MID TERM REPORT

IMPLEMENTATION OF 132 KV HT
SWITCHYARD

Project Mentor: Mr. SANJEEV GUPTA

Submitted to: - Siemens Limited
4A Ring Road
.P. Estate
New Delhi - 110002

Submitted By: - RAJAT SHARMA
Electrical Engineering Department
ROLL NO. 81404109024
SANT BABA BHAGH SNGH ENGNEERNG
COLLEGE, JALANDHAR CTY

Preface

The main aim of the internship/ training is to expose the
engineering students to the industrial culture which he/she would
face in his/her future life. Training is an investment and hence
should be able to get its due returns in terms of better work ship
and engineering. For future, today's training is an absolute
necessity. Every bit of time that a trainee spends in the
surroundings of experienced engineers increases their mental
horizons by leaps and bounds. Although it appears as if trainees
gain little over this period, yet they gain knowledge of how various
activities are carried out practically. Subordination is one aspect
which is imbibed in them in maiden years and disciplines the next,
which shall become a part and parcel of their live later on. To
make training more effective, a suitable place of work/ industrial
concern must be found.

Having spent 3 months here at Siemens Limited, which is
undoubtedly one of the best firms in its field, was a huge learning
curve for me especially with the prevalent work culture. hope to
carry forward all that have gained in this period and use it to my
benefit.




cknowIedgements

The successful completion of any task is incomplete without
acknowledging the people who made it all possible. The fact that
was able to successfully complete this project could not be
possible without the help and support of many people.
This seems to be a fitting moment for me to express my heartfelt
gratitude towards all those who helped me patiently in the
completion of my training.
To begin with, express my sincere thanks to my mentor Mr.
Sanjeev Gupta, Siemens Limited, New Delhi for sharing his
knowledge and experience with me.
would also like to express my sincerest regards to Ms. Chhavi
Kumar (HR), Siemens Limited, New Delhi for giving me the
opportunity to gain professional exposure.





Rajat Sharma



SIEMENS LIMITED

INTRODUCTION

Siemens AG (Berlin and Munich) is a global powerhouse in electronics and electrical
engineering, operating in the industry, energy and healthcare sectors. For over 160
years, Siemens has stood for technical achievements, innovation, quality, reliability and
internationality.
Siemens has been synonymous with international focus and worldwide presence for
160 year. Today, Siemens is a global powerhouse with activities in nearly 190 regions
and has a global presence.
The company has around 4,00,000 employees (in continuing operations) working to
develop and manufacture products ,design and install complex system and projects
,and tailor a wide range of solution for individual requirements.
Siemens put strong emphasis on R&D with over 4500 employees engaged in this key
activity and contributing to approximately 8% of the turnover. On an average Siemens
spends DM 35 million a day on R&D centers in Europe and USA apart from Germany.











History Of Siemens


Siemens was founded in Berlin by Werner von Siemens in 1847. As an extraordinary
inventor, engineer and entrepreneur, Werner von Siemens made the world's first pointer
telegraph and electric dynamo; inventions that helped put the spin in the industrial
revolution. He was the man behind one of the most fascinating success stories of all
time - by turning a humble little workshop into one of the world's largest enterprises.
As Werner had envisioned, the company he started grew from strength to strength in
every field of electrical engineering. From constructing the world's first electric railway to
laying the first telegraph line linking Britain and ndia, Siemens was responsible for
building much of the modern world's infrastructure.
Siemens is today a technology giant in more than 190 countries, employing some
440,000 people worldwide. ts works in the fields of energy, industry, communications,
information, transportation, healthcare, components and lighting have become essential
parts of everyday life.
While Werner was a tireless inventor during his days, Siemens today remains a
relentless innovator. With innovations averaging 18 a day, it seems like the revolution
Werner started is still going strong.

