BRITISH STANAR

BS B110-2:
19B5
Ieprin/eJ,
incorporo/ing
AnenJnen/e Aoe. 1, 2
onJ 3
Stvuctuvu! use oI
concvete
Puvt 2: Code oI pvuctIce Iov specIu!
cIvcumstunces
ICS 9l.080.40
!C 624.0l2.3/.4+69l.3
NO COPYING WITHOUT BSI PRMISSION XCPT AS PRMITT BY COPYRIGHT IAW
CONFIRMED
MARCH 2008
L
i
c
e
n
s
e
d

C
o
p
y
:

M
r
.

U
n
i
v
e
r
s
i
t
y

C
o
l
l
e
g
e


D
u
b
l
i
n
,

I

R

I

S

C
o
n
s
o
r
t
i
u
m
,

1
4
/
1
1
/
2
0
0
9

0
6
:
0
9
,

U
n
c
o
n
t
r
o
l
l
e
d

C
o
p
y
,

(
c
)

B
S
I
BS B110-2:19B5
ThIs IrIfIsh Sfnndnrd, hnvIng
boon ronrod undor fho
dIrocfIon of fho CIvII
IngInoorIng nnd IuIIdIng
Sfrucfuros Sfnndnrds
CommIffoo, wns ubIIshod
undor fho nufhorIfy
of fho Ionrd of ISI nnd comos
Info offocf on
30 Augusf l985
ISI 30 ovombor 2005
Tho foIIowIng ISI roforoncos
roInfo fo fho work on fhIs
sfnndnrd:
CommIffoo roforonco CSI/39
rnff for commonf 8l/l5604 C
ISBN 0 5B0 14490 9
CommIttees vesponsIb!e Iov tLIs
BvItIsL Stunduvd
Tho ronrnfIon of fhIs IrIfIsh Sfnndnrd wns onfrusfod by fho CIvII
IngInoorIng nnd IuIIdIng Sfrucfuros Sfnndnrds CommIffoo (CSI/-) fo
TochnIcnI CommIffoo CSI/39, uon whIch fho foIIowIng bodIos woro
rorosonfod:
AssocInfIon of ConsuIfIng IngInoors
IrIfIsh Aggrognfo ConsfrucfIon MnforInIs IndusfrIos
IrIfIsh Irocnsf Concrofo IodornfIon !fd.
IrIfIsh !nIIwnys Ionrd
IrIfIsh !ondy MIxod Concrofo AssocInfIon
IrIfIsh !oInforcomonf Mnnufncfurors AssocInfIon
IrIfIsh SfooI Indusfry
IuIIdIng ImIoyors ConfodornfIon
Comonf AdmIxfuros AssocInfIon
Comonf nnd Concrofo AssocInfIon
Comonf Mnkors IodornfIon
Concrofo SocIofy
onrfmonf of fho InvIronmonf (IuIIdIng !osonrch IsfnbIIshmonf)
onrfmonf of fho InvIronmonf (HousIng nnd ConsfrucfIon IndusfrIos)
onrfmonf of fho InvIronmonf (Iroorfy SorvIcos Agoncy)
IsfrIcf Survoyors AssocInfIon
IodornfIon of CIvII IngInoorIng Confrncfors
Cronfor !ondon CouncII
Incorornfod AssocInfIon of ArchIfocfs nnd Survoyors
InsfIfufo of CIorks of Works of Cronf IrIfnIn Incorornfod
InsfIfufIon of CIvII IngInoors
InsfIfufIon of MunIcInI IngInoors
InsfIfufIon of SfrucfurnI IngInoors
Irocnsf IIoorIng IodornfIon
!oynI InsfIfufo of IrIfIsh ArchIfocfs
Snnd nnd CrnvoI AssocInfIon !ImIfod
Co-ofod mombors
Amendments Issued sInce pub!IcutIon
Amd. o. nfo of Issuo Commonfs
59l4 Mny l989
l206l JuIy 200l
l60l? 30 ovombor 2005 IndIcnfod by n sIdoIIno
L
i
c
e
n
s
e
d

C
o
p
y
:

M
r
.

U
n
i
v
e
r
s
i
t
y

C
o
l
l
e
g
e


D
u
b
l
i
n
,

I

R

I

S

C
o
n
s
o
r
t
i
u
m
,

1
4
/
1
1
/
2
0
0
9

0
6
:
0
9
,

U
n
c
o
n
t
r
o
l
l
e
d

C
o
p
y
,

(
c
)

B
S
I
BS B110-2:19B5
ISI 30 ovombor 2005
I
Contents
Ingo
CommIffoos rosonsIbIo InsIdo fronf covor
Ioroword Iv
SocfIon l. ConornI
l.l Scoo l
l.2 ofInIfIons l
l.3 SymboIs l
SocfIon 2. Mofhods of nnnIysIs for fho uIfImnfo IImIf sfnfo
2.l ConornI 3
2.2 osIgn Ionds nnd sfrongfhs 3
2.3 on-IInonr mofhods 5
2.4 TorsIonnI rosIsfnnco of bonms 5
2.5 IffocfIvo coIumn hoIghf 9
2.6 !obusfnoss l0
SocfIon 3. SorvIconbIIIfy cnIcuInfIons
3.l ConornI l3
3.2 SorvIconbIIIfy IImIf sfnfos l3
3.3 !onds l4
3.4 AnnIysIs of sfrucfuro for sorvIconbIIIfy IImIf sfnfos l5
3.5 MnforInI roorfIos for fho cnIcuInfIon of curvnfuro nnd sfrossos l5
3.6 CnIcuInfIon of curvnfuros l5
3.? CnIcuInfIon of dofIocfIon l?
3.8 CnIcuInfIon of crnck wIdfh 20
SocfIon 4. IIro rosIsfnnco
4.l ConornI 25
4.2 Incfors fo bo consIdorod In doformInIng fIro rosIsfnnco 26
4.3 TnbuInfod dnfn (mofhod l) 28
4.4 IIro fosf (mofhod 2) 32
4.5 IIro ongInoorIng cnIcuInfIons (mofhod 3) 32
SocfIon 5. AddIfIonnI consIdornfIons In fho uso of IIghfwoIghf
nggrognfo concrofo
5.l ConornI 39
5.2 Covor for durnbIIIfy nnd fIro rosIsfnnco 39
5.3 ChnrncforIsfIc sfrongfh of concrofo 40
5.4 Shonr rosIsfnnco 40
5.5 TorsIonnI rosIsfnnco of bonms 40
5.6 ofIocfIons 4l
5.? CoIumns 4l
5.8 WnIIs 4l
5.9 Anchorngo bond nnd Ins 4l
5.l0 IonrIng sfross InsIdo bonds 4l
L
i
c
e
n
s
e
d

C
o
p
y
:

M
r
.

U
n
i
v
e
r
s
i
t
y

C
o
l
l
e
g
e


D
u
b
l
i
n
,

I

R

I

S

C
o
n
s
o
r
t
i
u
m
,

1
4
/
1
1
/
2
0
0
9

0
6
:
0
9
,

U
n
c
o
n
t
r
o
l
l
e
d

C
o
p
y
,

(
c
)

B
S
I
BS B110-2:19B5
II ISI 30 ovombor 2005
Ingo
SocfIon 6. (Jele/eJ)
SocfIon ?. IInsfIc doformnfIon, croo, dryIng shrInkngo nnd
fhormnI sfrnIns of concrofo
?.l ConornI 45
?.2 IInsfIc doformnfIon 45
?.3 Croo 46
?.4 ryIng shrInkngo 48
?.5 ThormnI sfrnIns 49
SocfIon 8. Movomonf joInfs
8.l ConornI 5l
8.2 ood for movomonf joInfs 5l
8.3 Tyos of movomonf joInf 52
8.4 IrovIsIon of joInfs 52
8.5 osIgn of joInfs 52
SocfIon 9. ArnIsnI nnd fosfIng of sfrucfuros nnd comononfs
durIng consfrucfIon
9.l ConornI 53
9.2 Iuroso of fosfIng 53
9.3 InsIs of nronch 53
9.4 Chock fosfs on sfrucfurnI concrofo 53
9.5 !ond fosfs of sfrucfuros or nrfs of sfrucfuros 54
9.6 !ond fosfs on IndIvIdunI rocnsf unIfs 55
AondIx A IIbIIogrnhy 5?
Indox 58
IIguro 2.l Sfross sfrnIn curvo for rIgorous nnnIysIs of non-crIfIcnI
socfIons 6
IIguro 3.l AssumfIons mndo In cnIcuInfIng curvnfuros l6
IIguro 3.2 ofIocfIon of n cnnfIIovor formIng nrf of n frnmod
sfrucfuro 20
IIguro 4.l CnIcuInfIon of nvorngo covor 29
IIguro 4.2 TyIcnI oxnmIos of bonms, InIn soffIf fIoors nnd
rIbbod soffIf fIoors 30
IIguro 4.3 TyIcnI oxnmIos of roInforcod concrofo coIumns 3l
IIguro 4.4 osIgn curvos for vnrInfIon of concrofo sfrongfh wIfh
fomornfuro 3?
IIguro 4.5 osIgn curvos for vnrInfIon of sfooI sfrongfh or yIoId
sfross wIfh fomornfuro 38
IIguro ?.l Iffocfs of roInfIvo humIdIfy, ngo of IondIng nnd socfIon
fhIcknoss uon croo fncfor 4?
IIguro ?.2 ryIng shrInkngo of normnI-woIghf concrofo 48
IIguro ?.3 Iffocf of drynoss uon fho cooffIcIonf of fhormnI oxrnnsIon
of hnrdonod comonf nnd concrofo 50
L
i
c
e
n
s
e
d

C
o
p
y
:

M
r
.

U
n
i
v
e
r
s
i
t
y

C
o
l
l
e
g
e


D
u
b
l
i
n
,

I

R

I

S

C
o
n
s
o
r
t
i
u
m
,

1
4
/
1
1
/
2
0
0
9

0
6
:
0
9
,

U
n
c
o
n
t
r
o
l
l
e
d

C
o
p
y
,

(
c
)

B
S
I
BS B110-2:19B5
ISI 30 ovombor 2005
III
Ingo
TnbIo 2.l MInImum vnIuos of nrfInI snfofy fncfors fo bo nIIod
fo worsf crodIbIo vnIuos 4
TnbIo 2.2 VnIuos of cooffIcIonf ?
TnbIo 2.3 VnIuos of t
f,mIn
nnd t
fu
8
TnbIo 2.4 !oInforcomonf for shonr nnd forsIon 8
TnbIo 3.l VnIuos of K for vnrIous bondIng momonf dIngrnms l9
TnbIo 3.2 IsfImnfod IImIfIng fomornfuro chnngos fo nvoId crnckIng 22
TnbIo 3.3 VnIuos of oxfornnI rosfrnInf rocordod In vnrIous sfrucfuros 23
TnbIo 4.l VnrInfIon of covor fo mnIn roInforcomonf wIfh
mombor wIdfh 32
TnbIo 4.2 !oInforcod concrofo coIumns 33
TnbIo 4.3 Concrofo bonms 34
TnbIo 4.4 IInIn soffIf concrofo fIoors 34
TnbIo 4.5 !Ibbod oon soffIf concrofo fIoors 35
TnbIo 4.6 Concrofo wnIIs wIfh vorfIcnI roInforcomonf 36
TnbIo 5.l Jele/eJ 39
TnbIo 5.2 omInnI covor fo nII sfooI fo moof socIfIod orIods
of fIro rosIsfnnco (IIghfwoIghf nggrognfo concrofo) 40
TnbIo 5.3 VnIuos of t
c
, dosIgn shonr sfross for sfrongfh cInss !C20/22
IIghfwoIghf concrofo 40
TnbIo ?.l Sfrongfh of concrofo 46
TnbIo ?.2 TyIcnI rnngo for fho sfnfIc moduIus of oInsfIcIfy
nf 28 dnys of normnI-woIghf concrofo 46
TnbIo ?.3 ThormnI oxnnsIon of rock grou nnd roInfod concrofo 49
IubIIcnfIons roforrod fo InsIdo bnck covor
L
i
c
e
n
s
e
d

C
o
p
y
:

M
r
.

