MATERIALS QUADRATIC EQUATIONS

An equation is called quadratic equation when it has the following form : ax2 + bx + c = 0 where a, b, c real number and a a. x2 + x 6 = 0 b. z2 + z = 0 c. 4t2 5t + 7 = 0 1.

0.

Examples of quadratic equations are presented bellow : is a quadratic equations with a = 1, b = 1 and c = -6 is a quadratic equations in z with a = -1, b = 1 and c = 0 is a quadratic equations in t with a = 4, b = -5 and c = 7

Determine Square Roots of Quadratic Equations To solve quadratic equations, there are several ways : a. Find the factors (factorization) b.Change the quadratic equations into perfect quadratic equation c.Use abcs formula 1.a. Determine the roots of quadratic equation using the factors (factorization) Theorem 1 : Factorization of quadratic equations can be done in the following way : If a and b are real numbers and a.b = 0, we will find out that a = 0 or b = 0 From the form of ax2 + bx + c = 0 where a, b, c real number and a of a have problem les : i. If a = 1, the form will be as bellow : ax2 + bx + c = 0, change the latter equation into ( x p )( x q ) = 0 in which p.q = c and p+q = -b so that xp=0
x1 = p

0, the value

and x q = 0
x2 = q

ii. If a 1, the form will be as bellow : ax2 + bx + c = 0, this form must be change into
x2 +
x2 +

b c x+ =0 a a
b c c b x + = 0 in ( x s )( x t) in which s.t = and s + t = so that a a a a

xs=0
x1 = s

and x t = 0
x2 = t

Examples : Find roots of quadratic equation throught factorization a. x2 + x 6 = 0 b. x2 + 5x 24 = 0 c. 4x2 - 12x + 9 = 0

Solutions : a. x2 + x 6 = 0 x2 + x 6 = 0 into ( x p )( x q ) = 0 in which p.q = - 6 and p+q = 1 In that way it is found out that p and q are -3 and 2 ( x + 3 )( x 2 ) = 0 x = -3 or x = 2 The square roots are -3 and 2 b. x2 + 5x 24 = 0 x2 + 5x 24 = 0 into ( x p )( x q ) = 0 in which p.q = - 24 and p+q = -5 In that way it is found out that p and q are -8 and 3 ( x + 8 )( x 3 ) = 0 x = -8 or x = 3 The square roots are -8 and 3 c. There are two choice to solve this exercise, it i. 4x2 - 12x + 9 = 0
12 9 4 x 2 x + = 0 into 4( x s )( x t ) = 0 in which 4 4

s.t =

9 4

and s + t = -

12 4

In that way it is found out that s and t are The square roots are ii. 4x2 - 12x + 9 = 0 in which a.c = 36 and then equal 6.6
3 3 and 2 2

3 3 and 2 2

4x2 - 12x + 9 = 0 this form must be changed into 4x2 - 6x 6x + 9 = 0 2x ( 2x 3 ) 3 ( 2x 3 ) = 0 ( 2x 3 )( 2x 3 ) = 0 x=

3 2 3 2
3 3 and 2 2

x=

The square roots are

1.b. Determining the factors of quadratic equations by changing the quadratic equations into perfect quadratic equations. This subject present the general forms of perfect quadratic equations : q2, 17y2, ( x 4 )2 , ect

Theorem 2 :

Changing square equations ax2 + bx + c = 0, this form must be change into a( x p )2 q = 0

a( x p )2 = q ( x p )2 = x- p
x =

q a
q a

=
p

q a

So that the square roots are x=p+ examples : Determine the roots of following quadratic equations into perfect quadratic equations: a. x2 2x 8 = 0 solutions : x2 2x 8 = 0 if a = 1
q a

atau

x=p-

q a

x2 2x = 8 x2 2x + 1 = 8 +1 ( x 1 )2 = 9

x1 = x
9

x 1 = 3 = 1 3 or or
x2 x2 x1 = 1 +3 x1 = 4

= 1-3 = -2

So that the square roots are 4 and -2 b. 4x2 + 4x 9 = 0 solutions : 4x2 + 4x 9 = 0

9 4
4

if a

x2 + x
2

= 0

x + 1 1 9 = 0
2 4

1 10 =0 x + 2 4 1 x + 2
2

10 4
10 4

x+ x+

1 2

= =

1 2

1 10 2

x1 =

1 1 10 2 2

or

x2

1 1 10 2 2

So that the square roots are x1 =

1 1 10 2 2

or

x2

1 1 10 2 2

1.c. Determining roots of quadratic equations through abcs formula. If a quadratic equations of ax2 + bx + c = 0 where a, b, c real number and a