Various Discoveries in the History of Siemens

1847 Founding year 1906 First against dust
1925 Enter the oven 1928 Washing in any position of the
wash 'copper'
1929 Fully electrified kitchens in Berlin 1930 First refrigeration comfort
1932 First washing machine with
heater
1934 The "whispering vacuum cleaner
1934 Granddaddy of all electric
cookers
1938 Rolling out the first compressor
refrigerators
1950 The Siemens automatic hotplate 1950 Conserving energy through
laundry spin drying
1956 Laundry moves upstairs 1960 The miracle of space in the
refrigerator
1962 The first universal built in cooker 1964 The first dishwasher
1969 The fitted kitchen as a status
symbol
1970 Lifestyle of breakfast
1970 Oven carriage and pyrolytic self
cleaning
1970 Laundry with total comfort
1973 Coffee with more flavor and
aroma
1976 Laundry drying, everywhere
1980 Desire for kitchen harmony 1981 Hot news about cooker
developments
1984 Home appliances say what they
need
1985 Aqua stop provides water
damage protection
1987 Dishwasher ,45 cm wide 1988 0 degree c keeps freshness
1989 Washing at a higher level of
environmental consciousness
1989 New laundry technology :
AquaTronic scoop and shower
water system
1990 ncreased savings for dishwasher 1994 World premiere of top basket
dishwashing
1995 nduction. Electrical cooking with
the characteristics of gas
1996 Aqua-sensor .Laundry and
savings
1997 Cooking zones with boiling over 1998 Fully electronic ,super easy ,EPS
1999 nto the next millennium. The
simple way
1999 Contribution to the working
atmosphere
2000 World Exposition EXPO 2000 in
Hanover
2001 Succulent world first
2002 World's easiest dishwasher








SIEMENS IN INDI

Siemens Ltd is a leading electrical and electronics engineering company in ndia.
The Siemens Group in ndia has emerged as a leading inventor, innovator and
implementer of leading-edge technology enabled solutions operating in the core
business segments of ndustry, Energy and Healthcare. The Group's business is
represented by various companies that span across these various segments.
Siemens brings to ndia state-of-the-art technology that adds value to customers
through a combination of multiple high-end technologies for complete solutions. The
Group has the competence and capability to integrate all products, systems and
services. t caters to ndustry needs across market segments by undertaking complete
projects such as Hospitals, Airports and ndustrial units.
n 1962 it was converted into a public limited company with 51 % of its equity held by
Siemens AG and the remaining 49 % held by ndian shareholders.
The Siemens Group in ndia comprises of 22 companies, providing direct employment
to over 17,000 persons. Currently, the group has 18 manufacturing plants, a wide
network up of Sales and Service offices across the country as well as over 500 channel
partners.
t operates in the energy, industry, healthcare, transportation, information,
communications and components business segments. t also operates joint ventures in
the fields of communication and information technology.
Today, Siemens, with its world-class solutions plays a key role in ndia's quest for
developing modern infrastructure.







PROJECT MNGEMENT

Project Organization
The Siemens approach to the project organization starts with the attached charts
'Project Organization Chart'. Siemens considers a professional and experienced project
management as the main key to a successful project.
Siemens strongly advocates the use of project management disciplines, because this
approach provides significant benefits to both the supplier and customer, such as
control over the design, installation and performance of the system.
The fundamental requirements to make a project management a success are:
O Co-operation
O Communication
O Detailed reviews
O Regular reviews
















Project Organization Chart






ro[ecL
Manager
Slemens lndla
SlLe Manager urchase Commerclal
SLore lncharge Cfflce AsslsLanLs ro[ecL Lnglneer
LlecLrlcal
Mechanlcal
l1 ConLrols
1echnlclans
CuallLy
Supervlsor
SlLe Commerclal
ueslgn
LlecLrlcal
ConLrols
Mechanlcal


Project Manager

Project manager is directly responsible for the implementation of the contract. His
responsibilities include the technical, financial, contractual and personnel aspects of the
project. As prime interface to the client on project-related matters, he represents
Siemens and our subcontractors. He acts as project team controller and coordinator of
the suppliers involved. He is committed and dedicated to this task for the whole duration
of the project.
The Senior Project manager becomes the principal contact for the employer and the
engineer during the implementation stage of the project. He coordinates the activities of
the project team which will comprise engineers drawn from the following disciplines.
O Mechanical Engineering
O Low Level Controls (hardware)
O Higher Level Controls (PLC controls)
O Procurement
O Site Management
O Logistic Management

The team that is drawn from the various disciplines above will be supported at certain
times of the project by specialist engineers. These engineers are required to undertake
detailed work on certain areas of the system and will work under the direction of the
Project Manager.

