. Factors contributing to lack of Certification for LEED EB, Existing Building The field data obtained revealed that of the six categories of the LEED EB, Existing Building evaluation factors needed for Green Building certification, Energy and Atmosphere, Materials and Resources and Indoor Environmental Quality contributed
54

to the failure of the building types to be certified under this rating system as a result of low points scored. The results obtained are presented in tables 4.2, 4.4 and 4.6 respectively.

30 15 0 SS WE EA MR IEQ IDP

7 4 0

required rating output

Fig 4.2 LEED EB, Existing Building Rating for 3-BEDROOMS TYPE Figure 4.2: displays the inclination in changes in points acquired during the rating for the three (3) bedroom building type. Noticeable changes from Energy and Atmosphere (EA), Materials and Resources (MR) and Indoor Environmental Quality (IEQ) contributed to the failure of the building type to be certified under this rating system.

relationship between required rating against output rating

required rating 30 20 10 0 SLL NPD GCT IDP required rating output 23 15 8 0 output rating 40 30

55

output rating

relationship between required rating against output rating

LEED - EB required rating

4.4

Descriptive Analysis of Data

Fig 4.3 LEED ND, Existing Building Rating for 3-BEDROOMS TYPE Figure 4.3: displays the points acquired for the LEED ND, Neighbourhood

Development for the three (3) bedroom building type. The building type performed well by scoring well above average for Smart Location & Linkage (SLL), Neighbourhood pattern & Design (NPD) and Innovation & Design Process (IDP) but score low in Green Construction Technology (GCT).

required rating

30 15 0 SS WE EA MR IEQ IDP required rating output

8 4 0

Fig 4.4 LEED EB, Existing Building Rating for 2-BEDROOMS TYPE Figure 4.4: displays the inclination in changes in points acquired during the rating for the two (2) bedroom building type. Noticeable changes from Energy and Atmosphere (EA), Materials and Resources (MR) and Indoor Environmental Quality (IEQ) contributed to the failure of the building type to be certified under this rating system.

relationship between required rating against output rating

required rating
30 20 10 0 SLL NPD GCT IDP required rating output 30 20 10 0

Fig 4.5 LEED ND, Existing Building Rating for 2-BEDROOMS TYPE Figure 4.5: displays the points acquired for the LEED ND, Neighbourhood
56

output rating

40

40

output rating

relationship between required rating against output rating

Development for the two (2) bedroom building type. The building type performed well by scoring well above average for Smart Location & Linkage (SLL), Neighbourhood pattern & Design (NPD) and Innovation & Design Process (IDP) but score low in Green Construction Technology (GCT).

required rating

30 15 0 SS WE EA MR IEQ IDP required rating output

8 4 0

Fig 4.6 LEED EB, Existing Building Rating for 1-BEDROOM TYPE Figure 4.6: displays the inclination in changes in points acquired during the rating for the one (1) bedroom building type. Noticeable changes from Energy and Atmosphere (EA), Materials and Resources (MR) and Indoor Environmental Quality (IEQ) contributed to the failure of the building type to be certified under this rating system.
relationship between required rating against output rating
required rating 40 30 20 10 0 SLL required rating NPD output GCT IDP 40 30 20 10 0 output rating

Fig 4.7 LEED ND, Existing Building Rating for 1-BEDROOM TYPE Figure 4.5: displays the points acquired for the LEED ND, Neighbourhood

Development for the two (2) bedroom building type. The building type performed well by scoring well above average for Smart Location & Linkage (SLL), Neighbourhood pattern & Design (NPD) and Innovation & Design Process (IDP) but
57

output rating

relationship between required rating against output rating

score very low in Green Construction Technology (GCT).

4.4.1 Summary of Descriptive Analysis

The descriptive analysis of this research work was of six (6) different charts which explained the result and gave a general impression of the variable used. Figures 4.2, 4.4, and 4.6 shows changes in points acquired during the rating for the three (3) building types. Evaluation factors for Energy and Atmosphere (EA), Materials and Resources (MR) and Indoor Environmental Quality (IEQ) resulted in the failure of the building type to be certified under this rating system. This is so because, the ratings scored against the required were very low. Figures 4.3, 4.5 and 4.7 indicated good performance from the three (3) building types. Here, in terms of Neighbourhood Development, the scores were above average except for the One (1) bedroom type which scored very low in Green Construction Technology (GCT).