U
n
i
v
e
r
s
i
t
y

C
o
l
l
e
g
e


D
u
b
l
i
n
,

I

R

I

S

C
o
n
s
o
r
t
i
u
m
,

1
4
/
1
1
/
2
0
0
9

0
6
:
0
9
,

U
n
c
o
n
t
r
o
l
l
e
d

C
o
p
y
,

(
c
)

B
S
I
BS B110-2:19B5
Iv ISI 30 ovombor 2005
Iovewovd
ThIs nrf of IS 8ll0 hns boon ronrod undor fho dIrocfIon of fho CIvII
IngInoorIng nnd IuIIdIng Sfrucfuros Sfnndnrds CommIffoo. Togofhor wIfh
IS 8ll0-l If suorsodos CI ll0-l:l9?2, whIch Is wIfhdrnwn. IS 8ll0-l gIvos
rocommondnfIons for dosIgn nnd consfrucfIon. Thoso rocommondnfIons roInfo
nrfIcuInrIy fo roufIno buIIdIng consfrucfIon whIch mnkos u fho mnjorIfy of
sfrucfurnI nIIcnfIons; fhoy nro In fho form of n sfnfomonf of dosIgn objocfIvos
nnd IImIf sfnfo roquIromonfs foIIowod by mofhods fo onsuro fhnf fhoso nro mof.
ConornIIy, fhoso mofhods wIII InvoIvo cnIcuInfIons for ono IImIf sfnfo nnd sImIo
doomod-fo-snfIsfy rovIsIons for fho ofhors; for oxnmIo wIfh roInforcod concrofo,
InIfInI dosIgn wIII normnIIy bo for fho uIfImnfo IImIf sfnfo, wIfh snn/dofh rnfIos
nnd bnr sncIng ruIos usod fo chock fho IImIf sfnfos of dofIocfIon nnd crnckIng
rosocfIvoIy. ThIs nronch Is consIdorod fho mosf nrorInfo for fho vnsf
mnjorIfy of cnsos.
Howovor, cIrcumsfnncos mny nrIso fhnf wouId jusfIfy n furfhor nssossmonf of
ncfunI bohnvIour, In nddIfIon fo sImIy snfIsfyIng IImIf sfnfo roquIromonfs. ThIs
nrf of IS 8ll0 gIvos rocommondnfIons fo covor fho moro commonIy occurrIng
cnsos fhnf roquIro nddIfIonnI InformnfIon or nIfornnfIvo rocoduros fo fhoso gIvon
In IS 8ll0-l; fhus fhIs nrf Is comIomonfnry fo IS 8ll0-l.
OTI Tho numbors In squnro brnckofs usod fhroughouf fho foxf of fhIs sfnndnrd roInfo fo fho
bIbIIogrnhIc roforoncos gIvon In AondIx A.
Amondmonf o. 3 fo IS 8ll0-2:l985 hns boon nocossIfnfod fhrough fho ndofIon
of IS 8500, Concre/e Conplenen/or, Bri/iel S/onJorJ /o BS 1A 206-1, fho
wIfhdrnwnI of IS 5328, Concre/e nnd fho ndofIon of 500 Crndo hIgh yIoId sfooI
for uso In fho !K.
Amondmonf o. 3 nIIgns fho rocommondnfIons for oxosuro cInssIfIcnfIon nnd
durnbIIIfy In IS 8ll0-2:l985 wIfh fhoso In IS 8500. !ocommondnfIons for
durnbIIIfy hnvo boon romovod from IS 8ll0-2:l985 nnd roIncod wIfh roforoncos
fo fho nrorInfo guIdnnco In IS 8500. IssonfInI chnngos hnvo boon mndo fo
nccounf for fho formInoIogy of IS 8500 (o.g. fho dunI cyIIndor/cubo sfrongfh
nofnfIon, nnd sfrongfh cInssos Insfond of grndos).
Tho Indusfry hns ngrood fo ndof Crndo 500 hIgh yIoId sfooI for roInforcomonf In
IIno wIfh fho common grndo nvnIInbIo In Iuroo. Ior somo fyos of rocoss In fho
mnnufncfuro of roInforcomonf fhIs monns fhnf fho roquIrod roorfIos wIII bo
cIosor fo fho IImIfs fhnn for Crndo 460. Ior fhIs ronson If Is consIdorod wIso fo
Incronso fho mnforInI fncfor fo l.l5 unfII such fImo fhnf fhoro Is suffIcIonf dnfn
nvnIInbIo fo domonsfrnfo n rofurn fo fho vnIuo of l.05 Infroducod by Amondmonf
o. 2 fo IS 8ll0-l:l99?.
Whoro Crndo 460 doformod bnrs nro usod In dosIgn, fho chnngos fo fho nrfInI
snfofy fncfor for roInforcomonf, nnd fho offocfs of fhoso chnngos, roforrod fo In
Amondmonf o. 3 fo IS 8ll0-l:l99? mny bo dIsrognrdod nnd n nrfInI fncfor
of l.05 for such roInforcomonf by usod.
OTI Crndo 460 doformod bnrs woro socIfIod nnd/or roforrod fo In IS 4449:l99?, IS 4482:l985,
IS 4483:l998 nnd IS 8666:2000 whIch hnvo boon wIfhdrnwn nnd suorsodod by 2005 odIfIons.
!sors of fhIs IrIfIsh Sfnndnrd nood fo nofo fho ongoIng InfroducfIon nnd
ubIIcnfIon of Iuroonn Sfnndnrds nnd suorsossIon of IrIfIsh Sfnndnrds.
If hns boon nssumod In fho drnffIng of fhIs IrIfIsh Sfnndnrd fhnf fho oxocufIon of
Ifs rovIsIons wIII bo onfrusfod fo nrorInfoIy qunIIfIod nnd oxorIoncod ooIo.
ThIs ubIIcnfIon doos nof urorf fo IncIudo nII fho nocossnry rovIsIons of n
confrncf. !sors of IrIfIsh Sfnndnrds nro rosonsIbIo for Ifs corrocf nIIcnfIon.
Comp!Iunce wItL u BvItIsL Stunduvd does not oI Itse!I conIev ImmunIty
Ivom !egu! ob!IgutIons.
Summuvy oI puges
ThIs documonf comrIsos n fronf covor, nn InsIdo fronf covor, ngos I fo Iv,
ngos l fo 6l nnd n bnck covor.
Tho ISI coyrIghf nofIco dIsInyod In fhIs documonf IndIcnfos whon fho
documonf wns Insf Issuod.
SIdoIInIng In fhIs documonf IndIcnfos fho mosf roconf chnngos by nmondmonf.
L
i
c
e
n
s
e
d

C
o
p
y
:

M
r
.

U
n
i
v
e
r
s
i
t
y

C
o
l
l
e
g
e


D
u
b
l
i
n
,

I

R

I

S

C
o
n
s
o
r
t
i
u
m
,

1
4
/
1
1
/
2
0
0
9

0
6
:
0
9
,

U
n
c
o
n
t
r
o
l
l
e
d

C
o
p
y
,

(
c
)

B
S
I
BS B110-2:19B5
ISI 30 ovombor 2005
l
SectIon 1. Genevu! 1
1.1 Scope
ThIs nrf of IS 8ll0 gIvos rocommondnfIons for fho dosIgn nnd consfrucfIon of sfrucfurnI concrofo fhnf
nrIso In socInI cIrcumsfnncos nnd nro nof covorod In IS 8ll0-l.
ThIs nrf gIvos guIdnnco on uIfImnfo IImIf sfnfo cnIcuInfIons nnd fho dorIvnfIon of nrfInI fncfors of snfofy,
sorvIconbIIIfy cnIcuInfIons wIfh omhnsIs on dofIocfIons undor IondIng nnd on crnckIng. Iurfhor
InformnfIon for gronfor nccurncy In rodIcfIons of fho dIfforonf sfrnIn comononfs Is rosonfod. Tho nood
for movomonf joInfs Is consIdorod nnd rocommondnfIons nro mndo for fho rovIsIon nnd dosIgn of such
joInfs. ConornI guIdnnco nnd brond rIncIIos roIovnnf fo fho nrnIsnI nnd fosfIng of sfrucfuros nnd
comononfs durIng consfrucfIon nro IncIudod.
OTI Tho fIfIos of fho ubIIcnfIons roforrod fo In fhIs sfnndnrd nro IIsfod on fho InsIdo bnck covor.
1.2 eIInItIons
Ior fho urosos of fhIs nrf of IS 8ll0, fho dofInIfIons gIvon In IS 8ll0-l nIy, fogofhor wIfh fho
foIIowIng.
uutoc!uvIng curIng wIfh hIgh-rossuro sfonm nf nof Ioss fhnn l.0 /mm
2
1.3 Symbo!s
Ior fho urosos of fhIs nrf of IS 8ll0, fho foIIowIng symboIs nIy.
(
f
nrfInI snfofy fncfor for Iond
(
m
nrfInI snfofy fncfor for fho sfrongfh of mnforInIs
f
y
chnrncforIsfIc sfrongfh of roInforcomonf
f
cu
chnrncforIsfIc sfrongfh of concrofo
L
i
c
e
n
s
e
d

C
o
p
y
:

M
r
.

U
n
i
v
e
r
s
i
t
y

C
o
l
l
e
g
e


D
u
b
l
i
n
,

I

R

I

S

C
o
n
s
o
r
t
i
u
m
,

1
4
/
1
1
/
2
0
0
9

0
6
:
0
9
,

U
n
c
o
n
t
r
o
l
l
e
d

C
o
p
y
,

(
c
)

B
S
I
2
Ilon/
L
i
c
e
n
s
e
d

C
o
p
y
:

M
r
.

U
n
i
v
e
r
s
i
t
y

C
o
l
l
e
g
e


D
u
b
l
i
n
,

I

R

I

S

C
o
n
s
o
r
t
i
u
m
,

1
4
/
1
1
/
2
0
0
9

0
6
:
0
9
,

U
n
c
o
n
t
r
o
l
l
e
d

C
o
p
y
,

(
c
)

B
S
I
BS B110-2:19B5
ISI 30 ovombor 2005
3
SectIon 2. MetLods oI unu!ysIs Iov tLe u!tImute
!ImIt stute 2
2.1 Genevu!
IS 8ll0-l rovIdos mofhods by whIch fho roquIromonfs of fho uIfImnfo IImIf sfnfo (!!S) mny bo snfIsfIod
for mosf normnI sIfunfIons In n ronsonnbIy oconomIcnI mnnnor, from fho oInf of vIow bofh of dosIgn offorf
nnd of mnforInI usngo. SIfunfIons do, howovor, occnsIonnIIy nrIso whoro fho mofhods gIvon In IS 8ll0-l
nro nof dIrocfIy nIIcnbIo or whoro fho uso of n moro rIgorous mofhod couId gIvo sIgnIfIcnnf ndvnnfngos.
In mnny cnsos If wouId bo unronsonnbIo fo nffomf fo drnff dofnIIod rovIsIons whIch couId bo roIIod uon
fo coo wIfh nII ovonfunIIfIos. Much of fhIs socfIon Is fhoroforo concornod wIfh dovoIoIng rnfhor moro
gonornI fronfmonfs of fho vnrIous mofhods covorod fhnn hns boon consIdorod nrorInfo In IS 8ll0-l. Tho
socfIon nIso gIvos socIfIc rocommondnfIons for corfnIn Ioss common dosIgn rocoduros, such ns dosIgn for
forsIon.
2.2 esIgn !ouds und stvengtLs
2.2.1 Genevu!
2.2.1.1 Cloice of toluee. osIgn Ionds nnd sfrongfhs nro choson so fhnf, fnkon fogofhor, fhoy wIII onsuro
fhnf fho robnbIIIfy of fnIIuro Is nccofnbIy smnII. Tho vnIuos choson for onch shouId fnko nccounf of fho
uncorfnInfIos Inhoronf In fhnf nrf of fho dosIgn rocoss whoro fhoy nro of mosf Imorfnnco. osIgn mny
bo consIdorod fo bo brokon down Info fwo bnsIc hnsos nnd fho uncorfnInfIos norfIonod fo onch hnso nro
gIvon In 2.2.1.2 nnd 2.2.1.3.
2.2.1.2 Anol,eie ploee. ThIs hnso Is fho nssossmonf of fho dIsfrIbufIon of momonfs, shonr, forsIon nnd
nxInI forcos wIfhIn fho sfrucfuro.
!ncorfnInfIos fo bo consIdorod wIfhIn fhIs hnso nro ns foIIows:
n) fho mngnIfudo nnd nrrnngomonf of fho Ionds;
b) fho nccurncy of fho mofhod of nnnIysIs omIoyod;
c) vnrInfIons In fho goomofry of fho sfrucfuros ns fhoso nffocf fho nssossmonf of forco dIsfrIbufIons.
AIIownncos for fhoso uncorfnInfIos nro mndo In fho vnIuos choson for (
f
.
2.2.1.3 1lenen/ Jeeign ploee. ThIs hnso Is fho dosIgn of oIomonfs cnnbIo of rosIsfIng fho nIIod forcos
cnIcuInfod In fho nnnIysIs hnso.
!ncorfnInfIos fo bo consIdorod wIfhIn fhIs hnso nro ns foIIows:
n) fho sfrongfh of fho mnforInI In fho sfrucfuro;
b) fho nccurncy of fho mofhods usod fo rodIcf mombor bohnvIour;
c) vnrInfIons In goomofry In so fnr ns fhoso nffocf fho nssossmonf of sfrongfh.
AIIownncos for fhoso uncorfnInfIos nro mndo In fho vnIuos choson for (
m
.
2.2.2 Se!ectIon oI u!tevnutIve puvtIu! Iuctovs
OTI Boeie of foc/ore in BS S110-1. Tho nrfInI fncfors gIvon In socfIon 2 of IS 8ll0-l:l99? hnvo boon dorIvod by cnIIbrnfIon wIfh
ro-oxIsfIng rncfIco fogofhor wIfh n subjocfIvo nssossmonf of fho roInfIvo uncorfnInfIos Inhoronf In fho vnrIous nsocfs of IondIng nnd
sfrongfh. Irom oxorIonco, fhoy dofIno nn nccofnbIo IovoI of snfofy for normnI sfrucfuros.
2.2.2.1 Generol. Thoro mny bo cnsos whoro, duo fo fho nrfIcuInr nnfuro of fho IondIng or fho mnforInIs,
ofhor fncfors wouId bo moro nrorInfo. Tho choIco of such fncfors shouId fnko nccounf of fho uncorfnInfIos
IIsfod In 2.2.1.2 nnd 2.2.1.3 nnd Iond fo robnbIIIfIos of fnIIuro sImIInr fo fhoso ImIIcIf In fho uso of fho
fncfors gIvon In IS 8ll0-l. Two ossIbIo nronchos mny bo ndofod; fhoso nro gIvon In 2.2.2.2 nnd 2.2.2.3.
L
i
c
e
n
s
e
d

C
o
p
y
:

M
r
.

