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Jenish Jirin / 62 Download this Document for Free Research Report on Self-Medication of Antibiotics in M.P. State, India 9 LIST OF TABLES AND FIGURES S. No List of Tables Page No. S. No List of Tables Page No. 1.1 Table 1 23 1.11 Table 11 451.2 Table 2 24 1.12 Table 12 451.3 Table 3 37 1.13 Table 13 461.4 Table 4 37 1.14 Table 14 471.5 Table 5 38 1.15 Table 15 481.6

Table 6 38 1.16 Table 16 491.7 Table 7 39 1.17 Table 17 501.8 Table 8 40 1.18 Table 18 511.9 Table 9 42 1.19 Table 19 521.10 Table 10 43 S. No List of Figures Page No.S. No List of Pie Charts PageNo. 2.1 Figure 1 325.1 PieC hart: 1 342.2 Figure 2 335.2 PieC hart: 2 343.1 Flowchart 1 315.3 PieC hart: 3 354.1 BarC hart: 1 375.4 PieC hart: 4 354.2

BarC hart: 2 415.5 PieC hart: 5 364.3 BarC hart: 3 465.6 PieC hart: 6 444.4 BarC hart: 4 475.7 PieC hart: 7 444.5 BarC hart: 5 485.8 PieC hart: 8 495.9 PieC hart: 9 50

Research Report on Self-Medication of Antibiotics in M.P. State, India 10 CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION Mens sana in corpore sano ~ Juvenal

(Your prayer must be for a sound mind in a sound body.) HEALTH is the general condition of a person in all aspects. It is also a level of functional and/or metabolic efficiency of an organism, often implicitly human.At the time of the creation of the World Health Organization (WHO), in 1948, health wasdefined as being " a state of complete physical, mental, and social well-being and not merely theabsence of disease or infirmity " . [Ref 1]Achieving and maintaining health is an ongoing process. Effective strategies for staying healthyand improving one's health include the following elements: y Observation of daily living. y Social Activity. y Hygiene. y Stress Management. y Health C are.Overall health is achieved through a combination of physical, mental, emotional, and social well- being, which, together is commonly referred to as the Health Triangle .The LaLonde report suggests that there are four general determinants of health including

human biology,

environment,

lifestyle and

Healthcare services . Thus, health is maintained and improved not only through the advancement and applicationof health science, but also through the efforts and intelligent lifestyle choices of the individualand society.A major environmental factor is water quality, especially for the health of infants and childrenin developing countries.

Research Report on Self-Medication of Antibiotics in M.P. State, India 11 A common saying about health: Health is not valued till sickness comes . ~ Dr. Thomas Fuller OVER-THE-COUNTER (OTC) DRUGS are medicines that may be sold directly to aconsumer without a prescription from a health care professional, as compared to prescriptiondrugs, which may only be sold to consumers possessing a valid prescription. [Ref 2] In many countries, OT C drugs are selected by a regulatory agency to ensure that they areingredients that are safe and effective when used without a physician's care.OT C drugs enable people to relieve many annoying symptoms and to cure some diseases simplyand without the cost of seeing a doctor. However, safe use of these drugs requires knowledge,common sense, and responsibility.In addition to the substances such as aspirin and acetaminophen that people typically think of asOT C drugs, many other commonly available products are considered OT C drugs by the federalFood and Drug Administration (FDA). Some toothpastes, some mouthwashes, some types of eyedrops, wart removers, first aid creams and ointments that contain antibiotics, and even dandruff shampoos are considered OT C drugs.Some OT C drugs were originally available only by prescription. After many years of use under prescription regulation, drugs with excellent safety records may be approved by the FDA for over-thecounter sale. The analgesic ibuprofen and the indigestion remedy famotidine areexamples of such drugs. Often, the OT C version has a substantially lower amount of activeingredient in each tablet, capsule, or caplet than does the prescription drug. When establishingappropriate doses of OT C drugs, manufacturers and the FDA try to balance safety andeffectiveness. Safety Considerations Safety is a major concern when the FDA considers reclassifying a prescription drug as OT C .Most OT

C drugsunlike health foods, dietary supplements (including medicinal herbs) andcomplementary therapies have been studied scientifically and extensively. However, all drugshave benefits and risks, and some degree of risk has to be tolerated if people are to receive adrug's benefits.Safety depends on using a drug properly. For OT C drugs, proper use often relies on consumer self-diagnosis, which leaves room for error. For example, most headaches are not dangerous, butin rare cases, a headache is an early warning of a brain tumor or hemorrhage.People who purchase OT C drugs should read and follow the instructions carefully. Becausedifferent formulationssuch as immediate-release and controlled-release (slow-release)formulationsmay have the same brand name, the label should be checked each time a productis purchased, and the dosage should be noted.

Research Report on Self-Medication of Antibiotics in M.P. State, India 12 Often, the labels of OT C drugs do not list the full range of possible side effects . As a result,many people assume that these drugs have few, if any, side effects. For example, the packageinsert for one analgesic cautions people not to take the drug for more than 10 days for pain.However, the possible serious side effects that can occur with long-term use (such as lifethreatening bleeding from the digestive tract) are not mentionednot on the box, bottle, or package insert. C onsequently, people with chronic pain or inflammation may take the drug for along time without realizing that such use could lead to serious problems. Considerations in Reclassifying a Drug as Over-The-Counter: [Ref 3] Safety

Has the drug been used for a long enough time so that any harmful effects are fullyunderstood?