The Project Manager is responsible for providing the specified system
O On time
O Within budget
O Within the agreed performance requirements

The Project Manager is going to define an efficient communication protocol to handle
the flow of information between Siemens, their subcontractors and the client (Employer)
and the Employer's Representative, respectively.
Review Board
n regular intervals, e.g. monthly, the project manager reports to senior management at
Siemens (the Review Board) on progress, support required, problems encountered and
other relevant issues. The Review Board group monitors the progress of the project and
supports the Project Manager whenever necessary.
QuaIity Manager
The Quality Manager develops a project specific quality manual during the early
planning stage. This manual sets the project specific quality standards.
The project quality manual:
O Provides a list of applicable quality standards
O Defines the major milestones, their pre-requisites and results
O Defines reporting formats and intervals provides standard forms to be used by all
participating suppliers in the context of the project
O Provides the most important rules & regulations

Once approved by the Project Manager, the Project Quality Manual is distributed to the
team. f required, the manual is available to the Employer and the engineer too. The
Project Quality Manual is updated at regular intervals.
Project Engineers
The project team consists of a core team, built up during the early stages of the project,
and specialists for specific tasks who join the team as and when needed (e.g. for the
mechanical design). The core team implements the project throughout all its stages.
The software engineers, for example, design the software during initial stage, later
implement their design and install and commission their software on site.
n general, the members of the core project team are dedicated to the project from
concept to completion. This approach assures the best continuity within the team,
reduces the number of communication interfaces and thus assure maximum team
efficiency. The project team closely interacts with other project teams employed directly
by the client. The project staff perceive themselves to be members of a larger project
team, where success can only be a joint activity.
Site Manager
The Siemens site manager plans and supervises the set-up of the site (e.g. site
infrastructure, detailed program of the works) and organizes the site team. He keeps the
list of open points (LOP) and supervises their rectification according to the contractual
requirements.
Working within the project team structure, the site manager is supported by a site
Superintendent and team of installation engineers who will carry out the work on site in
line with the implementation program.
The site manager is also responsible for the work carried out by subcontractors on site.
Regular site progress meetings are held with the subcontractors and the Senior Project
Manager to review progress against the implementation program.
The site manager reports directly to the project manager. During installation and
commissioning, the site manager represents Siemens on all site-related matters.

Project Management Steps
The different steps of project management can be broadly divided in the following:
O Customer Requirement
O Proposal to Customer
O Approval of Proposal (Technically and Commercially)
O Layout and Design
O mplementation and Execution
O Testing and Commissioning
O Handling over the project to customer

unctionaI Design Specification/Contract Execution PIanning
n this phase all details and aspects of the project are defined and described in
appropriate and applicable system specifications for e.g. the control systems and
mechanical sub-systems, including an implementation plan.
The specific system specifications are produced in close cooperation with the customer
and contain the following items:
O Sets of drawings and component lists of the mechanical equipment (automatic
storage and retrieval systems as cranes and racking, conveyor systems)
O Functional description of the conveyors and equipment
O Prototypes/Plant operating, safety equipment
O Description of the logical flows, the required human interlaces, dialog terminals
and reports
O Data Processing principle concept

After the customer has accepted the system specifications provided, these will serve as
the sole binding basis for the subsequent project and replace any previous documents,
such as requests for tender, preliminary system specifications, reports of meetings etc.
A formalized change request procedure handles any subsequent changes to the system
specifications or contract volume.



Procurement
Siemens quality system provides systematically maintained information of the qualities
of its sub-contractors. On this basis they select the preferred suppliers for a contract.
Pre-Commissioning
The pre-commissioning of the equipment/services supplied starts when the electrical
installation of sections has been completed. t consists of an inspection, an /O
hardware test and a test run of individual conveyors.
Commissioning
The commissioning tests are performed in different levels, starting with single
subsystems. At the end there is an overall system integration test of all used
subsystems with the aim to detect insufficiencies and stabilize the overall installation.

Taking Over Procedure
The taking over procedure of the supplied system is executed after completion of the
trial operation and the report of the readiness for taking over.
Granting Of Take Over
By issuing the takeover certificate the customer grants the acceptance of the specified
supplied system and services. f faults are determined during trial operation, those are
detailed in the report and are corrected. A further notice is issued after the conditions
have been fulfilled and the issues are closed.
Documentation
Siemens delivers a system specific documentation providing all the information required
by the customer for safe operation and maintaining the system.
The delivery of the documentation is structured as follows:
O Mechanical
O Controls
Siemens supplies CE-conforming operating instructions according to the requirements
of the EU machine regulation.
MechanicaI
O System Layout
O Data List
O Operating Manuals
O Maintenance Manuals