4.5

Inferential Analysis of Data

Table: 4.18 Experiment No: 4.1 showing One (1) bedroom (LEED EB, Existing Building)
Variables Exp No Observations Inferences

Type of Strength of Action X Y Model Regression R2 F cal P value Relationshi Rmk Equation on hyp F tab p REQUIRE REQ D OUT 13.5 Accept 4.1 UIRE Linear =3.678+0.0 0.626 7.71 0.473 Very weak NS PUT % Ho D 93 OUTPUT Key: SS = Statistically Significant NS = Not Significant OUTPUT =Derived ratings 58

REQUIRED =Required LEED EB ratings

Observations and Inferences

It was observed that Positive correlation existed between the variables. The R2 value was very low (13.5% in linear regression). The calculated value of F was lower than its table value in linear regression. The P-value was higher than 0.05, which was the level of significance set for all the experiments. The following was inferred from the above observation Since the F was lower than the F and the P-value was higher than 0.05,

cal

tab

this showed that there was no statistical significant relationship between the variables. The Null hypothesis Ho regression.
Table: 4.19 Experiment No: 4.2 showing One (1) bedroom (LEED ND, Neighbourhood Development) Observations Inferences Type of Strength of Action X Y Model Regression R2 F cal P value Relationshi Rmk Equation on hyp F tab p REQUIRE REQ OUT D = -0.96 62.5 Accept 4.1 UIRE Linear 3.338 18.5 0.209 Fair NS PUT +0.649 % Ho D OUTPUT Key: SS = Statistically Significant NS = Not Significant Exp No OUTPUT =Derived ratings REQUIRED =Required LEED EB ratings 59 Variables
1

was therefore Accepted for the linear

Observations and Inferences

It was observed that Negative correlation existed between the variables. The R2 value was very low (62.5% in linear regression). The calculated value of F was lower than its table value in linear regression. The P-value was higher than 0.05, which was the level of significance set for all the experiments. The following was inferred from the above observation Since the F was lower than the F and the P-value was higher than 0.05,

cal

tab

this showed that there was no statistical significant relationship between the variables. The Null hypothesis Ho regression.
Table: 4.20 Experiment No: 4.3 showing Two (2) bedrooms (LEED EB, Existing Building) Observations Inferences Type of Strength of Action Model Regression R2 F cal X Y P value Relationshi Rmk Equation on hyp F tab p REQUIRE REQ D OUT 10.9 Accept 4.1 UIRE Linear =3.330+0.0 0.491 7.71 0.522 Very weak NS PUT % Ho D 94 OUTPUT Key: SS = Statistically Significant NS = Not Significant Exp No OUTPUT =Derived ratings REQUIRED =Required LEED EB ratings Variables
2

was therefore Accepted for the linear

Observations and Inferences

60

It was observed that Positive correlation existed between the variables. The R2 value was very low (10.9% in linear regression). The calculated value of F was lower than its table value in linear regression. The P-value was higher than 0.05, which was the level of significance set for all the experiments. The following was inferred from the above observation Since the F was lower than the F and the P-value was higher than 0.05,

cal

tab

this showed that there was no statistical significant relationship between the variables. The Null hypothesis Ho regression.
Table: 4.21 Experiment No: 4.4 showing Two (2) bedrooms (LEED ND, Neighbourhood Development) Variables Exp No Observations Inferences
3

was therefore Accepted for the linear

Type of Strength of Action X Y Model Regression R2 F cal P value Relationshi Rmk Equation on hyp F tab p REQUIRE REQ OUT D = -0.797 73.4 Accept 4.1 UIRE Linear 5.531 18.5 0.143 Strong NS PUT +0.672 % Ho D OUTPUT Key: SS = Statistically Significant NS = Not Significant OUTPUT =Derived ratings REQUIRED =Required LEED EB ratings

Observations and Inferences

It was observed that
61

Negative correlation existed between the variables. The R2 value was very low (73.4% in linear regression). The calculated value of F was lower than its table value in linear regression.

The P-value was higher than 0.05, which was the level of significance set for all the experiments.