U
n
i
v
e
r
s
i
t
y

C
o
l
l
e
g
e


D
u
b
l
i
n
,

I

R

I

S

C
o
n
s
o
r
t
i
u
m
,

1
4
/
1
1
/
2
0
0
9

0
6
:
0
9
,

U
n
c
o
n
t
r
o
l
l
e
d

C
o
p
y
,

(
c
)

B
S
I
BS B110-2:19B5
4 ISI 30 ovombor 2005
SocfIon 2
2.2.2.2 S/o/ie/icol ne/loJe. Whon sfnfIsfIcnI InformnfIon on fho vnrInbIIIfy of fho nrnmofors consIdorod
cnn bo obfnInod, sfnfIsfIcnI mofhods mny bo omIoyod fo dofIno nrfInI fncfors. Tho rocommondnfIon of
socIfIc sfnfIsfIcnI mofhods Is boyond fho scoo of fhIs sfnndnrd nnd socInIIsf IIfornfuro shouId bo
consuIfod (for oxnmIo, CI!IA !oorf 63
l)
|l]).
2.2.2.3 Aeeeeenen/ of uore/ creJiIle toluee. Whoro, by fho nnfuro of fho nrnmofor consIdorod, cIonr IImIfs
cnn bo Incod on Ifs ossIbIo vnIuo, such IImIfIng vnIuos mny bo usod dIrocfIy In fho nssossmonf of n roducod
( fncfor. Tho nronch Is fo dofIno, from oxorIonco nnd knowIodgo of fho nrfIcuInr nrnmofor, n worsf
crodIbIo vnIuo. ThIs Is fho worsf vnIuo fhnf fho dosIgnor ronIIsfIcnIIy boIIovos couId occur (If shouId bo
nofod fhnf, In fho cnso of IondIng, fhIs couId bo oIfhor n mnxImum or n mInImum Iond, doondIng uon
whofhor fho offocf of fho Iond Is ndvorso or bonofIcInI). ThIs vnIuo fnkos Info nccounf somo, buf nof gonornIIy
nII, of fho uncorfnInfIos gIvon In 2.2.1.2 nnd 2.2.1.3. If Is fhoroforo sfIII nocossnry fo omIoy n nrfInI fncfor
buf fho vnIuo cnn bo consIdornbIy roducod from fhnf gIvon In IS 8ll0-l. AbsoIufo mInImum vnIuos of
nrfInI snfofy fncfors nro gIvon In TnbIo 2.l.
Tub!e 2.1 MInImum vu!ues oI puvtIu! suIety Iuctovs to be upp!Ied to wovst cvedIb!e vu!ues
2.2.2.4 Wore/ creJiIle toluee for eor/l onJ uo/er preeeuree. Tho uso of worsf crodIbIo vnIuos Is consIdorod
nrorInfo for mnny goofochnIcnI robIoms whoro sfnfIsfIcnI mofhods nro of IImIfod vnIuo.
Worsf crodIbIo vnIuos of onrfh nnd wnfor Iond shouId bo bnsod on n cnrofuI nssossmonf of fho rnngo of
vnIuos fhnf mIghf bo oncounforod In fho fIoId. ThIs nssossmonf shouId fnko nccounf of gooIogIcnI nnd ofhor
bnckground InformnfIon, nnd fho rosuIfs of Inbornfory nnd fIoId monsuromonfs. In soII doosIfs fho offocfs
of InyorIng nnd dIsconfInuIfIos hnvo fo bo fnkon Info nccounf oxIIcIfIy.
Tho nrnmofors fo bo consIdorod whon nssossIng worsf crodIbIo vnIuos IncIudo:
n) soII sfrongfh In forms of cohosIon nnd/or nngIo of shonrIng rosIsfnnco whoro nrorInfo;
b) ground wnfor fnbIos nnd nssocInfod oro wnfor rossuros;
c) goomofrIc vnIuos, for oxnmIo oxcnvnfIon dofhs, soII boundnrIos, sIoo nngIos nnd borm wIdfhs;
OTI Iocnuso of fho offon consIdornbIo offocf of fhoso nrnmofors If Is ossonfInI fhnf oxIIcIf nIIownnco Is mndo for fhom by fho
dosIgnor.
d) surchnrgo IondIngs.
OTI Mofhods of dorIvIng onrfh rossuros from fhoso nrnmofors cnn bo found In fho roIovnnf codo of rncfIco.
Whon sovornI Indoondonf nrnmofors mny nffocf fho onrfh IondIng, n consorvnfIvo nronch Is fo uso
worsf crodIbIo vnIuos for nII nrnmofors sImuIfnnoousIy whon dorIvIng fho onrfh IondIng.
2.2.3 Imp!IcutIons Iov sevvIceubI!Ity
Tho sImIIfIod ruIos gIvon In IS 8ll0-l for donIIng wIfh fho sorvIconbIIIfy IImIf sfnfo (S!S) nro dorIvod on
fho nssumfIon fhnf fho nrfInI fncfors gIvon In socfIon 2 of IS 8ll0-l:l99? hnvo boon usod for bofh sfooI
nnd concrofo. If sIgnIfIcnnfIy dIfforonf vnIuos hnvo boon ndofod, n moro rIgorous fronfmonf of fho S!S mny
bo nocossnry (soo socfIon 3).
l)
AvnIInbIo from fho ConsfrucfIon Indusfry !osonrch nnd InformnfIon AssocInfIon, 6 Sforoys Cnfo, WosfmInsfor, SWlI 3A!.
Puvumetev MInImum Iuctov
Advorso Ionds:
n) dond Iond l.2
b) combInod wIfh dond Iond onIy l.2
c) combInod wIfh ofhor Ionds l.l
IonofIcInI Ionds l.0
MnforInI sfrongfhs l.05
L
i
c
e
n
s
e
d

C
o
p
y
:

M
r
.

U
n
i
v
e
r
s
i
t
y

C
o
l
l
e
g
e


D
u
b
l
i
n
,

I

R

I

S

C
o
n
s
o
r
t
i
u
m
,

1
4
/
1
1
/
2
0
0
9

0
6
:
0
9
,

U
n
c
o
n
t
r
o
l
l
e
d

C
o
p
y
,

(
c
)

B
S
I
BS B110-2:19B5
ISI 30 ovombor 2005
5
SocfIon 2
2.3 Non-!Ineuv metLods
2.3.1 Genevu!
Tho Iond-doformnfIon chnrncforIsfIcs of roInforcod nnd rosfrossod concrofo mombors nro mnrkodIy
InfIuoncod by fho qunnfIfy nnd nrrnngomonf of fho roInforcomonf, nrfIcuInrIy nffor crnckIng hns occurrod.
AnnIysIs cnn onIy Iond fo suorIor rosuIfs fo fho mofhods suggosfod In IS 8ll0-l whoro fho InfIuonco of fho
roInforcomonf Is fnkon Info nccounf. If foIIows fhnf moro rIgorous or non-IInonr mofhods nro onIy usofuI for
chockIng dosIgns or for uso In nn IfornfIvo rocoduro whoro fho nnnIysIs Is usod ns n sfo In fho rofInomonf
of n dosIgn cnrrIod ouf InIfInIIy by sImIor mofhods.
2.3.2 BusIc ussumptIons
2.3.2.1 Deeign e/reng/le. If Is fo bo nssumod fhnf fho mnforInI sfrongfhs nf crIfIcnI socfIons wIfhIn fho
sfrucfuro (I.o. socfIons whoro fnIIuro occurs or whoro hIngos dovoIo) nro nf fhoIr dosIgn sfrongfh for fho
uIfImnfo IImIf sfnfo whIIo fho mnforInIs In nII ofhor nrfs of fho sfrucfuro nro nf fhoIr chnrncforIsfIc
sfrongfh. If fhIs Is dIffIcuIf fo ImIomonf wIfhIn fho nrfIcuInr nnnIyfIcnI mofhod choson, If wIII bo
nccofnbIo, buf consorvnfIvo, fo nssumo fhnf fho whoIo sfrucfuro Is nf Ifs dosIgn sfrongfh.
2.3.2.2 Mo/eriol proper/iee. ChnrncforIsfIc sfross-sfrnIn curvos mny bo obfnInod from nrorInfo fosfs on
fho sfooI nnd concrofo, fnkIng duo nccounf of fho nnfuro of fho IondIng. Ior crIfIcnI socfIons, fhoso curvos
wIII roquIro modIfIcnfIon by fho nrorInfo vnIuo of (
m
. In fho nbsonco of fosf dnfn, fho foIIowIng mny bo
usod.
n) Ior crIfIcnI socfIons, fho dosIgn sfross-sfrnIn curvos gIvon In IIguros 2.l, 2.2 nnd 2.3 of IS 8ll0-l:l99?
for bofh sfooI nnd concrofo. Concrofo Is nssumod fo hnvo zoro fonsIIo sfrongfh.
b) Ior non-crIfIcnI socfIons, fho chnrncforIsfIc sfross-sfrnIn curvos gIvon In IIguros 2.2 nnd 2.3 of
IS 8ll0-l:l99? mny bo usod for roInforcomonf or rosfrossIng fondons. Ior concrofo, IIguro 2.l of fhIs
nrf of IS 8ll0 mny bo ndofod. Tho fonsIIo sfrongfh of fho concrofo mny bo fnkon Info nccounf u fo fho
crnckIng Iond. Abovo fho crnckIng Iond, fho confrIbufIon of fho concrofo In fonsIon mny bo fnkon Info
nccounf usIng fho nssumfIons gIvon In Ifom 4) of 3.6n).
OTI InformnfIon on croo nnd shrInkngo Is gIvon In SocfIon ?.
2.3.2.3 LooJing. Tho Iond combInnfIons gIvon In socfIon 2 of IS 8ll0-l:l99? shouId bo consIdorod. Tho
nrfInI snfofy fncfors mny bo fnkon from socfIon 2 of IS 8ll0-l:l99? or dorIvod In nccordnnco wIfh 2.2.
Whoro fho offocfs of croo, shrInkngo or fomornfuro nro IIkoIy fo nffocf ndvorsoIy fho bohnvIour (for
oxnmIo whoro socond ordor offocfs nro Imorfnnf), If wIII bo nocossnry fo consIdor whnf nrf of fho IondIng
shouId bo nssumod fo bo Iong-form. If Is nccofnbIo, buf consorvnfIvo In such cnsos, fo consIdor fho fuII
dosIgn Iond ns ormnnonf.
2.3.3 Anu!ysIs metLods
Tho rnIdIfy of dovoIomonfs In comufIng mofhods mnkos If InnrorInfo fo dofIno socIfIc mofhods. Any
mofhod mny bo ndofod fhnf cnn bo domonsfrnfod fo bo nrorInfo for fho nrfIcuInr robIom boIng
consIdorod (o.g. soo |2] nnd |3]).
2.4 TovsIonu! vesIstunce oI beums
2.4.1 Genevu!
In normnI sInb-nnd-bonm or frnmod consfrucfIon socIfIc cnIcuInfIons nro nof usunIIy nocossnry, forsIonnI
crnckIng boIng ndoqunfoIy confroIIod by shonr roInforcomonf. Howovor, whon fho dosIgn roIIos on fho
forsIonnI rosIsfnnco of n mombor, fho rocommondnfIons gIvon In 2.4.3, 2.4.4, 2.4.5, 2.4.6, 2.4.?, 2.4.B, 2.4.9
nnd 2.4.10 shouId bo fnkon Info nccounf.
L
i
c
e
n
s
e
d

C
o
p
y
:

M
r
.

U
n
i
v
e
r
s
i
t
y

C
o
l
l
e
g
e


D
u
b
l
i
n
,

I

R

I

S

C
o
n
s
o
r
t
i
u
m
,

1
4
/
1
1
/
2
0
0
9

0
6
:
0
9
,

U
n
c
o
n
t
r
o
l
l
e
d

C
o
p
y
,

(
c
)

B
S
I
BS B110-2:19B5
6 ISI 30 ovombor 2005
SocfIon 2
IIguve 2.1 Stvess stvuIn cuvve Iov vIgovous unu!ysIs oI non-cvItIcu! sectIons
f = 0.8f
cu
0,8f
cu
k
2
1+ (k-2)
=
c,1 0,0022
1,4
c,1
E
o
f
cu
k =

=
0 0.001 0.002 E
c,1
0.003 0.035
> 1

L
i
c
e
n
s
e
d

C
o
p
y
:

M
r
.

U
n
i
v
e
r
s
i
t
y

C
o
l
l
e
g
e


D
u
b
l
i
n
,

I

R

I

S

C
o
n
s
o
r
t
i
u
m
,

1
4
/
1
1
/
2
0
0
9

0
6
:
0
9
,

U
n
c
o
n
t
r
o
l
l
e
d

C
o
p
y
,

(
c
)

B
S
I
BS B110-2:19B5
ISI 30 ovombor 2005
?
SocfIon 2
2.4.2 Symbo!s
Ior fho urosos of 2.4 fho foIIowIng symboIs nIy.
2.4.3 Cu!cu!utIon oI tovsIonu! vIgIdIty (G C)
If roquIrod In sfrucfurnI nnnIysIs or dosIgn, fho forsIonnI rIgIdIfy mny bo cnIcuInfod by nssumIng fho shonr
moduIus G oqunI fo 0.42 fImos fho moduIus of oInsfIcIfy of fho concrofo nnd nssumIng fho forsIonnI consfnnf
C oqunI fo hnIf fho Sf. Vonnnf vnIuo cnIcuInfod for fho InIn concrofo socfIon.
Tho Sf. Vonnnf forsIonnI sfIffnoss of n rocfnnguInr socfIon mny bo cnIcuInfod from oqunfIon l:
whoro
OTI VnIuos of nro gIvon In TnbIo 2.2.
Tub!e 2.2 Vu!ues oI coeIIIcIent
Tho Sf. Vonnnf forsIonnI sfIffnoss of n non-rocfnnguInr socfIon mny bo obfnInod by dIvIdIng fho socfIon Info
n sorIos of rocfnngIos nnd summIng fho forsIonnI sfIffnoss of fhoso rocfnngIos. Tho dIvIsIon of fho socfIon
shouId bo nrrnngod so ns fo mnxImIzo fho cnIcuInfod sfIffnoss. ThIs wIII gonornIIy bo nchIovod If fho wIdosf
rocfnngIo Is mndo ns Iong ns ossIbIo.
2.4.4 TovsIonu! sLeuv stvess
2.4.4.1 Iec/ongulor eec/ione. Tho forsIonnI shonr sfross t
f
nf nny socfIon shouId bo cnIcuInfod nssumIng n
InsfIc sfross dIsfrIbufIon nnd mny bo cnIcuInfod from oqunfIon 2:
A
s
nron of IongIfudInnI roInforcomonf
A
sv
nron of fwo Iogs of cIosod IInks nf n socfIon
n
C forsIonnI consfnnf (oqunIs hnIf fho Sf. Vonnnf vnIuo for fho InIn concrofo socfIon)
f
yv
chnrncforIsfIc sfrongfh of fho IInks
G shonr moduIus
l
mnx
Inrgor dImonsIon of n rocfnnguInr socfIon
l
mIn
smnIIor dImonsIon of n rocfnnguInr socfIon
e
v
sncIng of fho IInks
T forsIonnI momonf duo fo uIfImnfo Ionds
t
f
forsIonnI shonr sfross
t
f,mIn
mInImum forsIonnI shonr sfross, nbovo whIch roInforcomonf Is roquIrod (soo TnbIo 2.3)
t
fu
mnxImum combInod shonr sfross (shonr Ius forsIon)
x
l
smnIIor confro-fo-confro dImonsIon of n rocfnnguInr IInk
,
l
Inrgor confro-fo-confro dImonsIon of n rocfnnguInr IInk
n
In n socfIon roInforcod wIfh muIfIIo IInks, onIy fho nron of fho Iogs IyIng cIososf fo fho oufsIdo of fho socfIon shouId bo usod.
C = l
3
mIn
l
mnx
oqunfIon l
Is n cooffIcIonf doondIng on fho rnfIo l/I (ovornII dofh of mombor dIvIdod by fho brondfh).
l
mnx
/l
mIn
l l.5 2 3 5 > 5
0.l4 0.20 0.23 0.26 0.29 0.33
oqunfIon 2
L
i
c
e
n
s
e
d

C
o
p
y
:

M
r
.