0, divided by a, so that :
ax2 + bx + c = 0
2 ax +

b x + c a

= 0

2 a x +

b b2 x+ 2 a 4a

b2 + 4a + c = 0
2

b b2 ax + + c = 0 2a 4a b ax + 2a
2

= =
2

b2 c 4a b 2 4ac 4a

a x +

b 2a

b x + 2a

= = = = =

b 2 4ac 4a 2

b x + 2a
b x + 2a

b 2 4ac 4a 2
1 b 2 4ac 2a

x1 =

x x

b 1 b 2 4ac 2a 2a

b b 2 4ac 2a

b + b 2 4ac 2a

atau

x2 =

b b 2 4ac 2a

The last equation is called abcs formula , and written as bellow :

x1.2

b b 2 4ac 2a

examples : Determine the roots of following quadratic equations into perfect quadratic equations: a. x2 2x 8 = 0 Solution x2 2x 8 = 0
x1.2

if a = 1

whit a = 1, b = - 2, c = - 8

b b 2 4ac 2a

2 = 2 ( 2 ) 4.1.( 8)

2. 1

= =
x1 =

2 36 2

2 6 2

2 +6 = 4 2

or

x2 =

2 6 = 2 2

So that the square roots are x1 = 4 b. 4x2 + 4x 9 = 0 Solution 4x2 + 4x 9 = 0

x1.2

and x 2 = 2

if a

whit a = 4, b = 4, c = - 9

= = = =

b b 2 4ac 2a
4 4 2 4.4.( 9 ) 2.4
4 160 8 4 2 10 8 8

x1 = 4 + 2 10 x1 =
1 1 + 10 2 2

or or

x 2 = 4 2 10
8

x2 =

1 1 10 2 2

So that the square roots are x1 =

1 1 + 10 2 2

and

x2 =

1 1 10 2 2

2.

Various Quadratic Equation Roots In this part, the main topic is the relation between kinds roots and discrimina value (D) of the square equation. This value (D) can be used to determine the kind of root of quadratic equation such as of the same or different real, or imajiner roots. This value D = b2 4ac 2.1 Quadratic Equations with Different Real Number Roots. Quadratic equations of ax2 + bx + c = 0 where a, b, c real number and a 0 , has different real roots if the discriminator value is greater than zero ( D > 0 ) examples : Determine the kind of roots in x2 + 5x + 2 = 0 Solution : In quadratic equation x2 + 5x + 2 = 0, with a = 1, b = 5, c = 2 This value D = b2 4ac = 52 4.1. 2 = 17

Because D > 0, so te equation has two different real roots. 2.2. Quadratic Equations with equal ( the same ) Real Number Roots. Quadratic equations of ax2 + bx + c = 0 where a, b, c real number and a 0 , has equal ( the same ) real roots if the discriminator is zero ( D = 0 ) examples : Determine the kind of roots in 9x2 - 12x + 4 = 0 Solution : In quadratic equation 9x2 - 12x + 4 = 0, with a = 9, b = -12, c = 4 This value D = b2 4ac = (-12)2 4.9. 4 = 0 Because D = 0, so the equation has equal ( the same ) real number roots. 2.3. Quadratic Equations with imajiner Roots. Quadratic equations of ax2 + bx + c = 0 where a, b, c real number and a 0 , has imajiner roots if the discriminator less than zero. examples : Determine the kind of roots in 2x2 - 3x + 4 = 0 Solution : In quadratic equation 2x2 - 3x + 4 = 0, with a = 2, b = -3, c = 4 This value D = b2 4ac = (-3)2 4.2. 4 = -23 Because D > 0, so te equation has two different real roots.

EXERCISE 1
Find roots of each quadratic equation below with using factorization : 1. x 12 x + 20 = 0 2. 2x2 x = 3 3. 4x2 3x 10 = 0 4. 9 + 4x 5x2 = 0 5. 2x2 = 2p2 3px
2

Hint 2 or 10 -1 or

3 2

5 or 2 4 9 or 1 5 p or -2p 2

Find roots of each quadratic equation below with using perfect quadratic equations. : Hint 2 4 + 6 o 4 r 6. x + 8x + 10 = 0 7. 2x2 5x 7 = 0

1 4 or 1 4

8. 3x2 4x 8 = 0

2 +2 7 2 2 7 or 3 3

Find roots of each quadratic equation below with using abcs formula : 9. x2 + x 20 = 0
5 or 4 5 or 4 4

Hint

10. 20 + 11x 4x2 = 0