The following was inferred from the above observation Since the F was lower than the F and the P-value was higher than 0.05,

cal

tab

this showed that there was no statistical significant relationship between the variables. The Null hypothesis Ho regression.
Table: 4.22 Experiment No: 4.5 showing Three (3) bedrooms (LEED EB, Existing Building) Observations Inferences Type of Strength of Action Model Regression R2 F cal X Y P value Relationshi Rmk Equation on hyp F tab p REQUIRE REQ D OUT Accept 4.1 UIRE Linear =3.930+0.0 3.7% 0.491 7.71 0.155 Very weak NS PUT Ho D 40 OUTPUT Key: SS = Statistically Significant NS = Not Significant Exp No OUTPUT =Derived ratings REQUIRED =Required LEED EB ratings Variables
4

was therefore Accepted for the linear

Observations and Inferences

It was observed that Positive correlation existed between the variables.
62

The R2 value was very low (3.7% in linear regression). The calculated value of F was lower than its table value in linear regression.

The P-value was higher than 0.05, which was the level of significance set for all the experiments.

The following was inferred from the above observation Since the F was lower than the F and the P-value was higher than 0.05,

cal

tab

this showed that there was no statistical significant relationship between the variables. The Null hypothesis Ho regression.
Table: 4.23 Experiment No: 4.6 showing Three (3) bedrooms (LEED ND, Neighbourhood Development) Observations Inferences Type of Strength of Action Model Regression R2 F cal X Y P value Relationshi Rmk Equation on hyp F tab p REQUIRE REQ OUT D = -0.378 77.2 Accept 4.1 UIRE Linear 6.786 18.5 0.121 Strong NS PUT +0.589 % Ho D OUTPUT Key: SS = Statistically Significant NS = Not Significant Exp No OUTPUT =Derived ratings REQUIRED =Required LEED EB ratings Variables
5

was therefore Accepted for the linear

Observations and Inferences

It was observed that Negative correlation existed between the variables.

63

The R2 value was very low (77.2% in linear regression). The calculated value of F was lower than its table value in linear regression.

The P-value was higher than 0.05, which was the level of significance set for all the experiments.

The following was inferred from the above observation Since the F was lower than the F and the P-value was higher than 0.05,

cal

tab

this showed that there was no statistical significant relationship between the variables. The Null hypothesis Ho regression.
6

was therefore Accepted for the linear

4.6

Discussion of Result

Based on hypothesis
There were six tests in all the tests; all experiments had no statistically significant relationships. The result of the analysis shows that for all experiments, with increase in the evaluation factors considered for certification, the three building types were recording a decrease in points scored.

4.7

Summary of findings

Generally, based on the data obtained from this study, the following summarized the knowledge brought to light by this study:1. It was discovered that the following factors were responsible for the lack of

green building certification for the three (3) building types: Energy and Atmosphere (EA), Materials and Resources (MR) and Indoor Environmental Quality (IEQ). 2. Also realized was good performance towards points acquired for the LEED
64

ND, Neighbourhood Development for the three (3) building types. The building types performed well by scoring well above average for Smart Location & Linkage (SLL), Neighbourhood pattern & Design (NPD) and Innovation & Design Process (IDP) but scored low in Green Construction Technology (GCT). 3. Prior to this research, it was thought of that the buildings might perform quite low due to their age and also time and purpose of construction. But, it was discovered that they have some level of sustainability incorporated in there planning, design and construction. 4. With careful improvement of the identified factors, the building types can attain a better sustainability.

4.8

Summary of Chapter Four

The descriptive analysis of this research work was of six (6) different charts which explained the result and gave a general impression of the variable used. Figures 4.2, 4.4, and 4.6 shows changes in points acquired during the rating for the three (3) building types. Evaluation factors for Energy and Atmosphere (EA), Materials and Resources (MR) and Indoor Environmental Quality (IEQ) resulted in the failure of the building type to be certified under this rating system. This is so because, the ratings scored against the required were very low. Figures 4.3, 4.5 and 4.7 indicated good performance from the three (3) building types. Here, in terms of Neighbourhood Development, the scores were above average except for the One (1) bedroom type which scored very low in Green Construction Technology (GCT). Prior to this research, it was thought of that the buildings might perform quite low due to their age and also time and purpose of construction. But, it was discovered that they have some level of sustainability incorporated in there planning, design and
65

construction which with careful improvement of the identified factors, the building types can attain a better sustainability.