U
n
i
v
e
r
s
i
t
y

C
o
l
l
e
g
e


D
u
b
l
i
n
,

I

R

I

S

C
o
n
s
o
r
t
i
u
m
,

1
4
/
1
1
/
2
0
0
9

0
6
:
0
9
,

U
n
c
o
n
t
r
o
l
l
e
d

C
o
p
y
,

(
c
)

B
S
I
BS B110-2:19B5
8 ISI 30 ovombor 2005
SocfIon 2
2.4.4.2 T-, L- or 1- eec/ione. T-, !- or I- socfIons nro dIvIdod Info fhoIr comononf rocfnngIos; fhoso nro choson
In such n wny ns fo mnxImIzo l
3
mIn
l
mnx
In fho foIIowIng oxrossIon.
Tho forsIonnI shonr sfross t
f
cnrrIod by onch of fhoso comononf rocfnngIos mny bo cnIcuInfod by fronfIng
fhom ns rocfnnguInr socfIons subjocfod fo n forsIonnI momonf of:
2.4.4.3 Hollou eec/ione. Iox nnd ofhor hoIIow socfIons In whIch wnII fhIcknossos oxcood ono-qunrfor of fho
ovornII fhIcknoss of fho mombor In fho dIrocfIon of monsuromonf mny bo fronfod ns soIId rocfnnguInr
socfIons.
OTI Ior ofhor socfIons, socInIIsf IIfornfuro shouId bo consuIfod.
2.4.5 IImIt to sLeuv stvess
In no cnso shouId fho sumof fho shonr sfrossos rosuIfIng from shonr forco nnd forsIon (t + t
f
) oxcood t
fu
In
TnbIo 2.3 nor, In fho cnso of smnII socfIons whoro ,
l
< 550 mm, shouId fho forsIonnI shonr sfross t
f
oxcood
t
fu
,
l
/550.
2.4.6 ReInIovcement Iov tovsIon
Whoro fho forsIon shonr sfross t
f
oxcoods t
f,mIn
In TnbIo 2.3, roInforcomonf shouId bo rovIdod.
!ocommondnfIons for roInforcomonf for combInnfIons of shonr nnd forsIon nro gIvon In TnbIo 2.4.
Tub!e 2.3 Vu!ues oI t
t,mIn
und t
tu
Tub!e 2.4 ReInIovcement Iov sLeuv und tovsIon
Concvete stvengtL c!uss t
f,mIn
t
fu
/mm
2
/mm
2
20/25 0.33 4.00
25/30 0.3? 4.38
32/40 or nbovo 0.40 5.00
OTI l AIIownnco Is mndo for (
m
.
OTI 2 VnIuos of t
f,mIn
nnd t
fu
(In /mm
2
) nro dorIvod from fho oqunfIons:
t
f,mIn
= 0.06? buf nof moro fhnn 0.4 /mm
2
t
fu
= 0.8 buf nof moro fhnn 5 /mm
2
t
f
< v
f,mIn
t
f
> t
f,mIn
t
t
c
+ 0.4
MInImum shonr roInforcomonf;
no forsIon roInforcomonf
osIgnod forsIon roInforcomonf buf nof Ioss fhnn
fho mInImum shonr roInforcomonf
t >
t
c
+ 0.4
osIgnod shonr roInforcomonf;
no forsIon roInforcomonf
osIgnod shonr nnd forsIon roInforcomonf
f
cu
f
cu
L
i
c
e
n
s
e
d

C
o
p
y
:

M
r
.

U
n
i
v
e
r
s
i
t
y

C
o
l
l
e
g
e


D
u
b
l
i
n
,

I

R

I

S

C
o
n
s
o
r
t
i
u
m
,

1
4
/
1
1
/
2
0
0
9

0
6
:
0
9
,

U
n
c
o
n
t
r
o
l
l
e
d

C
o
p
y
,

(
c
)

B
S
I
BS B110-2:19B5
ISI 30 ovombor 2005
9
SocfIon 2
2.4.? Aveu oI tovsIonu! veInIovcement
TorsIon roInforcomonf shouId consIsf of rocfnnguInr cIosod IInks fogofhor wIfh IongIfudInnI roInforcomonf.
ThIs roInforcomonf Is nddIfIonnI fo nny roquIromonfs for shonr or bondIng nnd shouId bo such fhnf:
>
>
OTI f
y
nnd f
yv
shouId nof bo fnkon ns gronfor fhnn 500 /mm
2
.
2.4.B SpucIng und type oI !Inks
2.4.9 Avvungement oI !ongItudInu! tovsIon veInIovcement
!ongIfudInnI forsIon roInforcomonf shouId bo dIsfrIbufod ovonIy round fho InsIdo orImofor of fho IInks.
Tho cIonr dIsfnnco bofwoon fhoso bnrs shouId nof oxcood 300 mm nnd nf Ionsf four bnrs, ono In onch cornor
of fho IInks, shouId bo usod. AddIfIonnI IongIfudInnI roInforcomonf roquIrod nf fho IovoI of fho fonsIon or
comrossIon roInforcomonf mny bo rovIdod by usIng Inrgor bnrs fhnn fhoso roquIrod for bondIng nIono.
Tho forsIon roInforcomonf shouId oxfond n dIsfnnco nf Ionsf oqunI fo fho Inrgosf dImonsIon of fho socfIon
boyond whoro If fhoorofIcnIIy consos fo bo roquIrod.
2.4.10 Avvungement oI !Inks In T-, I- ov I-sectIons
In fho comononf rocfnngIos, fho roInforcomonf cngos shouId bo dofnIIod so fhnf fhoy InforIock nnd fIo fho
comononf rocfnngIos of fho socfIon fogofhor. Whoro fho forsIonnI shonr sfross In n mInor comononf
rocfnngIo doos nof oxcood t
f,mIn
, no forsIon roInforcomonf nood bo rovIdod In fhnf rocfnngIo.
2.5 IIectIve co!umn LeIgLt
2.5.1 Genevu!
SImIIfIod rocommondnfIons nro gIvon In IS 8ll0-l for fho nssossmonf of offocfIvo coIumn hoIghfs for
common sIfunfIons. Whoro n moro nccurnfo nssossmonf Is dosIrod, fho oqunfIons gIvon In 2.5.5 nnd 2.5.6
mny bo usod.
2.5.2 Symbo!s
Ior fho urosos of 2.5 fho foIIowIng symboIs nIy.
2.5.3 StIIIness oI membevs
In fho cnIcuInfIon of
c
, onIy mombors roorIy frnmod Info fho ond of fho coIumn In fho nrorInfo Inno
of bondIng shouId bo consIdorod. Tho sfIffnoss of onch mombor oqunIs 1/l
0
.
Tho vnIuo e
v
shouId nof oxcood fho Ionsf of x
l
, ,
l
/2 or 200 mm. Tho IInks shouId bo n cIosod shnod
wIfh dImonsIons x
l
nnd ,, ns nbovo.
1 socond momonf of nron of fho socfIon
l
o
offocfIvo hoIghf of n coIumn In fho Inno of bondIng consIdorod
l
o
cIonr hoIghf bofwoon ond rosfrnInfs

c,l
rnfIo of fho sum of fho coIumn sfIffnossos fo fho sum of fho bonm sfIffnossos nf fho Iowor
ond of n coIumn

c,2
rnfIo of fho sum of fho coIumn sfIffnossos fo fho sum of fho bonm sfIffnossos nf fho uor
ond of n coIumn

c,mIn
Iossor of
c,1
nnd
c,2
A
sv
e
v

T
0.8 x
l
,
l
0.8?f
yv
( )

A
s
A
sv
f
yv
x
l
,
l
( )
e
v
f
y

L
i
c
e
n
s
e
d

C
o
p
y
:

M
r
.

U
n
i
v
e
r
s
i
t
y

C
o
l
l
e
g
e


D
u
b
l
i
n
,

I

R

I

S

C
o
n
s
o
r
t
i
u
m
,

1
4
/
1
1
/
2
0
0
9

0
6
:
0
9
,

U
n
c
o
n
t
r
o
l
l
e
d

C
o
p
y
,

(
c
)

B
S
I
BS B110-2:19B5
l0 ISI 30 ovombor 2005
SocfIon 2
2.5.4 Re!utIve stIIIness
In socIfIc cnsos of roInfIvo sfIffnoss fho foIIowIng sImIIfyIng nssumfIons mny bo usod:
n) flo/ eloI cone/ruc/ion. fho bonm sfIffnoss Is bnsod on nn oquIvnIonf bonm of fho wIdfh nnd fhIcknoss of
fho sInb formIng fho coIumn sfrI;
b) einpl,-euppor/eJ Ieone froning in/o o colunn.
c
fo bo fnkon ns l0;
c) connec/ion Ie/ueen colunn onJ Ioee JeeigneJ /o reeie/ onl, noninol nonen/.
c
fo bo fnkon ns 5;
d) connec/ion Ie/ueen colunn onJ Ioee JeeigneJ /o reeie/ colunn nonen/.
c
fo bo fnkon ns l.0.
2.5.5 Bvuced co!umns: eIIectIve LeIgLt Iov Ivumed stvuctuves
Tho offocfIvo hoIghf for frnmod sfrucfuros mny bo fnkon ns fho Iossor of:
2.5.6 \nbvuced co!umns: eIIectIve LeIgLt Iov Ivumed stvuctuves
Tho offocfIvo hoIghf for frnmod sfrucfuros mny bo fnkon ns fho Iossor of:
2.6 Robustness
2.6.1 Genevu!
SocfIon 3 of IS 8ll0-l:l99? gIvos dofnIIs of fho normnI mofhod of onsurIng robusfnoss by fho rovIsIon of
vorfIcnI nnd horIzonfnI fIos. Thoro mny, howovor, bo cnsos whoro fhoro nro koy oIomonfs ns dofInod
In 2.2.2.2c) of IS 8ll0-l:l99? or whoro If Is ImossIbIo fo rovIdo offocfIvo fIos In nccordnnco wIfh 3.12.3
of IS 8ll0-l:l99?. ofnIIs of such cnsos nro gIvon In 2.6.2 nnd 2.6.3.
2.6.2 Key e!ements
2.6.2.1 Deeign of /e, elenen/e (ulere requireJ in IuilJinge of Cloee 2B or Cloee 3 of Sec/ion of Tle
BuilJing Iegulo/ione 2000 ApproteJ Docunen/ A. Sfrucfuro). Whofhor Incorornfod ns fho onIy
ronsonnbIo monns nvnIInbIo fo onsurIng n sfrucfuros InfogrIfy In normnI uso or cnnbIIIfy of survIvIng
nccIdonfs, koy oIomonfs shouId bo dosIgnod, consfrucfod nnd rofocfod ns nocossnry fo rovonf romovnI by
nccIdonf.
2.6.2.2 LooJe on /e, elenen/e. ArorInfo dosIgn Ionds shouId bo choson hnvIng rognrd fo fho Imorfnnco
of fho koy oIomonf nnd fho IIkoIy consoquoncos of Ifs fnIIuro, buf In nII cnsos nn oIomonf nnd Ifs connocfIons
shouId bo cnnbIo of wIfhsfnndIng n dosIgn uIfImnfo Iond of 34 k/m
2
, fo whIch no nrfInI snfofy fncfor
shouId bo nIIod, from nny dIrocfIon. A horIzonfnI mombor, or nrf of n horIzonfnI mombor fhnf rovIdos
InfornI suorf vIfnI fo fho sfnbIIIfy of n vorfIcnI koy oIomonf, shouId nIso bo consIdorod n koy oIomonf. Ior
fho urosos of 2.6.2, fho nron fo whIch fhoso Ionds nro nIIod wIII bo fho rojocfod nron of fho mombor
(I.o. fho nron of fho fnco rosonfod fo fho Ionds).
2.6.2.3 Ke, elenen/e euppor/ing o//ocleJ IuilJing conponen/e. Koy oIomonfs suorfIng nffnchod buIIdIng
comononfs shouId nIso bo cnnbIo of suorfIng fho roncfIons from nny nffnchod buIIdIng comononfs nIso
nssumod fo bo subjocf fo n dosIgn uIfImnfo IondIng of 34 k/m
2
. Tho roncfIon shouId bo fho mnxImum fhnf
mIghf ronsonnbIy bo frnnsmIffod hnvIng rognrd fo fho sfrongfh of fho nffnchod comononf nnd fho sfrongfh
of Ifs connocfIon.
2.6.3 esIgn oI bvIdgIng e!ements (wLeve vequIved In buI!dIngs oI C!uss 2B ov C!uss 3 oI SectIon
5 oI TLe BuI!dIng Regu!utIons 2000 Appvoved ocument A: Structure)
2.6.3.1 Generol. Af onch sforoy In furn, onch vorfIcnI Iond-bonrIng oIomonf, ofhor fhnn n koy oIomonf, Is
consIdorod Iosf In furn. (Tho dosIgn shouId bo such fhnf coIInso of n sIgnIfIcnnf nrf of fho sfrucfuro doos
nof rosuIf.) If cnfonnry ncfIon Is nssumod, nIIownnco shouId bo mndo for fho horIzonfnI roncfIons nocossnry
for oquIIIbrIum.
l
o
= l
0
|0.? + 0.05 (
c,l
+
c,2
)] < l
0
oqunfIon 3
l
o
= l
0
(0.85 + 0.05
c,mIn
) < l
0
oqunfIon 4
l
o
= l
0
|l.0 + 0.l5 (
c,l
+
c,2
)] oqunfIon 5
l
o
= l
0
(2.0 + 0.3
c,mIn
) oqunfIon 6
L
i
c
e
n
s
e
d

C
o
p
y
:

M
r
.