ControIs
O Operating manuals
O Plans and lists
O Cable diagram
O Overview drawings of the peripherals
O Parameter list
O Maintenance manuals

Spare Parts
O Spare part documentation (lists and drawings)
O List of recommended spare parts (including price list)

Instructions and Training
The appropriate training required for the operation and maintenance personnel for the
operation of the system is completed during start-up on-site by employees. The planned
training is specially designed and targeted for the operating personnel. The actual
training of the customer's personnel is performed on the job as part of the
commissioning, as well as offshore for all special subcontracted equipment and buying
parts.
Spare Parts
The exact amount of spare parts is defined together with the engineers based on the
lists of recommended spare parts including integrated subsystems. Respective
meetings are held after having all sub-systems been configured. The agreed spare
parts are ordered in time to ensure that these parts can be delivered before start of
commissioning.
QuaIity Management System
Quality Management (QM) has a quite exceptional meaning in Siemens. Success of the
installations, products and services within the market environment is closely connected
to the high standards regarding the contractual compliance of the requirements of our
customers.


Significant elements of Siemens Quality Management are:
O Corporate Quality: Basic principles of the Siemens-Quality Management
O Management-System of the Siemens ndustrial Solutions & Services
O Certification of the business unit ndustrial Solutions & Services in Germany
according to DN EN SO 9001 standards since 1995 by DQS
O Systematic project management based on our internal high level standards and
rules to be applied throughout the realization time of projects.
O Checking and expediting of sub-contractors (preparation, manufacturing etc.)
O Systematic project controlling as part of a constituent project reporting.



1. INTRODUCTION


1.1 ProbIem Statement


The product being developed here is a 132kV electrical switchyard for Tata Motors
(client) for their motor vehicles factory at Chinhat, Lucknow. A switchyard is an electrical
utility, which is used to step down/up the supply voltage before delivering it to the
consumer end. This switchyard is being designed to supply power to the plant, which
makes the Marco polo brand of Tata buses which are plying on Delhi roads. Due to
massive increase in the demand of such buses the company has planned an expansion
of their existing production capacity. Hence the electrical expansion of the plant is being
undertaken by Siemens Ltd. (&S division) at their Delhi office. The input voltage at the
supply end is 132kV from the power authority and the voltage required at the supply end
is 415volts. The scope of my project work invoIves the design of the HT (high
tension) side of the switchyard which involves the stepping down of voltage from
132kV to11kV before it is supplied to the indoor workshops using HT panels and
feeders. The switchyard will be located outside the factory premises and will be
connected through power cables to the main control room. All the relays and protection
equipment will be housed in a separate room through which they are connected by
control cables to the main yard components.
1.2 Current Status:

1.2.1 Study of current market trends:
The study of current market trends suggests that ndia is one of the countries with the
largest opportunities in the secondary distribution and transmission segment. The global
T&D market between 52kV and 800kV is valued at around 13 billion Euro. n ndia the
first three positions in the industrial solutions sphere as per market share are ABB,
Siemens and Areva in that order. Other players include Larsen and Toubro (L&T),
Alstom, Crompton Greaves etc. The current trends show that ndia's infrastructural
boom will be fuelled only by massive expansion in the country's generating and
transmission capacity. Around 40% of the market has been captured by ABB Ltd,
around 35% by Siemens Ltd and the rest by the other competitors.

1.2.2 !rofile of Siemens Ltd in India:
Siemens Ltd is a leading electrical and electronics engineering company in ndia. t was
established in ndia in 1922 with its first branch at Calcutta. t was converted into a
public limited company in 1962. Siemens AG controls 51% of the equity while about
55000 ndian shareholders own the rest. The company operates in the core area of
infrastructure including power and telecommunications, industry, healthcare and
transportation. t also has a subsidiary company in the field of nformation systems.

Industrial Solutions and Services Division (I&S)
This division is fully owned by Siemens Ltd in ndia. t provides one-stop solutions for
various industrial plants from concept to handing over complete solutions tailored to
customer's requirements on a turnkey basis. This includes the complete life cycle
requirements in terms of products, reliable engineering and software, project
management, installation, commissioning and maintenance services. This division thus
provides technical expertise, project management skills and comprehensive knowledge
of industrial fields.



