Various Operating States in Power System and their control Strategies

NORMAL STATE
RESTORATIVE CONTROL ACTION PREVENTIVE CONTROL ACTION ALERT OR SECURE STATE

RESTORATIVE STATE EMERGENCY CONTROL ACTION INEXTREMIS OR EXTREME EMERGENCY STATE

CORRECTIVE CONTROL ACTION

EMERGENCY OR IN-SECURE STATE

STATE TRANSITION DIAGRAM

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COMPUTER CONTROL OF POWER SYSTEMS

For efficient control and reliable operation of modern power systems the control action in envisaged with the following systems: 1. Data Acquisition System

2. Computers 3. Man-machine interface

4. Software and human operators

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POWER SYSTEM

FRONT END COMPUTER DISKS

FRONT END COMPUTER

DISKS

MAIN COMPUTER

MAIN COMPUTER

CONSOLE

WATCH DOG TIMER

CONSOLE

OFF LINE EDITING FACILITY MAGNETIC TAPE

DRIVE CONSOLE

DATA LOGGERS

DISK INTERFACE

Fig: Computer Control in Power System

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The Modern Power System Control Centre has the following actions

to perform:
1. Automatic Generation Control (AGC)

2. Economic Load Dispatch (ELD)

3. Automatic Voltage (Reactive Power) Control

4. On Line Load Flow Analysis

5. On Line Short Circuit Analysis 6. State Estimation 7. Security Monitoring 8. Steady State Security Analysis

9. Supervisory Control
10. Emergency Control like Load Shedding, Generator Tripping etc.,

11. Automatic Circuit Restoration.

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1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6.

The Computer systems involve dual configurations with external interfaces to monitor the data. i. The first one is a process computer linked by tele-channels to various generating stations for data acquisition. ii. The second one is a larger system where major calculations are carried out and provides information to the process computer. For Real Time Monitoring and Control the following basic components are used: System Wide Instrumentation High Speed Digital Telemetry Central Processing Unit Memory and Bulk Storage Interactive Display Software for operation and applications
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CORE MEMORY
DISPLAY

CPU

MODEM

DISK /TAPE

Data from the Power System

Fig : Functional Block Diagram of Real Time Computer System

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Computer Control can take any one of the

following forms:
1. Off - Line Computer Control : Planning and Operating Condition Estimation

2. Computer Assisted Control : Data is transmitted

at regular intervals and decisions are made by the operator

3. On Line Computer Control : Monitoring and

Control of processed data, emergency control, protection etc.,
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Power System Network Automation

Network Automation reduces the risk of human operator to some extent. The input data for the network automation may be obtained from load centers through microcomputers or computer based Remote Terminal Units (RTU). The RTU perform the following functions: 1. Obtain the system data in analog form 2. convert the analog data into digital form 3. transmit the digital data to Area Load Dispatch Centre Transmitted Data involves the following: a. Breaker Stauts b. Isolator position c. MW and MVar Line flows d. Frequency e. Voltage levels f. Current g. Transformer Status
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Data may be classified as 1. Real Time Data: It consists of measurands, alarm etc., and is stored in core memory 2. Static Data: It consists of back ground, text data files etc., and is normally stored on a secondary and fast access memory. 3. Long Term Data: Long term data may be stored on secondary, slow access memory and consists of data for post fault analysis, measurands etc., The Machine interface may consists of the following: a). Alphanumeric Display b). Video Display Units (VDU) c). Digital Displays d). Strip Chart Recorders etc.,
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Level Decomposition in Power Systems

Hierarchical Structure in Power Systems Levels System Monitoring and Control

1st Level 2nd Level 3rd Level 4th Level

Generating Stations and Substations Sub Transmission and Transmission Networks Transmission System Interconnected Power System

Local Control Centre Area Load Dispatch Centre State Load Dispatch Centre Regional Load Dispatch Centre

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Local Control Centre: Some of the typical Control

applications are 1. Local monitoring and control 2. Protection

3. Auto-reclosure
4. Voltage regulation 5. Capacitor Switching 6. Feeder Synchronization

7. Load Shedding
8. Network Restoration

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Area Load Dispatch Centre (ALDC): A group of generating stations and sub-stations along with the associated network and loads may be considered as a unit for control under load dispatch centre.

State Load Dispatch Centre (SLDC): The minute to minute operation of the power system at the state level may be carried out by this SLDC. It
may have the following functions: 1. System generation load monitoring control

2. System wide state monitoring and control

3. Circuit Breaker state monitoring and control 4. Load shedding and restoration

5. Supervisory Control transmission lines and equipment status

6. Planning and monitoring of system operations.
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Regional Dispatch Centre (RDC): It may be regarded

as coordinating and monitoring control for SLDC with following main objectives:

1. Integrated and maintenance of SLDC

2. operating and maintenance schedules for the generating plant

3. operating and maintenance schedules for maximum

capacity utilization

4. monitoring and control of inter-state power transactions

5. monitoring and control of inter regional power transactions.

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Energy Control Centre (ECC)

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Energy Control Centre (ECC)

ECC is equipped with on-line computers performing all signal

processing through remote acquisition system known as SCADA.

ECC contains visual display unit (VDU), keyboard, light pen. If any
deviation from normal state occurs, computer give alarms.

Energy Control Centre functions : An energy control centre (ECC)

manages these tasks provides optimal operation of the system. An

energy control centre can perform the following functions

1. load forecasting

2. system planning
3. unit commitment

4. maintenance scheduling
5. security monitoring

6. state estimation
7. economic dispatch

8. load frequency control

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1. Load forecasting short term Intermediate long term techniques 2. Power system planning : System planning is essential to assure for the growing demand of electricity's. System planning has to be done for Generation Expansion Transmission System Planning Distribution System Planning -The planning should aim at excess capacity ie., installed capacity should be more than predicted demand. -The distribution planning is extended for substation expansion.
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3. Unit commitment The process of committing the generation units to be ON or OFF is called unit commitment. This unit commitment deals with the scheduling the ON/OFF status of the generating units. The resultant schedule should minimize the production cost during the whole period which leads an economic operation of the power system. The following constraints are taken into account. The constraints of the unit commitment are 1. Spinning reserve 2. Minimum up time 3. Minimum down time 4. Hydro constraints 5. Fuel constraints.
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4. Maintenance Scheduling Prevent maintenance involves regular routine or plant check-ups and repair on generating equipment to prevent failures and to increase the availability of generating facility. Maintenance scheduling is the process of scheduling the planned maintenance outages of the generation equipment over a given future period in such a manner in such a manner that the maintenance is performed. The main objectives of maintenance scheduling are 1. Minimization of the total cost to the utility 2. Maximization of the system reliability. Generally the second objective is applied as a constraint to keep the reliability above certain level.
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5. Security Monitoring : Security monitoring is defined as an online process of using real-time data for analyzing the effects of a series of outage contingences on the steady state performance of the system. Continuous monitoring of security and

appropriate corrective actions for improving security is

called Security Control.

6. State estimation: State estimation is the process of estimating

the state of the power system. State estimation based

on system monitoring data produces best estimate of

latest Power System Condition (State).
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The functions of state estimator are Augment the telemetered reliable information base of the
system. Detection, identification and suppression of bad measurements. Provide the data base for a more reliable security analysis. 7. Economic Dispatch : The function of economic dispatch the load among the generating units connected in the system in

such a manner as to minimize the total cost of the system condition.

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8. Load Frequency Control (LFC)

i. To hold the system frequency at or very close to a specified normal value ii. To maintain the correct value of interchange power between control areas iii. To maintain each generation at most economic value

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