U
n
i
v
e
r
s
i
t
y

C
o
l
l
e
g
e


D
u
b
l
i
n
,

I

R

I

S

C
o
n
s
o
r
t
i
u
m
,

1
4
/
1
1
/
2
0
0
9

0
6
:
0
9
,

U
n
c
o
n
t
r
o
l
l
e
d

C
o
p
y
,

(
c
)

B
S
I
BS B110-2:19B5
ISI 30 ovombor 2005
ll
SocfIon 2
2.6.3.2 Wullo
2.6.3.2.1 Leng/l coneiJereJ loe/. Tho Iongfh of wnII consIdorod fo bo n sIngIo Iond-bonrIng oIomonf shouId
bo fnkon ns fho Iongfh bofwoon ndjnconf InfornI suorfs or bofwoon n InfornI suorf nnd n froo odgo
(soo 2.6.3.2.2). Tho Iongfh consIdorod nood nof oxcood 2.25 fImos fho sforoy hoIghf.
2.6.3.2.2 Lo/erol euppor/. Ior fho urosos of fhIs subcInuso, n InfornI suorf mny bo consIdorod fo occur
nf:
n) n sfIffonod socfIon of fho wnII (nof oxcoodIng l.0 m In Iongfh) cnnbIo of rosIsfIng n horIzonfnI forco
(In k or mofro hoIghf of fho wnII) of l.5 I
f
; or
b) n nrfIfIon of mnss nof Ioss fhnn l00 kg/m
2
nf rIghf nngIos fo fho wnII nnd so fIod fo If ns fo bo nbIo fo
rosIsf n horIzonfnI forco (In k or mofro hoIghf of wnII) of 0.5 I
f
;
whoro
I
f
Is fho Iossor of (20 + 4 n
0
) or 60, whoro n
0
Is fho numbor of sforoys In fho sfrucfuro.
L
i
c
e
n
s
e
d

C
o
p
y
:

M
r
.

U
n
i
v
e
r
s
i
t
y

C
o
l
l
e
g
e


D
u
b
l
i
n
,

I

R

I

S

C
o
n
s
o
r
t
i
u
m
,

1
4
/
1
1
/
2
0
0
9

0
6
:
0
9
,

U
n
c
o
n
t
r
o
l
l
e
d

C
o
p
y
,

(
c
)

B
S
I
l2
Ilon/
L
i
c
e
n
s
e
d

C
o
p
y
:

M
r
.

U
n
i
v
e
r
s
i
t
y

C
o
l
l
e
g
e


D
u
b
l
i
n
,

I

R

I

S

C
o
n
s
o
r
t
i
u
m
,

1
4
/
1
1
/
2
0
0
9

0
6
:
0
9
,

U
n
c
o
n
t
r
o
l
l
e
d

C
o
p
y
,

(
c
)

B
S
I
BS B110-2:19B5
ISI 30 ovombor 2005
l3
SectIon 3. SevvIceubI!Ity cu!cu!utIons 3
3.1 Genevu!
3.1.1 IntvoductIon
In IS 8ll0-l dosIgn roquIromonfs for fho sorvIconbIIIfy IImIf sfnfo nro sfnfod nnd fwo nIfornnfIvo
nronchos nro suggosfod nnmoIy:
n) by nnnIysIs whoroby fho cnIcuInfod vnIuos of offocfs of Ionds, o.g. dofIocfIons nnd crnckwIdfhs, nro
comnrod wIfh nccofnbIo vnIuos;
b) by doomod-fo-snfIsfy rovIsIons, such ns IImIfIng snn/dofh rnfIos nnd dofnIIIng ruIos.
Tho uroso of fhIs socfIon Is fo rovIdo furfhor guIdnnco whon fho fIrsf of fhoso nronchos Is ndofod. In
nddIfIon fhIs InformnfIon wIII bo of uso whon If Is roquIrod nof jusf fo comIy wIfh n nrfIcuInr IImIf sfnfo
roquIromonf buf fo obfnIn n bosf osfImnfo of how n nrfIcuInr sfrucfuro wIII bohnvo, for oxnmIo whon
comnrIng rodIcfod dofIocfIons wIfh on-sIfo monsuromonfs.
3.1.2 AssumptIons
Whon cnrryIng ouf sorvIconbIIIfy cnIcuInfIons If Is nocossnry fo mnko suro fhnf fho nssumfIons mndo
rognrdIng Ionds nnd mnforInI roorfIos nro comnfIbIo wIfh fho wny fho rosuIfs wIII bo usod.
If n bosf osfImnfo of fho oxocfod bohnvIour Is roquIrod, fhon fho oxocfod or mosf IIkoIy vnIuos shouId bo
usod.
In confrnsf, In ordor fo snfIsfy n sorvIconbIIIfy IImIf sfnfo, If mny bo nocossnry fo fnko n moro consorvnfIvo
vnIuo doondIng on fho sovorIfy of fho nrfIcuInr sorvIconbIIIfy IImIf sfnfo undor consIdornfIon, I.o. fho
consoquoncos of fnIIuro. (InIIuro horo monns fnIIuro fo moof fho roquIromonfs of n IImIf sfnfo rnfhor fhnn
coIInso of fho sfrucfuro.) If Is cIonr fhnf sorvIconbIIIfy IImIf sfnfos vnry In sovorIfy nnd furfhormoro whnf
mny bo crIfIcnI In ono sIfunfIon mny nof bo Imorfnnf In nnofhor.
In 3.2 fho vnrIous IImIf sfnfos nro oxnmInod In gronfor dofnII. CuIdnnco on fho nssumfIons rognrdIng Ionds
nnd mnforInI vnIuos nro gIvon In 3.3 nnd 3.4 rosocfIvoIy nnd 3.5 gIvos furfhor guIdnnco on mofhods of
cnIcuInfIon.
3.2 SevvIceubI!Ity !ImIt stutes
3.2.1 xcessIve deI!ectIons due to vevtIcu! !ouds
3.2.1.1 Appeoronce. Ior sfrucfurnI mombors fhnf nro vIsIbIo, fho sng In n mombor wIII usunIIy bocomo
nofIconbIo If fho dofIocfIon oxcoods l/250, whoro l Is oIfhor fho snn or, In fho cnso of n cnnfIIovor, Ifs Iongfh.
ThIs shorfcomIng cnn In mnny cnsos bo nf Ionsf nrfInIIy ovorcomo by rovIdIng nn InIfInI cnmbor. If fhIs Is
dono, duo nffonfIon shouId bo nId fo fho offocfs on consfrucfIon foIornncos, nrfIcuInrIy wIfh rognrd fo
fhIcknossos of fInIshos.
ThIs shorfcomIng Is nnfurnIIy nof crIfIcnI If fho oIomonf Is nof vIsIbIo.
3.2.1.2 Donoge /o non-e/ruc/urol elenen/e. !nIoss nrfIfIons, cInddIng nnd fInIshos, hnvo boon socIfIcnIIy
dofnIIod fo nIIow for fho nnfIcInfod dofIocfIons, somo dnmngo cnn bo oxocfod If fho dofIocfIon nffor fho
InsfnIInfIon of such fInIshos nnd nrfIfIons oxcoods fho foIIowIng vnIuos:
n) L/500 or 20 mm, whIchovor Is fho Iossor, for brIffIo mnforInIs;
b) L/350 or 20 mm, whIchovor Is fho Iossor, for non-brIffIo nrfIfIons or fInIshos;
whoro L Is fho snn or, In fho cnso of n cnnfIIovor, Ifs Iongfh.
OTI Thoso vnIuos nro IndIcnfIvo onIy.
Thoso vnIuos nIso nIy, In fho cnso of rosfrossod consfrucfIon, fo uwnrd dofIocfIons.
3.2.1.3 Cone/ruc/ion loc/ of fi/. AII oIomonfs shouId bo dofnIIod so fhnf fhoy wIII fIf fogofhor on sIfo nIIowIng
for fho oxocfod dofIocfIons, fogofhor wIfh fho foIornncos nIIowod by fho socIfIcnfIon.
3.2.1.4 Loee of perfornonce. !oss of orformnnco IncIudos offocfs such ns oxcossIvo sIoo nnd ondIng.
Whoro fhoro nro nny such socIfIc IImIfs fo fho dofIocfIon fhnf cnn bo nccofod, fhoso shouId bo fnkon
nccounf of oxIIcIfIy In fho dosIgn.
L
i
c
e
n
s
e
d

C
o
p
y
:

M
r
.

U
n
i
v
e
r
s
i
t
y

C
o
l
l
e
g
e


D
u
b
l
i
n
,

I

R

I

S

C
o
n
s
o
r
t
i
u
m
,

1
4
/
1
1
/
2
0
0
9

0
6
:
0
9
,

U
n
c
o
n
t
r
o
l
l
e
d

C
o
p
y
,

(
c
)

B
S
I
BS B110-2:19B5
l4 ISI 30 ovombor 2005
SocfIon 3
3.2.2 xcessIve vesponse to wInd !ouds
3.2.2.1 Dieconfor/ or olorn /o occupon/e. IxcossIvo nccoIornfIons undor wInd Ionds fhnf mny cnuso
dIscomforf or nInrm fo occunnfs shouId bo nvoIdod.
OTI Ior guIdnnco on nccofnbIo IImIfs, roforonco shouId bo mndo fo socInIIsf IIfornfuro.
3.2.2.2 Donoge /o non-e/ruc/urol elenen/e. !nIoss nrfIfIons, cInddIng nnd fInIshos, ofc. hnvo boon
socIfIcnIIy dofnIIod fo nIIow for fho nnfIcInfod dofIocfIons, roInfIvo InfornI dofIocfIon In nny ono sforoy
undor fho chnrncforIsfIc wInd Iond shouId nof oxcood H/500, whoro H Is fho sforoy hoIghf.
3.2.3 xcessIve vIbvutIon
IxcossIvo vIbrnfIon duo fo fIucfunfIng Ionds fhnf mny cnuso dIscomforf or nInrm fo occunnfs, oIfhor from
ooIo or mnchInory, shouId bo nvoIdod.
OTI Ior furfhor guIdnnco roforonco shouId bo mndo fo socInIIsf IIfornfuro.
3.2.4 xcessIve cvuckIng
3.2.4.1 Appeoronce. Ior mombors fhnf nro vIsIbIo, crnckIng shouId bo kof wIfhIn ronsonnbIo bounds by
nffonfIon fo dofnII. As n guIdo fho cnIcuInfod mnxImum crnck wIdfh shouId nof oxcood 0.3 mm.
3.2.4.2 Corroeion. Ior mombors In nggrossIvo onvIronmonfs, fho cnIcuInfod mnxImum crnck wIdfhs shouId
nof oxcood 0.3 mm.
3.2.4.3 Loee of perfornonce. Whoro crnckIng mny ImnIr fho orformnnco of fho sfrucfuro,
o.g. wnforfIghfnoss, IImIfs ofhor fhnn fhoso gIvon In 3.2.4.1 nnd 3.2.4.2 mny bo nrorInfo.
Ior rosfrossod mombors, IImIfIng crnck wIdfhs nro socIfIod In socfIon 2 of IS 8ll0-l:l99?.
3.3 Iouds
3.3.1 Genevu!
Tho IondIng nssumod In sorvIconbIIIfy cnIcuInfIons wIII doond on whofhor fho nIm Is fo roduco n bosf
osfImnfo of fho IIkoIy bohnvIour of fho sfrucfuro or fo comIy wIfh n sorvIconbIIIfy IImIf sfnfo roquIromonf
nnd, If fho Inffor, fho sovorIfy of fhnf IImIf sfnfo (soo 3.1.2).
In nssossIng fho Ionds, n dIsfIncfIon shouId bo mndo bofwoon chnrncforIsfIc nnd oxocfod vnIuos.
ConornIIy, for bosf osfImnfo cnIcuInfIons, oxocfod vnIuos shouId bo usod. Ior cnIcuInfIons fo snfIsfy n
nrfIcuInr IImIf sfnfo, gonornIIy Iowor or uor bound vnIuos shouId bo usod doondIng on whofhor or nof
fho offocf Is bonofIcInI. Tho ncfunI vnIuos nssumod howovor shouId bo n mnffor for ongInoorIng judgomonf.
Ior Ionds fhnf vnry wIfh fImo, o.g. IIvo nnd wInd Ionds, If Is nocossnry fo chooso vnIuos fhnf nro comnfIbIo
wIfh fho rosonso fImo of fho sfrucfuro nnd fho nssumfIons mndo rognrdIng mnforInI nnd socfIon
roorfIos (soo 3.5).
3.3.2 eud !ouds
Ior dond Ionds, fho oxocfod nnd chnrncforIsfIc vnIuos nro fho snmo. ConornIIy, In sorvIconbIIIfy
cnIcuInfIons (bofh bosf osfImnfo nnd IImIf sfnfo) If wIII bo suffIcIonf fo fnko fho chnrncforIsfIc vnIuo.
3.3.3 IIve !ouds
ConornIIy, fho chnrncforIsfIc vnIuo shouId bo usod In IImIf sfnfo cnIcuInfIons nnd fho oxocfod vnIuo In bosf
osfImnfo cnIcuInfIons.
Whon cnIcuInfIng dofIocfIons, If Is nocossnry fo nssoss how much of fho Iond Is ormnnonf nnd how much
Is frnnsIfory. Tho roorfIon of fho IIvo Iond fhnf shouId bo consIdorod ns ormnnonf wIII, howovor, doond
on fho fyo of sfrucfuro. If Is suggosfod fhnf for normnI domosfIc or offIco occunncy, 25 of fho IIvo Iond
shouId bo consIdorod ns ormnnonf nnd for sfrucfuros usod for sforngo, nf Ionsf ?5 shouId bo consIdorod
ormnnonf whon fho uor IImIf fo fho dofIocfIon Is boIng nssossod.
L
i
c
e
n
s
e
d

C
o
p
y
:

M
r
.