1.2.4 dvantages of Siemens design


Most of the companies follow general methods while designing the switchyard namely:
i) Switchyard layout study.
ii) Fault level calculations at each level.
iii) Earthing system design and earth mat calculations.
iv) CT/PT sizing and power transformer sizing.
v) HT power cable sizing and cable scheduling.
vi) Battery sizing and relay coordination.
vii) Cable trench layouts and foundation layouts.
viii) NGR (neutral grounding resistor) calculations.
ix) LT control cable schedule.

These are just a few steps necessary for the development of an electrical
switchyard. Compared to the other companies, Siemens has distinct advantages in
their design. Firstly Siemens has vast experience in the electrical field in ndia. Their
vast experience in handling power projects for various state boards has given them
the relevant expertise in this field. Siemens handles all its projects on a turnkey
basis. A turnkey project is one in which all operations are handled by the company
from scratch. The client only specifies their requirements in the form of a bill of
quantity (BOQ). The company then procures all the materials required for the project
from various vendors etc. Hence the client only has contact with the contractor i.e.
Siemens. This method is profitable because it gives the required level of flexibility to
the company in taking decisions. Mostly the choice and quality of equipment used
depends on the economic considerations of the project. Usually Siemens uses its
relays, circuit breakers etc in a project if there are no financial constraints however if
otherwise, equipment of other makes are used.

Some of the important projects handled by Siemens Ltd in ndia are DAL (Delhi
nternational Airport), Tata Motors, DMRC, Colgate Palmolive etc.


1.3 Motivation for project:


The expertise of Siemens in the field of electrical switchyard design is unparalleled in
ndia.
The current switchyard designs by rival companies in ndia lack the technical expertise
that Siemens Ltd possesses. Right from the technical aspects of the yard to providing
good service at the best possible cost, Siemens has always been at the forefront of
technology and service. The topic of switchyard engineering has got a lot of scope for
research for example in field of protection. A good switchyard design is very important
as any installation depends on it for supply of power. Compared to their rivals, Siemens
relays, circuit breakers and other products are way ahead in terms of quality and
operation. The study of switchyard components and its design is not touched upon at
the university level because of complexity and also because every company has a
different methodology of problem solving.

The vast experience of Siemens in this field is enough motivation to learn about their
problem solving approach in tackling switchyard design. This being a topic seIdom
expIained in detaiI at the coIIege IeveI makes it even more imperative to review
here.


1.4 Organization of report


The report has been organized into 5 chapters along with the relevant sub sections.
The first chapter deals with introduction of the project statement and a small overview
of the work involved. The subsequent sub sections deal with current market trends
relating to the particular area of study. A small profile of what exactly Siemens works on
in ndia is also given. More importantly the work profile of the ndustrial Services and
Solutions (&S) division is also highlighted. Lastly this chapter explains the motivation
required for the project. t explains the role of the product being developed and the
importance of correct and economical design.

The second chapter deals with the methods that go into the development of the
project, the design framework, possible methods of implementation, required materials
etc. t also explains the relevant theory behind the principles and also a small
explanation of the components involved. The third chapter deals with the actual
implementation of the design and the choices made by the design team while designing
the switchyard. Readers interested in the technical specifications of the project will find
the relevant details regarding the same. The fourth chapter deals with the test data
and the relevant layouts like the earthing electrode layout, earthing pit layout,
switchyard sectional views and the final single line diagram (SLD). t will also highlight
the novelty of the final design. The fifth chapter deals with the conclusions that can be
based on the final design along with the commercial and technical consequences. t
also highlights the refinements and modifications that can be effected through
investment of increased time, money and resources.

2. THEORY BEHIND SWITCHYRD DEVELOPMENT

2.1 unctions of an eIectricaI switchyard:

The electrical switchyard is the most important part of a consumer's electrical system. t
performs a number of important functions that ensure the smooth and uninterrupted
supply of electrical power to the consumer:

1) It transforms the voItage supplied by the transmission lines to a value which is
suitable for use by the consumer. The transmission voltage is generally of the
order of 66kV or more and hence is unfit for use by most consumers. The usual
working voltage at most factory locations ranges from around 1.1kV to 6.6kV. n
this case (Tata Motors) the client has requested a voltage of 415V at the
secondary side. Hence the switchyard performs the task of stepping down/up the
voltage to the required level.
2) It isoIates fauIts in either the transmission or distribution systems. The high
voltage sides of the transmission lines are prone to faults (phase to ground or
phase-phase) and thus may endanger the sensitive equipment in the installation.
Hence the switchyard contains several protective equipments (relays, circuit
breakers, isolators etc) to isolate the load side in the event of a major fault.
3) n important function performed by a switchyard is switching, which is the
connecting and disconnecting of transmission lines or other components to and
from the system. Switching events may be "planned" or "unplanned". A
transmission line or other component may need to be de-energized for
maintenance or for new construction; for example, adding or removing a
transmission line or a transformer. To maintain reliability of supply, no company
ever brings down its whole system for maintenance. All work to be performed,
from routine testing to adding entirely new substations, must be done while
keeping the whole system running.