66

CHAPTER FIVE G E N E R A L S U M M A RY, C O N C L U S I O N , R E C O M M E N D AT I O N , IMPLEMENTATION OF THE STUDY AND SUGGESTED AREAS FOR FURTHER RESEARCH

5.1

Introduction

This study has dealt with sustainable practices through green buildings. The researcher looked into green building evaluation factors (using Leadership in Energy and Environmental Design, LEED rating systems), relationship between existing building types and required ratings for green building compatibility. This chapter intends to summarize the findings from the analysis carried out in the previous chapter. Specific recommendation is also proposed to take care of the findings where necessary. The chapter concludes with possible areas of further research works.

5.2

General Summary

The environment (our Planet) is not the only interested party to benefit from green building. It is a testament to the synergistic dynamics of building green that owners (economical), users (health and productivity), and, yes, contractors (opportunity), also stand to benefit greatly from the green movement. The study shows that Energy and Atmosphere (EA), Materials and Resources (MR) and Indoor Environmental Quality (IEQ) were the most critical evaluation factors that resulted in the failure of the buildings to be certified. It was discovered that the buildings had some level of sustainability incorporated in there planning, design and construction which with careful improvement of the identified factors, the building
67

types can attain a better sustainability.

5.3

Conclusion

The following conclusions could be drawn from the findings: If we do not design and build greener buildings, we will be on course for a long-term disaster. When it comes to man-made threat to the environment, its mostly about carbon dioxide. Currently: atmospheric concentration of carbon dioxide are increasing at 2ppm each year (Leslie McCarthy, 2007). At this rate, we will reach 450ppm in 2033, as it has been demonstrated that buildings are the single largest contributor to man-made global warming (Marilyn Brown et al, 2005). The evaluation factors used were the LEED EB, for existing buildings and LEED ND, for neighbourhood development. The first is broadly categorized into six (6) evaluation factors and the second Four (4). Energy and Atmosphere (EA), Materials and Resources (MR) and Indoor Environmental Quality (IEQ) are the main evaluation factors under LEED EB that critically refused the building types certification for building buildings. The building types performed well under LEED ND for Smart Location & Linkage (SLL), Neighbourhood pattern & Design (NPD) and Innovation & Design Process (IDP) but scored low in Green Construction Technology (GCT). It was discovered that the building types have some level of sustainability incorporated in there planning, design and construction which with careful improvement of the identified factors, the building types can attain a better sustainability.
68

5.4

Recommendation

In view of the above conclusion and the need to improve on the existing situation for new development of housing estates and neighbourhood planning for sustainability, the following recommendations are put forward: Addressing the underlying factors and implementing the strategies for the improvement identified in this study, especially in relation to priority of levels established in the analyses, could help make our buildings greener. Sustainable Sites - provisions should be made for the following:

1. Alternative transportation bicycle storage & changing rooms 2. Alternative transportation Alternative fuel vehicles 3. Car pooling & telecommuting 4. Protect/restore open space 5. Heat island reduction Non-roof Water Efficiency provisions should be made for:

1. Water reduction 20% Energy & Atmosphere provisions should be made for the following:

1. Energy Star Rating 67-99 2. Renewable Energy 3. Building Operations & Maintenance 4. Performance Measurement 5. Emission Reduction Report 6. Documenting Sustainable Building Cost Impacts Materials & resources provisions should be made for the following:
69

1. Optimize use of Alternative Materials. 2. Optimize use of IAQ Compliant Products 3. Sustainable Cleaning Products & Materials 4. Occupant Recycling Indoor Environmental Quality Provisions should be made for the following:

1. Outside Air Delivery Monitoring 2. Documenting Productivity Impacts 3. Indoor Chemical & Pollutant Source Control 4. Controllability of Systems Lighting, Temperature & Ventilation 5. Thermal Comfort Permanent Monitoring System 6. Green Cleaning. Innovation & Design Process Adequate provisions for Innovation in Upgrades, Operation & Maintenance. Smart Location & Linkages - Provisions should be made for the following:

1. Brownfield Redevelopment if any 2. Flood Plain Avoidance 3. Steep Slope Protection 4. Site Design for Habitat or Wetlands Conservation 5. Restoration of Habitats or Wetlands Neighbourhood Pattern & Design - Provisions should be made for the following: 1. Diversity of Uses 2. Transit Facilities 3. Transportation Demand Management
70