U
n
i
v
e
r
s
i
t
y

C
o
l
l
e
g
e


D
u
b
l
i
n
,

I

R

I

S

C
o
n
s
o
r
t
i
u
m
,

1
4
/
1
1
/
2
0
0
9

0
6
:
0
9
,

U
n
c
o
n
t
r
o
l
l
e
d

C
o
p
y
,

(
c
)

B
S
I
BS B110-2:19B5
ISI 30 ovombor 2005
l5
SocfIon 3
3.4 Anu!ysIs oI stvuctuve Iov sevvIceubI!Ity !ImIt stutes
In gonornI, If wIII bo suffIcIonfIy nccurnfo fo nssoss fho momonfs nnd forcos In mombors subjocfod fo fhoIr
nrorInfo IondIngs for fho sorvIconbIIIfy IImIf sfnfos usIng nn oInsfIc nnnIysIs. Whoro n sIngIo vnIuo of
sfIffnoss Is usod fo chnrncforIzo n mombor, fho mombor sfIffnoss mny bo bnsod on fho concrofo socfIon. In
fhIs cIrcumsfnnco If Is IIkoIy fo rovIdo n moro nccurnfo Icfuro of fho momonf nnd forco fIoIds fhnn wIII fho
uso of n crnckod frnnsformod socfIon, ovon fhough cnIcuInfIon shows fho mombors fo bo crnckod. Whoro
moro sohIsfIcnfod mofhods of nnnIysIs nro usod In whIch vnrInfIons In roorfIos ovor fho Iongfh of
mombors cnn bo fnkon Info nccounf, If wIII froquonfIy bo moro nrorInfo fo cnIcuInfo fho sfIffnoss of
hIghIy sfrossod nrfs of mombors on fho bnsIs of n crnckod frnnsformod socfIon.
3.5 MutevIu! pvopevtIes Iov tLe cu!cu!utIon oI cuvvutuve und stvesses
Ior chockIng sorvIconbIIIfy IImIf sfnfos, fho moduIus of oInsfIcIfy of fho concrofo shouId bo fnkon ns fho
monn vnIuo gIvon In TnbIo ?.2 nrorInfo fo fho chnrncforIsfIc sfrongfh of fho concrofo. Tho moduIus of
oInsfIcIfy mny bo corrocfod for fho ngo of IondIng whoro fhIs Is known. Whoro n bosf osfImnfo of fho
curvnfuro Is roquIrod, nn oInsfIc moduIus nrorInfo fo fho oxocfod concrofo sfrongfh mny bo usod.
AffonfIon Is, howovor, drnwn fo fho Inrgo rnngo of vnIuos for fho moduIus of oInsfIcIfy fhnf cnn bo obfnInod
for fho snmo cubo sfrongfh. If mny fhoroforo bo nrorInfo fo consIdor oIfhor cnIcuInfIng fho bohnvIour
usIng moduII nf fho onds of fho rnngos gIvon In TnbIo ?.2 fo obfnIn nn Idon of fho roIInbIIIfy of fho cnIcuInfIon
or fo hnvo fosfs dono on fho ncfunI concrofo fo bo usod. !oforonco mny bo mndo fo SocfIon ? for nrorInfo
vnIuos for croo nnd shrInkngo In fho nbsonco of moro dIrocf InformnfIon.
3.6 Cu!cu!utIon oI cuvvutuves
Tho curvnfuro of nny socfIon mny bo cnIcuInfod by omIoyIng whIchovor of fho foIIowIng sofs of nssumfIons
n) or b) gIvos fho Inrgor vnIuo. Ifom n) corrosonds fo fho cnso whoro fho socfIon Is crnckod undor fho
IondIng consIdorod, Ifom b) nIIos fo nn uncrnckod socfIon.
n) l) SfrnIns nro cnIcuInfod on fho nssumfIon fhnf Inno socfIons romnIn Inno.
2) Tho roInforcomonf, whofhor In fonsIon or In comrossIon, Is nssumod fo bo oInsfIc. Ifs moduIus of
oInsfIcIfy mny bo fnkon ns 200 k/mm
2
.
3) Tho concrofo In comrossIon Is nssumod fo bo oInsfIc. !ndor shorf-form IondIng fho moduIus of
oInsfIcIfy mny bo fnkon ns fhnf obfnInod from 3.5. !ndor Iong-form IondIng, nn offocfIvo moduIus mny
bo fnkon hnvIng n vnIuo of l/(l + 6) fImos fho shorf-form moduIus whoro 6 Is fho nrorInfo croo
cooffIcIonf (soo ?.3).
4) Sfrossos In fho concrofo In fonsIon mny bo cnIcuInfod on fho nssumfIon fho sfross dIsfrIbufIon Is
frInnguInr, hnvIng n vnIuo of zoro nf fho noufrnI nxIs nnd n vnIuo nf fho confroId of fho fonsIon sfooI
of l /mm
2
InsfnnfnnoousIy, roducIng fo 0.55 /mm
2
In fho Iong form.
b) Tho concrofo nnd fho sfooI nro bofh consIdorod fo bo fuIIy oInsfIc In fonsIon nnd In comrossIon. Tho
oInsfIc moduIus of fho sfooI mny bo fnkon ns 200 k/mm
2
nnd fho oInsfIc moduIus of fho concrofo Is
ns dorIvod from n) 3) bofh In comrossIon nnd In fonsIon.
L
i
c
e
n
s
e
d

C
o
p
y
:

M
r
.

U
n
i
v
e
r
s
i
t
y

C
o
l
l
e
g
e


D
u
b
l
i
n
,

I

R

I

S

C
o
n
s
o
r
t
i
u
m
,

1
4
/
1
1
/
2
0
0
9

0
6
:
0
9
,

U
n
c
o
n
t
r
o
l
l
e
d

C
o
p
y
,

(
c
)

B
S
I
BS B110-2:19B5
l6 ISI 30 ovombor 2005
SocfIon 3
Thoso nssumfIons nro IIIusfrnfod In IIguro 3.l
In onch cnso, fho curvnfuro cnn bo obfnInod from fho foIIowIng oqunfIon:
whoro
oqunfIon ?
IIguve 3.1 AssumptIons mude In cu!cu!utIng cuvvutuves
Is fho curvnfuro nf mId-snn or, for cnnfIIovors, nf fho suorf socfIon;
f
c
Is fho dosIgn sorvIco sfross In fho concrofo;
1
c
Is fho shorf-form moduIus of fho concrofo;
f
s
Is fho osfImnfod dosIgn sorvIco sfross In fonsIon roInforcomonf;
J Is fho offocfIvo dofh of fho socfIon;
x Is fho dofh fo fho noufrnI nxIs;
1
s
Is fho moduIus of oInsfIcIfy of fho roInforcomonf.
l
r
b

L
i
c
e
n
s
e
d

C
o
p
y
:

M
r
.

U
n
i
v
e
r
s
i
t
y

C
o
l
l
e
g
e


D
u
b
l
i
n
,

I

R

I

S

C
o
n
s
o
r
t
i
u
m
,

1
4
/
1
1
/
2
0
0
9

0
6
:
0
9
,

U
n
c
o
n
t
r
o
l
l
e
d

C
o
p
y
,

(
c
)

B
S
I
BS B110-2:19B5
ISI 30 ovombor 2005
l?
SocfIon 3
Ior b) fho foIIowIng nIfornnfIvo mny bo moro convonIonf:
whoro
Assossmonf of fho sfrossos by usIng n) roquIros n frInI-nnd-orror nronch. CnIcuInfIon by monns of n
comufor or rogrnmmnbIo cnIcuInfor Is sfrnIghfforwnrd.
In nssossIng fho fofnI Iong-form curvnfuro of n socfIon, fho foIIowIng rocoduro mny bo ndofod.
I) CnIcuInfo fho Insfnnfnnoous curvnfuros undor fho fofnI Iond nnd undor fho ormnnonf Iond.
II) CnIcuInfo fho Iong-form curvnfuro undor fho ormnnonf Iond.
III) Add fo fho Iong-form curvnfuro undor fho ormnnonf Iond fho dIfforonco bofwoon fho Insfnnfnnoous
curvnfuro undor fho fofnI nnd ormnnonf Iond.
Iv) Add fo fhIs curvnfuro fho shrInkngo curvnfuro cnIcuInfod from fho foIIowIng oqunfIon:
whoro
3.? Cu!cu!utIon oI deI!ectIon
3.?.1 Genevu!
Whon fho dofIocfIons of roInforcod concrofo mombors nro cnIcuInfod, If shouId bo ronIIzod fhnf fhoro nro n
numbor of fncfors fhnf mny bo dIffIcuIf fo nIIow for In fho cnIcuInfIon whIch cnn hnvo n consIdornbIo offocf
on fho roIInbIIIfy of fho rosuIf. Thoso nro ns foIIows.
n) IsfImnfos of fho rosfrnInfs rovIdod by suorfs nro bnsod on sImIIfIod nnd offon Innccurnfo
nssumfIons.
b) Tho rocIso IondIng, or fhnf nrf whIch Is of Iong durnfIon, Is unknown.
oqunfIon 8
M Is fho momonf nf fho socfIon consIdorod;
1 Is fho socond momonf of nron.
oqunfIon 9
Is fho shrInkngo curvnfuro;

o
Is fho moduInr rnfIo = ;

cs
Is fho froo shrInkngo sfrnIn (soo ?.4);
1
off
Is fho offocfIvo moduIus of oInsfIcIfy of fho concrofo whIch cnn bo fnkon ns 1
c
/(l + );
1
c
Is fho shorf-form moduIus of fho concrofo;
1
s
Is fho moduIus of oInsfIcIfy of fho roInforcomonf;
Is fho croo cooffIcIonf;
1 Is fho socond momonf of nron of oIfhor fho crnckod or fho gross socfIon, doondIng on
whofhor fho curvnfuro duo fo IondIng Is dorIvod from nssumfIons n) or b) rosocfIvoIy.
OTI In nssossIng fho frnnsformod sfooI nron, fho moduInr rnfIo shouId bo ns dofInod nbovo.
S
s
Is fho fIrsf momonf of nron of fho roInforcomonf nbouf fho confroId of fho crnckod or
gross socfIon, whIchovor Is nrorInfo.
l
r
cs

1
s
1
off

L
i
c
e
n
s
e
d

C
o
p
y
:

M
r
.

U
n
i
v
e
r
s
i
t
y

C
o
l
l
e
g
e


D
u
b
l
i
n
,

I

R

I

S

C
o
n
s
o
r
t
i
u
m
,

1
4
/
1
1
/
2
0
0
9

0
6
:
0
9
,

U
n
c
o
n
t
r
o
l
l
e
d

C
o
p
y
,

(
c
)

B
S
I
BS B110-2:19B5
l8 ISI 30 ovombor 2005
SocfIon 3
Tho dond Iond Is fho mnjor fncfor doformInIng fho dofIocfIon, ns fhIs InrgoIy govorns fho Iong-form offocfs.
Iocnuso fho dond Iond Is known fo wIfhIn quIfo cIoso IImIfs, Inck of knowIodgo of fho rocIso Imosod Iond
Is nof IIkoIy fo bo n mnjor cnuso of orror In dofIocfIon cnIcuInfIons. Imosod IondIng Is hIghIy uncorfnIn In
mosf cnsos; In nrfIcuInr, fho roorfIon of fhIs Iond whIch mny bo consIdorod fo bo ormnnonf nnd wIII
InfIuonco fho Iong-form bohnvIour (soo 3.3.3).
c) !IghfIy roInforcod mombors mny woII hnvo n workIng Iond fhnf Is cIoso fo fho crnckIng Iond for fho
mombors. ConsIdornbIo dIfforoncos wIII occur In fho dofIocfIons doondIng on whofhor fho mombor hns
or hns nof crnckod.
d) Tho offocfs on fho dofIocfIon of fInIshos nnd nrfIfIons nro dIffIcuIf fo nssoss nnd nro offon nogIocfod.
IInIshos nnd rIgId nrfIfIons nddod nffor fho mombor Is cnrryIng Ifs soIf-woIghf wIII hoI fo roduco fho Iong-
form dofIocfIon of n mombor. As fho sfrucfuro croos, nny scrood wIII bo uf Info comrossIon, fhus cnusIng
somo roducfIon In fho croo dofIocfIon. Tho scrood wIII gonornIIy bo InId nffor fho roIng hns boon
romovod from fho mombor, nnd so n consIdornbIo roorfIon of fho Iong-form dofIocfIon wIII hnvo fnkon
Inco boforo fho scrood hns gnInod onough sfIffnoss fo mnko n sIgnIfIcnnf confrIbufIon. If Is suggosfod fhnf
onIy 50 of fho Iong-form dofIocfIon shouId bo consIdorod ns roduconbIo by fho ncfIon of fho scrood. If
nrfIfIons of bIockwork nro buIIf u fo fho undorsIdo of n mombor nnd no gn Is Ioff bofwoon fho nrfIfIon
nnd fho mombor, croo cnn cnuso fho mombor fo bonr on fho nrfIfIon whIch, sInco If Is IIkoIy fo bo vory
sfIff, wIII offocfIvoIy sfo nny furfhor dofIocfIon nIong fho IIno of fho wnII. If n nrfIfIon Is buIIf on fo of n
mombor whoro fhoro Is no wnII buIIf u fo fho undorsIdo of fho mombor, fho Iong-form dofIocfIon wIII cnuso
fho mombor fo croo nwny fromfho nrfIfIon. Tho nrfIfIon mny bo Ioff snnnIng ns n soIf-suorfIng doo
bonm fhnf wIII nIy sIgnIfIcnnf Ionds fo fho suorfIng mombor onIy nf Ifs onds. Thus, If n nrfIfIon wnII
Is buIIf ovor fho whoIo snn of n mombor wIfh no mnjor oonIngs nonr Ifs confro, Ifs mnss mny bo Ignorod
In cnIcuInfIng Iong-form dofIocfIons.
A suIfnbIo nronch for nssossIng fho mngnIfudo of fhoso offocfs Is fo cnIcuInfo n IIkoIy mnxImum nnd
mInImum fo fhoIr InfIuonco nnd fnko fho nvorngo.
3.?.2 Cu!cu!utIon oI deI!ectIon Ivom cuvvutuves
Tho dofIocfod shno of n mombor Is roInfod fo fho curvnfuros by fho oqunfIon:
whoro
Is fho curvnfuro nf x;
n Is fho dofIocfIon nf x.
ofIocfIons mny bo cnIcuInfod dIrocfIy from fhIs oqunfIon by cnIcuInfIng fho curvnfuros nf succossIvo
socfIons nIong fho mombor nnd usIng n numorIcnI InfogrnfIon fochnIquo. AIfornnfIvoIy, fho foIIowIng
sImIIfIod nronch mny bo usod:
whoro
oqunfIon l0
oqunfIon ll
l Is fho offocfIvo snn of fho mombor;
Is fho curvnfuro nf mId-snn or, for cnnfIIovors, nf fho suorf socfIon;
K Is n consfnnf fhnf doonds on fho shno of fho bondIng momonf dIngrnm.
l
r
x

l
r
b

L
i
c
e
n
s
e
d

C
o
p
y
:

M
r
.