Fig (1) Switchyard



2.2 Steps taken in switchyard impIementation:

The first step in the switchyard design is the preparation of an initiaI singIe Iine
diagram(SLD). This is prepared in accordance with the requirements of the client as
specified in his Bill of Quantity(BOQ). The client specifies his specifications and also
releases a preliminary arrangement of what the switchyard looks like. Henceforth the
design teams sits together and decides whether what the client has asked is feasible or
otherwise offers their own suggestions for the same. This initial SLD is based on a
general layout followed while designing a switchyard consisting of lightening arrestors,
CT/PT's, circuit breakers, relays etc. The ratings are decided by the design team which
looks through the specifications of the plant.
The next step is the switchyard Iayout, which is then decided, based on a single
bus/double bus or a ring bus system. The layouts are modeled on Autocad and the
relevant distances are maintained between the equipments e.g. creepage distances
between conductors, adequate clearances are maintained between the various
components. The switchyard elevations are also decided. The outdoor bus bars are
flexible and are aluminium tubes supported on post insulators or flexible ACSR
conductors supported on strain insulators. Each bay has several equipment connected
in certain well-defined patterns. Circuit breakers are connected between the bus bar
and each outgoing and incoming circuit. solator is provided for measurement and
protection. Circuit transformers are provided for measurement and protection. The
protection zones should overlap and cover the circuit breaker. Voltage transformers are
connected generally to bus bars and incoming line side. Surge arrestors are connected
phase to ground, at incoming feeder, as the first apparatus and also at the terminal of
transformer etc for diverting lightening surges to the ground.

The fauIt IeveIs are analyzed at every level. n this case the fault is seen at the 132KV
side as we are designing the switchyard at the high voltage level. The fault current
values and fault MVA is provided by the power supply corporation generally but are also
calculated by the supplier (Siemens) just for confirmation. Once the fault levels are
known, the earthing mat is then designed with all the various earthing components. The
earthing pits are so designed that the touch potential and step potentials are kept within
the safe levels.


The next step is the HT power cable sizing and conductor sizing. Once these are done
we come to the component selection, which is very important. Here the class of the
CT/PT and the sizing of the various components is done. The lightening arrestors are
designed to 0.8 of the value of the highest system voltage as this is an effectively
earthed system. The power transformer vector grouping and the MVA ratings are
decided. The client designs the protection relays as per the protection requirements. n
this case the client has asked for earth fault, overcurrent, differential protection,
overvoltage protection etc.

The relay Co-ordination and cable scheduling calculations are done. The HT panels are
designed and no of feeders decided. The panels are dependent upon the number of
substations within the factory and in this case there are 6 substations within the plant
and their 22 panels which are required to serve power for all the loads.


2.3 Study of bus bar Iayouts:
There are different approaches used to determine the bus bar layouts. They are
classified as:

2.3.1 SingIe Busbar
The general schematic for such a substation is shown in the figure below.

Fig (2) Single Bus Bar

With this design, there is an ease of operation of the substation. This design also places
minimum reliance on signaling for satisfactory operation of protection. Additionally there
is the facility to support the economical operation of future feeder bays.
Such a substation has the following characteristics.
O Each circuit is protected by its own circuit breaker and hence plant outage does
not necessarily result in loss of supply.
O A fault on the feeder or transformer circuit breaker causes loss of the transformer
and feeder circuit, one of which may be restored after isolating the faulty circuit
breaker.
O A fault on the bus section circuit breaker causes complete shutdown of the
substation. All circuits may be restored after isolating the faulty circuit breaker.
O A busbar fault causes loss of one transformer and one feeder. Maintenance of
one busbar section or isolator will cause the temporary outage of two circuits.
O Maintenance of a feeder or transformer circuit breaker involves loss of the circuit.
O ntroduction of bypass isolators between busbar and circuit isolator allows circuit
breaker maintenance facilities without loss of that circuit.