4. Local Food Production Green Construction Technology - Provisions should be made for the following:

1. Building Reuse and Adaptive Reuse 2. Heat Island Reduction 3. On-site Energy Generation 4. On-site renewable Energy Sources 5. District Heating and Cooling 6. Infrastructure Energy Efficiency 7. Recycled Content for Infrastructure 8. Construction Waste Management 9. Comprehensive Waste Management

5.5

Implementation of the Study

The need for Green Building materials policies is hereby emphasized. It is proposed that firms should draw up working procedures for incorporation of green building practices on construction sites. It is also stressed that the green building practices should be included in the New Building Code and that the government and relevant authorities should set up task force to monitor and control its implementation. Finally, in view of the importance to health of the users and the environment in general, the following general recommendations are made: Green Building practices should be incorporated in the general conditions of contract for construction works. Green Building practices should be included in the construction education curricula in the country.
71

 Professional bodies in the construction industry should organize workshops and seminars to educate contractors and members of the construction design team on the importance of green buildings. Furthermore, based on the findings of this study, a number of recommendations can be made to make our buildings greener, but the following are specifically noted: Optimization of factors affecting Energy & Atmosphere. Adequate care should be given to the selection of building materials and resources. Discourage the use of materials with volatile organic compounds (VOC). Adequate attention should be given to Green Construction & Technology methods/procedures.

5.6

Suggested Areas for Further Research

A further research work can still be done on the cost implications of building green.

5.7

Expected Contribution to Knowledge

This research work contribution to knowledge will be that different categories of students in higher institution of learning will use data analyzed as a case study for such related research work in future and also serve as a reference material. Moreover, this research work will serve as guide for building contractors and Site Engineers/ Builders and Designers that has the highest potentials and capabilities for minimizing the effect of man-made global warming in Nigerian.

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Morenikeji, W (2006). Research & Analytical Methods (For Social Scientists, Planners and Environmentalists, Jos: Jos University Press Ltd Neufert, Ernst (1998). Architects Data (Second International English Edition), London: Blackwell Publishers. Roodman, D.M. and N. Lenssen. (1995). A Building Revolution: How Ecology and Health Concerns are Transforming Construction. Worldwatch Paper 124, Worldwatch Institute, Washington, DC, March. Ryan, Chris (2006). "Dematerializing Consumption through Service Substitution is a Design Challenge". Journal of Industrial Ecology. Vol.4 no.1. Sano, R. et al, (2002). Contractors Guide for Green Building Materials. (Online) Retrieved May 14th, 2008 from the World Wide Web; http:// www.watgreen.uwaterloo.ca/projects/library/ f02greenbldgmtrls.pdf
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Wong-Swanson, B. (2005). An Introduction to Sustainable Production and Consumption. S.E.E. Magazine. 18th April. Build it Green, (2005). New Home Construction, Green Building Guidelines, 2005 Edition. (Online) Retrieved April 18th, 2008 from World Wide Web; http:// www.BuildGreenNow.org FWCI - Foundation of the Wall and Ceiling Industry (2008). Green Building Understanding, Bidding and Building Green. (Online) Retrieved July 28th, 2 0 0 8 f r o m t h e Wo r l d W i d e We b ; publicationdownload.shtml. Levin, Hal (1995). "Building Ecology: An architect's perspective on Healthy Buildings." Proceedings of Healthy Buildings '95. (Online) Retrieved June 14th, 2008 from the World Wide Web; http://www.buildingecology.com McCarthy, Leslie (2007). Research Finds That Earths Climate is Approaching Dangerous Point NASA. (Online) Retrieved September 20th, 2008 from World Wide Web http://www.nasa.gov/centers/goddard/news/topstory/2007/danger_point.html U.S. Green Building Council (2008). Green Home Guide. (Online) Retrieved June 14th, 2008 from World Wide Web; http:// www.greenhomeguide.org/index.html Wikipedia, the online encyclopedia (2008). Sustainable Communities Plan. (Online) Retrieved June 14th, 2008 from world wide web; http:// h t t p : / / w w w. a w c i . o r g /

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(Online) Retrieved

June 14th, 2008 from world wide web; http://

en.wikipedia.org/wiki/sustainable_design

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