U
n
i
v
e
r
s
i
t
y

C
o
l
l
e
g
e


D
u
b
l
i
n
,

I

R

I

S

C
o
n
s
o
r
t
i
u
m
,

1
4
/
1
1
/
2
0
0
9

0
6
:
0
9
,

U
n
c
o
n
t
r
o
l
l
e
d

C
o
p
y
,

(
c
)

B
S
I
BS B110-2:19B5
ISI 30 ovombor 2005
l9
SocfIon 3
TnbIo 3.l gIvos vnIuos of fho cooffIcIonf K for vnrIous common shnos of bondIng momonf dIngrnm. As fho
cnIcuInfIon mofhod doos nof doscrIbo nn oInsfIc roInfIonshI bofwoon momonf nnd curvnfuro, dofIocfIons
undor comIox Ionds cnnnof bo obfnInod by summIng fho dofIocfIons obfnInod by sonrnfo cnIcuInfIon for
fho consfIfuonf sImIor Ionds. A vnIuo of K nrorInfo fo fho comIofo Iond shouId bo usod.
Tub!e 3.1 Vu!ues oI K Iov vuvIous bendIng moment dIugvums
IoudIng BendIng moment dIugvum K
0.l25
0.0625
0.l04
0.l02
0.l25
o
2
6

L
i
c
e
n
s
e
d

C
o
p
y
:

M
r
.

U
n
i
v
e
r
s
i
t
y

C
o
l
l
e
g
e


D
u
b
l
i
n
,

I

R

I

S

C
o
n
s
o
r
t
i
u
m
,

1
4
/
1
1
/
2
0
0
9

0
6
:
0
9
,

U
n
c
o
n
t
r
o
l
l
e
d

C
o
p
y
,

(
c
)

B
S
I
BS B110-2:19B5
20 ISI 30 ovombor 2005
SocfIon 3
Tho cnIcuInfIon of fho dofIocfIon of cnnfIIovors roquIros vory cnrofuI consIdornfIon In somo cIrcumsfnncos.
Tho usunI formuIno for fho ond dofIocfIon of cnnfIIovors nssumo fhnf fho cnnfIIovor Is rIgIdIy fIxod nnd Is
fhoroforo horIzonfnI nf fho roof. In rncfIco, fhIs Is by no monns nocossnrIIy so, bocnuso fho IondIng on fho
cnnfIIovor IfsoIf, or on ofhor mombors fo whIch fho cnnfIIovor connocfs, mny cnuso fho roof of fho cnnfIIovor
fo rofnfo. If fhIs roof rofnfIon Is , fho dofIocfIon of fho fI of fho cnnfIIovor wIII bo docronsod or Incronsod
by nn nmounf l. Thoro nro fwo sourcos of roof rofnfIon whIch mny occur. IIrsf, rofnfIon of fho joInf In fho
frnmo fo whIch fho cnnfIIovor connocfs (soo IIguro 3.2). ThIs robIom wIII roquIro nffonfIon onIy whon fho
suorfIng sfrucfuro Is fnIrIy fIoxIbIo. SocondIy, ovon whoro fho cnnfIIovor connocfs fo n subsfnnfInIIy rIgId
sfrucfuro, somo roof rofnfIon wIII occur. ThIs Is bocnuso fho sfooI sfross, whIch Is nf n mnxImum nf fho roof,
shouId bo dIssInfod Info fho suorfIng sfrucfuro ovor somo Iongfh of fho bnr omboddod In fho suorf. To
nIIow for fhIs, If Is Imorfnnf fo uso fho offocfIvo snn of fho cnnfIIovor ns dofInod In 3.4.1.4 of
IS 8ll0-l:l99?.
If TnbIo 3.l Is usod fo nssoss fho vnIuo of K by suorosIfIon, If mny bo nssumod fhnf fho mnxImum
dofIocfIon of n bonm occurs nf mId-snn wIfhouf sorIous orrors boIng Infroducod.
Tho robIom of osfImnfIng fho dofIocfIon of fwo-wny snnnIng sInbs Is nof sImIo. Ioforo fhoy crnck, sInbs
wIII bohnvo subsfnnfInIIy ns oInsfIc, IsofroIc sInbs. As soon ns crnckIng occurs, fho sInbs bocomo
nnIsofroIc, fho nmounf of fhIs nnIsofroy vnryIng confInuousIy ns fho IondIng vnrIos, nnd so n roIInbIo
doformInnfIon of fho momonf surfnco for fho sInb undor nny nrfIcuInr Iond Is nof normnIIy rncfIcnbIo.
ofIocfIons of sInbs nro fhoroforo robnbIy bosf donIf wIfh by usIng fho rnfIos of snn fo offocfIvo dofh.
Howovor, If fho ongInoor fooIs fhnf fho cnIcuInfIon of fho dofIocfIons of n sInb Is ossonfInI, If Is suggosfod
fhnf fho foIIowIng rocoduro bo ndofod.
A sfrI of sInb of unIf wIdfh Is choson such fhnf fho mnxImum momonf nIong If Is fho mnxImum momonf
of fho sInb, I.o. In n rocfnnguInr sInb, n sfrI snnnIng ncross fho shorfor dImonsIon of fho sInb connocfIng
fho confros of fho Iongor sIdos. Tho bondIng momonfs nIong fhIs sfrI shouId rofornbIy bo obfnInod from
nn oInsfIc nnnIysIs of fho sInb buf mny bo nssossod nroxImnfoIy by fnkIng ?0 of fho momonfs usod for
fho coIInso dosIgn. Tho dofIocfIon of fho sfrI Is fhon cnIcuInfod ns fhough If woro n bonm. ThIs mofhod
wIII bo sIIghfIy consorvnfIvo.
3.B Cu!cu!utIon oI cvuck wIdtL
3.B.1 Genevu!
SInco fho bnr sncIng ruIos gIvon In 3.12.11 of IS 8ll0-l:l99? hnvo fo onsuro fhnf crnckIng Is nof sorIous
In fho worsf IIkoIy rncfIcnI sIfunfIon, If wIII nImosf nIwnys bo found fhnf wIdor bnr sncIngs cnn bo usod
If fho crnck wIdfhs nro chockod oxIIcIfIy. ThIs wIII bo nrfIcuInrIy fruo for fnIrIy shnIIow mombors.
IIguve 3.2 eI!ectIon oI u cuntI!evev IovmIng puvt oI u Ivumed stvuctuve
L
i
c
e
n
s
e
d

C
o
p
y
:

M
r
.

U
n
i
v
e
r
s
i
t
y

C
o
l
l
e
g
e


D
u
b
l
i
n
,

I

R

I

S

C
o
n
s
o
r
t
i
u
m
,

1
4
/
1
1
/
2
0
0
9

0
6
:
0
9
,

U
n
c
o
n
t
r
o
l
l
e
d

C
o
p
y
,

(
c
)

B
S
I
BS B110-2:19B5
ISI 30 ovombor 2005
2l
SocfIon 3
Tho wIdfhs of fIoxurnI crncks nf n nrfIcuInr oInf on fho surfnco of n mombor doond rImnrIIy on fhroo
fncfors:
n) fho roxImIfy fo fho oInf consIdorod of roInforcIng bnrs orondIcuInr fo fho crncks;
b) fho roxImIfy of fho noufrnI nxIs fo fho oInf consIdorod;
c) fho nvorngo surfnco sfrnIn nf fho oInf consIdorod.
IqunfIon l2 In 3.B.3 gIvos n roInfIonshI bofwoon crnck wIdfh nnd fhoso fhroo rIncInI vnrInbIos whIch
gIvos nccofnbIy nccurnfo rosuIfs In mosf normnI dosIgn cIrcumsfnncos; howovor, fho formuIn shouId bo
usod wIfh cnufIon In mombors subjocfod domInnnfIy fo nn nxInI fonsIon.
If shouId bo romomborod fhnf crnckIng Is n somI-rnndom honomonon nnd fhnf nn nbsoIufo mnxImum
crnck wIdfh cnnnof bo rodIcfod. Tho formuIn Is dosIgnod fo gIvo n wIdfh wIfh nn nccofnbIy smnII chnnco
of boIng oxcoodod, fhus nn occnsIonnI crnck sIIghfIy Inrgor fhnn fho rodIcfod wIdfh shouId nof bo
consIdorod ns cnuso for concorn. Howovor, shouId n sIgnIfIcnnf numbor of crncks In n sfrucfuro oxcood fho
cnIcuInfod wIdfh, ronsons ofhor fhnn fho sfnfIsfIcnI nnfuro of fho honomonon shouId bo soughf fo oxInIn
fhoIr rosonco.
3.B.2 Symbo!s
Ior fho urosos of 3.B fho foIIowIng symboIs nIy.
3.B.3 Assessment oI cvuck wIdtLs
IrovIdod fho sfrnIn In fho fonsIon roInforcomonf Is IImIfod fo 0.8f
y
/1
s
, fho dosIgn surfnco crnck wIdfh, whIch
shouId nof oxcood fho nrorInfo vnIuo gIvon In 3.2.4 mny bo cnIcuInfod from fho foIIowIng oqunfIon:
o dIsfnnco from fho comrossIon fnco fo fho oInf nf whIch fho crnck wIdfh Is boIng
cnIcuInfod
o
cr
dIsfnnco from fho oInf consIdorod fo fho surfnco of fho nonrosf IongIfudInnI bnr
A
s
nron of fonsIon roInforcomonf
I
f
wIdfh of fho socfIon nf fho confroId of fho fonsIon sfooI
c
mIn
mInImum covor fo fho fonsIon sfooI
J offocfIvo dofh
1
s moduIus of oInsfIcIfy of fho roInforcomonf (/mm
2
)
l ovornII dofh of fho mombor
I rosfrnInf fncfor (soo TnbIo 3.3)
x dofh of fho noufrnI nxIs
cooffIcIonf of oxnnsIon of fho concrofo
#
f
fomornfuro dIfforonfInI

I
sfrnIn nf fho IovoI consIdorod, cnIcuInfod IgnorIng fho sfIffonIng offocf of fho concrofo In
fho fonsIon zono

m
nvorngo sfrnIn nf fho IovoI whoro fho crnckIng Is boIng consIdorod

r
sfrnIn nccomnnIod by crnckIng
oqunfIon l2
L
i
c
e
n
s
e
d

C
o
p
y
:

M
r
.

U
n
i
v
e
r
s
i
t
y

C
o
l
l
e
g
e


D
u
b
l
i
n
,

I

R

I

S

C
o
n
s
o
r
t
i
u
m
,

1
4
/
1
1
/
2
0
0
9

0
6
:
0
9
,

U
n
c
o
n
t
r
o
l
l
e
d

C
o
p
y
,

(
c
)