2.3.2Mesh Substation


The general layout for a full mesh substation is shown in the schematic below.


Fig (3) Mesh Substation




The characteristics of such a substation are as follows:



O t provides a double feed to each circuit and is cheaper than double bus or
auxiliary scheme.
O Operation of two circuit breakers is required to connect or disconnect a circuit,
and disconnection involves opening of a mesh.
O Circuit breakers may be maintained without loss of supply or protection, and no
additional bypass facilities are required.
O Busbar faults will only cause the loss of one circuit breaker. Breaker faults will
involve the loss of a maximum of two circuits.
O Generally, not more than twice as many outgoing circuits as in feeds are used in
order to rationalize circuit equipment load capabilities and ratings.












2.3.3 One and a haIf Circuit Breaker Iayout


The layout of a 1 circuit breaker substation is shown in the schematic below.


Fig (4) 1 breaker scheme
The reason that such a layout is known as a 1 1/2 circuit breaker is due to the fact that
in the design, there are 9 circuit breakers that are used to protect the 6 feeders. Thus, 1
1/2 circuit breakers protect 1 feeder. Some characteristics of this design are:
O There is the additional cost of the circuit breakers together with the complex
arrangement.
O t is possible to operate any one pair of circuits, or groups of pairs of circuits.
O There is a very high security against the loss of supply.


n addition to the above schemes, there are some other alternative bus bar layouts like
the double bus, double bus with by pass isolators etc, main and transfer bus schemes
etc. These schemes are used when the additional costs incurred to install them justify
the protection required. Usually the above schemes take care of most possibilities
except when breaker maintenance is required. Schemes such as the main and transfer
bus, double bus with isolators can work even when breaker maintenance is carried out.
They transfer the load onto the other bus so that the faulty breaker does not shut down
the supply. The only constraint here is that of cost where sometimes the protection
scheme is more costly than the equipment it protects. Hence the practice of layout
selection depends on the equipment to be protected, the scheme of protection and the
economic considerations.












2.4 Switchyard Components:

2.4.1 Lightning/Surge rrestors:

The lightning arrestor is a device designed to protect electrical equipment from high
voltage surges and to limit the duration and the amplitude of the fault current.


Fig (5) Lightning/Surge Arrestors

Concept of basic insuIation IeveI(BIL):

Every device has the ability to withstand voltages up to a particular level eg
transformers, generators, circuit breakers etc. f this particular withstand voltage is
exceeded it may lead to breakdown of the equipment insulation and ultimately, the
failure of the equipment. Hence all equipment is tested and has a dry power frequency
withstand voltage as well as wet impulses withstand voltage. The basic insulation level
of the equipment determines the principle dielectric qualities of the apparatus and is
expressed for impulse tested apparatus by peak value of the 1.2/50microsecond full
wave withstand voltage. Hence the BL of all the equipment in a switchyard is
determined nowadays on the basis of the protective characteristics of the lightning
arrestors. Also the BL for various system voltages as per ndian Standards (S) has
been fixed. Generally for a 132kV yard, the BL is taken as around 650kV for a non-
effectively earthed system. These levels help in the selection of the proper equipment.
The protective devices are so selected that their flashover values are considerable
lesser than the BL of the apparatus, thereby leaving sufficient margin of protection. The
withstand or flashover values of the apparatus with this wave shape are required to be
equal or higher than the insulation levels fixed and the spark over voltage and discharge
voltage of the protective devices are required to be substantially lower than these
values so that in the event of a lightning surge the discharge occurs through the
protective device and still leaves a sufficient margin between the discharge value and
the insulation strength of the apparatus. The difference between the BL of the
insulation to be protected and the protection level of a lightning arrestor is called
"protective margin. A margin equal to 20 percent of the BL is normally considered
adequate when the arrestor is installed just close to the insulation in question.

REERENCES

O The Siemens website: www.siemens.co.in. The site provides
a thorough description of its upcoming project.
O Wikipedia-The free encyclopedia: www.wikipedia.org. The
basics of technologies like Optical Character Recognition
(OCR) were understood from references to articles on this
website.
O SNAMCS G130 Catalogue
O SNAMCS G120 Control Unit CU240S Operating
nstructions
O www.howstuffworks.com
O www.electronicsforu.com
O We have utilized data from numerous websites by searching
the net using Google's search engine.