What harmful effects (including those form misuse) may the drug produce?

Is the drug habit forming?

Do the benefits of OT C status outweigh the risks?Ease of Diagnosis & Treatment

C an the average person self-diagnose the condition that calls for the drugs?

C an the average person treat the condition without help of a doctor or other health care practitioner?Labelling

an adequate directions for use be written?

C an warnings against unsafe use be written?

C an the average person understand the information on the label? CHEMISTS & PHARMACISTSPharmacists are health professionals who practice the science of pharmacy. In their traditionalrole, pharmacists typically take a request for medicines from a prescribing health care provider inthe form of a medical prescription, evaluate the appropriateness of the prescription, dispense themedication to the patient and counsel them on the proper use and adverse effects of thatmedication. [Ref 4]At present there are around 14 lakhs chemists/pharmacists in India and in the coming years theindustry is expected to generate an annual turnover of more than $11 billion in India. The major players in Indian pharmacy retail sector are Reliance (R-ADAG), Hong Kong-based ZuelligPharma, U S-based C ardinal Health, Apollo Health, Fortis Healthworld, Subiksha, Manipal C ure& C are and Medicine shoppe.

Research Report on Self-Medication of Antibiotics in M.P. State, India 13 Roles & Responsibilities: y Pharmacists/druggists/chemists act as a learned intermediary between physicians and patients and thus ensure the safe and effective use of medications. y Pharmacists/druggists/chemists also participate in disease-state management, where theyoptimize and monitor drug therapy or interpret medical laboratory results incollaboration with physicians and/or other health professionals.One of the most important roles that pharmacists are currently taking on is one of pharmaceutical care . Pharmaceutical care involves taking direct responsibility for patients andtheir disease states, medications, and the management of each in order to improve the outcomefor each individual patient. Pharmaceutical care has many benefits that include but are notlimited to: y Decreased medication errors y Increased patient compliance in medication regimen y Better chronic disease state management y Strong pharmacist-patient relationship y Decreased long-term costs of medical care About ANTIBIOTICS An Antibiotic is substance or compound that kills or inhibits the growth of bacteria. Antibiotics belong to the broader group of antimicrobial compounds, used to treat infections caused by microorganisms, including fungi and protozoa. [Ref 5]Oral antibiotics are simply ingested, while intravenous antibiotics are used in more serious cases,such as deepseated systemic infections. Antibiotics may also sometimes beadministered topically, as with eye drops or ointments. F ew antibiotics: Penicillin, C

ephalosporins, Macrolides, Quinolones, C arbapenems, and Other Antibiotics (Aminoglycosides, Tetracyclines, Sulfonamides, Mupirocin, Glycopeptides,Synercid, and Oxazolidinones. F ew manufactures of Antibiotics: Abbott Laboratories, Advancis Pharmaceutical C orp., Bayer Health C are AG, Bristol-Myers Squibb C o., C ubist Pharmaceuticals, Inc., Daiichi Sankyo C ompany, Limited, Eli Lilly and C o., GlaxoSmithKline Plc, Johnson & Johnson, KyorinPharmaceutical C o., Ltd., LG Life Sciences Limited, Novartis AG, Pfizer Inc., Pliva d.d.,Ranbaxy Laboratories Ltd, Roche, Sanofi-Aventis SA, Takeda Pharmaceutical C ompany, Ltd.,Toyama C hemical C o., Ltd., and Wyeth Pharmaceuticals, Inc.

Research Report on Self-Medication of Antibiotics in M.P. State, India 14 Side effects Although antibiotics are generally considered safe and well tolerated, they have been associatedwith a wide range of adverse effects. Side effects are many, varied and can be very seriousdepending on the antibiotics used and the microbial organisms targeted. The safety profiles of newer medications may not be as well established as those that have been in use for many years. The first rule of antibiotics is try not to use them, and the second rule is try not to use too manyof them . ~ Paul L. Marino, T he ICU Book Adverse effects may include: y Fever y Nausea y Photo dermatitis y Anaphylaxis y Diarrhoea &/or Dehydration y Abdominal Pain y Prolonged or incorrect use of antibiotics can cause an individual to become weak andmore susceptible to outside infections. y C olitis, the inflammation of the colon is a rare effect .

y More serious side effects include the formation of kidney stones with the sulphonamides,abnormal blood clotting with some of the cephalosporin, increased sensitivity to the sunwith the tetracycline, blood disorders with trimethoprim, and deafness with erythromycinand the amino glycoside. y In case of overdose, there is a chance of increasing the risk of cancer. y Other side effects can result from interaction with other drugs (called rug-drug interaction ), such as elevated risk of tendon damage from administration of a quinolone antibiotic with a systemic corticosteroid. y Inappropriate antibiotic treatment and overuse of antibiotics have been a contributingfactor to the emergence of resistant bacteria.It is widely believed that human malpractices such as inadequate dosing, incomplete courses andindiscriminate drug use have contributed to the emergence and spread of antimicrobialresistance.

Self-Medication of Antibiotics Download this Document for FreePrintMobileCollectionsReport Document Info and Rating kinshooshah Sections

show all prev | next CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION RESEARCH OBJECTIVES CHAPTER 2: LITERATURE REVIEW Socioeconomic and Behavioral Factors Misuse of Antibiotic as Cause of Resistance SELF-MEDICATION WITH ANTIBIOTICS SELF-MEDICATION IN INDIA Social Factors Leading To Self-Medication in India STATISTICS Share & Embed Related Documents PreviousNext 1. p.

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