B
S
I
BS B110-2:19B5
22 ISI 30 ovombor 2005
SocfIon 3
Tho nvorngo sfrnIn
m
mny bo cnIcuInfod on fho bnsIs of fho nssumfIons gIvon In 3.6. AIfornnfIvoIy, ns nn
nroxImnfIon, If wIII normnIIy bo snfIsfncfory fo cnIcuInfo fho sfooI sfross on fho bnsIs of n crnckod socfIon
nnd fhon roduco fhIs by nn nmounf oqunI fo fho fonsIIo forco gonornfod by fho sfross dIsfrIbufIon dofInod
In 3.6 n) 4) ncfIng ovor fho fonsIon zono dIvIdod by fho sfooI nron. Ior n rocfnnguInr fonsIon zono, fhIs gIvos:
In oqunfIon l3 for cnsos whoro fho whoIo socfIon Is In fonsIon, nn offocfIvo vnIuo of (l x) cnn bo osfImnfod
by InforoInfIon bofwoon fho foIIowIng IImIfIng condIfIons:
n) whoro fho noufrnI nxIs Is nf fho mosf comrossod fnco, (l x) = l (I.o. x = 0);
b) for nxInI fonsIon, (l x) = 2l.
A nognfIvo vnIuo for
m
IndIcnfos fhnf fho socfIon Is uncrnckod.
In nssossIng fho sfrnIns, fho moduIus of oInsfIcIfy of fho concrofo shouId bo fnkon ns hnIf fho Insfnnfnnoous
vnIuos.
Whoro If Is oxocfod fhnf fho concrofo mny bo subjocf fo nbnormnIIy hIgh shrInkngo (> 0.0006),
m
shouId
bo Incronsod by nddIng 50 of fho oxocfod shrInkngo sfrnIn; ofhorwIso, shrInkngo mny bo Ignorod.
OTI ThIs nronch mnkos n nofIonnI nIIownnco for Iong-form offocfs.
Tub!e 3.2 stImuted !ImItIng tempevutuve cLunges to uvoId cvuckIng
3.B.4 uv!y tLevmu! cvuckIng
3.B.4.1 Generol. In ours fhnf nro subjocfod fo oIfhor InfornnI or oxfornnI rosfrnInf, fhormnI sfrossos mny
dovoIo whIch cnn cnuso crnckIng. CrnckIng cnn occur fhrough fwo dIfforonf mochnnIsms.
n) 1n/ernol /enpero/ure groJien/e. CrnckIng duo fo dIfforonfInI fomornfuro chnngos Is mosf common In
mnssIvo ours. SInco fho Iow fhormnI conducfIvIfy of concrofo rovonfs rnId honf dIssInfIon, fho
fomornfuro In fho mnss of concrofo Incronsos. Tho concrofo surfnco, In dIrocf confncf wIfh fho
onvIronmonf, Iosos honf moro quIckIy nnd fhoroforo undorgoos n much Iowor rIso In fomornfuro. Tho
rosuIfIng oxnnsIon of fho hof coro, If oxcossIvo, cnn sfrofch fho cooIor surfnco zono fo fho oxfonf fhnf
crnckIng occurs. urIng subsoquonf cooIIng, fho oosIfo offocf mny occur cnusIng InfornnI crnckIng of
fho confrnI zono.
oqunfIon l3
Aggvegute type TLevmu!
expunsIon
coeIIIcIent
TensI!e
stvuIn
cupucIty
(10
6
)
IImItIng tempevutuve dvop Iov vuvyIng vestvuInt
Iuctov (I)
IImItIng
tempevutuve
dIIIeventIu!
wLen I = 0.36)
1.00 0.?5 0.50 0.25
(l0
6
/ C) C C C C C
CrnvoI l2.0 ?0 ?.3 9.? l4.6 29.2 20.0
CrnnIfo l0.0 80 l0.0 l3.3 20.0 40.0 2?.?
!Imosfono 8.0 90 l4.l l8.8 28.2 56.3 39.0
SInforod .f.n. ?.0 ll0 l9.6 26.2 39.2 ?8.4 54.6
L
i
c
e
n
s
e
d

C
o
p
y
:

M
r
.

U
n
i
v
e
r
s
i
t
y

C
o
l
l
e
g
e


D
u
b
l
i
n
,

I

R

I

S

C
o
n
s
o
r
t
i
u
m
,

1
4
/
1
1
/
2
0
0
9

0
6
:
0
9
,

U
n
c
o
n
t
r
o
l
l
e
d

C
o
p
y
,

(
c
)

B
S
I
BS B110-2:19B5
ISI 30 ovombor 2005
23
SocfIon 3
b) 1x/ernol ree/roin/ Juring cooling. CrnckIng rosuIfIng from rosfrnInf fo fhormnI movomonf mosf
commonIy occurs In wnIIs cnsf Info rIgId bnsos ns doscrIbod In IS 800?. urIng fho fomornfuro rIso
orIod, fho concrofo hns n roInfIvoIy Iow oInsfIc moduIus nnd fho comrossIvo sfrossos duo fo rosfrnInod
oxnnsIon nro onsIIy roIIovod by croo. urIng cooIIng, fho concrofo mnfuros nnd, whon fho fhormnI
confrncfIon Is rosfrnInod, fho fonsIIo sfrossos gonornfod nro Ioss onsIIy roIIovod. Thoso cnn bo of suffIcIonf
mngnIfudo fo cnuso crnckIng whIch commonIy occurs nf fho hnIf or ono-fhIrd oInfs nIong n bny. In fho
oxfromo cnso of n fuIIy rosfrnInod oIomonf, n chnngo In fomornfuro of fho ordor of onIy l0 C cnn rosuIf
In crnckIng (soo TnbIo 3.2). Thoroforo, fho hIgh fomornfuro rIsos whIch cnn rosuIf In Iong-form sfrongfh
roducfIons nro nof ossonfInI fo fho romofIon of crncks. Howovor, If fhoro wns no rosfrnInf, fho concrofo
wouId confrncf wIfhouf crnckIng.
TyIcnI vnIuos of rosfrnInf rocordod for n rnngo of our confIgurnfIons hnvo boon gIvon In TnbIo 3.3. Ior
mosf sIfunfIons fhoro Is nIwnys somo dogroo of rosfrnInf buf comIofo rosfrnInf Is vory rnro. Ivon whon
n wnII Is cnsf on fo n nomInnIIy rIgId foundnfIon, fho rosfrnInf Is unIIkoIy fo oxcood n vnIuo of I oqunI fo
0.?0. To mInImIzo rosfrnInf, InfIII bnys shouId bo nvoIdod whorovor ossIbIo nnd fho our rovIdod wIfh
n froo ond fo nccommodnfo fhormnI movomonf.
Tho mnxImum nccofnbIo fomornfuro roducfIons gIvon In TnbIo 3.2 nIy fo ours fhnf nro subjocfod fo n
woII dofInod form of fhormnI rosfrnInf. In rncfIco, howovor, rosfrnInfs rosuIf In dIfforonfInI fhormnI
sfrnIns whIch doond on fho nnfuro of fho fomornfuro dIsfrIbufIon nnd fho rnfIo of fho hof nnd coId
nrons. IxorIonco hns shown fhnf by IImIfIng fomornfuro dIfforonfInIs fo 20 C In grnvoI nggrognfo
concrofo, crnckIng cnn bo nvoIdod. ThIs rorosonfs nn oquIvnIonf rosfrnInf fncfor I of 0.36 nnd fho
corrosondIng vnIuos for concrofo wIfh ofhor nggrognfo fyos nro gIvon In TnbIo 3.2.
3.B.4.2 1e/ino/ing eorl, /lernol croc/ uiJ/le. Tho rosfrnInod comononf of fho fhormnI sfrnIn
r
whIch
wIII bo nccommodnfod by crncks Is gIvon by fho foIIowIng oqunfIon:
Crnck wIdfhs mny bo osfImnfod by subsfIfufIng
r
for
m
In oqunfIon l2 (soo 3.B.3).
Tub!e 3.3 Vu!ues oI extevnu! vestvuInt vecovded In vuvIous stvuctuves

r
= 0.8 #
f
I oqunfIon l4
Pouv conIIguvutIon RestvuInt Iuctov (I)
ThIn wnII cnsf on fo mnssIvo concrofo bnso 0.6 fo 0.8 nf bnso
0.l fo 0.2 nf fo
MnssIvo our cnsf Info bIIndIng 0.l fo 0.2
MnssIvo our cnsf on fo oxIsfIng mnss concrofo 0.3 fo 0.4 nf bnso
0.l fo 0.2 nf fo
Susondod sInbs 0.2 fo 0.4
InfIII bnys, I.o. rIgId rosfrnInf 0.8 fo l.0
L
i
c
e
n
s
e
d

C
o
p
y
:

M
r
.

U
n
i
v
e
r
s
i
t
y

C
o
l
l
e
g
e


D
u
b
l
i
n
,

I

R

I

S

C
o
n
s
o
r
t
i
u
m
,

1
4
/
1
1
/
2
0
0
9

0
6
:
0
9
,

U
n
c
o
n
t
r
o
l
l
e
d

C
o
p
y
,

(
c
)

B
S
I
24
Ilon/
L
i
c
e
n
s
e
d

C
o
p
y
:

M
r
.

U
n
i
v
e
r
s
i
t
y

C
o
l
l
e
g
e


D
u
b
l
i
n
,

I

R

I

S

C
o
n
s
o
r
t
i
u
m
,

1
4
/
1
1
/
2
0
0
9

0
6
:
0
9
,

U
n
c
o
n
t
r
o
l
l
e
d

C
o
p
y
,

(
c
)

B
S
I
BS B110-2:19B5
ISI 30 ovombor 2005
25
SectIon 4. IIve vesIstunce 4
4.1 Genevu!
4.1.1 MetLods
Throughouf fhIs socfIon fho fIro rosIsfnnco of nn oIomonf of sfrucfuro or combInnfIon of oIomonfs Is fo bo
doformInod from ono of fho foIIowIng fhroo mofhods.
n) Me/loJ 1. ToIulo/eJ Jo/o. InformnfIon nnd fnbIos ns nrovod for gonornI uso by fho IuIIdIng
!osonrch IsfnbIIshmonf nnd ubIIshod In CuIdoIInos for fho consfrucfIon of fIro rosIsfIng sfrucfurnI
oIomonfs
2)
.
b) Me/loJ 2. Iire /ee/. dIrocf nIIcnfIon of fho rosuIfs of n fIro rosIsfnnco fosf on nn oIomonf of sfrucfuro.
c) Me/loJ 3. Iire engineering colculo/ione. n bnsIs for cnIcuInfIng fho fIro rosIsfnnco of n sfrucfurnI
oIomonf.
OTI ThIs mofhod Is nof nIIcnbIo fo coIumns or wnIIs.
4.1.2 !ements
Tho fIro rosIsfnnco of n sfrucfurnI oIomonf Is oxrossod In forms of fImo ns doformInod In nccordnnco wIfh
IS 4?6-8:l9?2, In whIch fho oIomonf Is oxosod fo honfIng whIch Is confroIIod fo foIIow n sfnndnrd
fomornfuro/fImo curvo.
OTI Tho roInfIonshI bofwoon fho offocfs of n ronI fIro nnd of n sfnndnrd fIro on fho oIomonf Is oufsIdo fho scoo of fhIs sfnndnrd.
4.1.3 WLo!e stvuctuves
Tho fIro rosIsfnnco of n whoIo concrofo sfrucfuro wouId nof nocossnrIIy bo fhnf nscrIbod fo Ifs IndIvIdunI
oIomonfs. Ioffor fIro bohnvIour couId nrIso from such fncfors ns robusfnoss, ndoqunfo confInuIfy of
roInforcomonf, roducod IovoI of IondIng, comosIfo consfrucfIons nnd nvnIInbIIIfy of nIfornnfIvo nfhs for
Iond suorf. WIfh rocnsf sfrucfuros or In-sIfu sfrucfuros of sIondor roorfIons, fhoroforo, If Is nocossnry
fo ny nrfIcuInr nffonfIon fo fho dofnIIIng.
4.1.4 SuvIuces exposed to IIve
Tho surfncos oxosod fo fIro In fho sfnndnrd fosf of fho oIomonf nro ns foIIows:
Thoro nro cIrcumsfnncos In rncfIco whoro n wnII mny bo honfod on bofh sIdos whon fhoro Is n fIro srond
from room fo room, or for oxfornnI wnIIs, fInmo rojocfIon from wIndows. ThIs offocf Is IIkoIy fo bo Imorfnnf
onIy whoro fho wnII Is Iond-bonrIng nnd Is nof dosIgnod ns n bnrrIor fo fIro srond. SImIInr consIdornfIons
mny nIy fo fIoors.
4.1.5 Iuctovs uIIectIng IIve vesIstunce
In onch of fho fhroo mofhods fho fncfors fhnf InfIuonco fho fIro rosIsfnnco of concrofo oIomonfs nro ns
foIIows:
n) sIzo nnd shno of oIomonfs;
b) dIsosIfIon nnd roorfIos of roInforcomonf or fondon;
c) fho Iond suorfod;
d) fho fyo of concrofo nnd nggrognfo;
o) rofocfIvo concrofo covor rovIdod fo roInforcomonf or fondons;
f) condIfIons of ond suorf.
Mofhod 3 nIIows InforncfIon bofwoon fhoso fncfors fo bo fnkon Info nccounf.
2)
AvnIInbIo from Tho IuIIdIng !osonrch SfnfIon, Cnrsfon, Wnfford, Horfs W2 ?J!.
wnIIs: ono sIdo
fIoor: soffIf
bonms: sIdos nnd soffIf
coIumns: nII sIdos (fuIIy oxosod) or ono or moro sIdos (rofocfod by ndjnconf wnIIs)
L
i
c
e
n
s
e
d

C
o
p
y
:

M
r
.

U
n
i
v
e
r
s
i
t
y

C
o
l
l
e
g
e


D
u
b
l
i
n
,

I

R

I

S

C
o
n
s
o
r
t
i
u
m
,

1
4
/
1
1
/
2
0
0
9

0
6
:
0
9
,

U
n
c
o
n
t
r
o
l
l
e
d

C
o
p
y
,

(
c
)

B
S
I
BS B110-2:19B5
26 ISI 30 ovombor 2005
SocfIon 4
4.1.6 Spu!!Ing oI concvete ut e!evuted tempevutuves
!nId rnfos of honfIng, Inrgo comrossIvo sfrossos or hIgh moIsfuro confonfs (ovor 5 by voIumo or 2 fo
3 by mnss of donso concrofo) cnn Iond fo snIIIng of concrofo covor nf oIovnfod fomornfuros, nrfIcuInrIy
for fhIcknossos oxcoodIng 40 mm fo 50 mm. Such snIIIng mny ImnIr orformnnco by oxosIng fho
roInforcomonf or fondons fo fho fIro or by roducIng fho cross-socfIonnI nron of concrofo. Concrofos mndo
from IImosfono nggrognfos nro Ioss suscofIbIo fo snIIIng fhnn concrofos mndo from nggrognfos confnInIng
n hIghor roorfIon of sIIIcn, o.g. fIInf, qunrfzIfos nnd grnnIfos. Concrofo mndo from mnnufncfurod
IIghfwoIghf nggrognfos rnroIy snIIs.
If mny bo ossIbIo fo show fhnf n nrfIcuInr form of consfrucfIon hns gIvon fho roquIrod orformnnco In n
fIro rosIsfnnco fosf wIfhouf nny monsuros fo nvoId snIIIng. AIfornnfIvoIy, fho dosIgnor mny bo nbIo fo
domonsfrnfo by fIro ongInoorIng rIncIIos fhnf fho nrfIcuInr orformnnco cnn bo rovIdod, ovon wIfh
snIIIng of concrofo covor fo fho mnIn fonsIIo roInforcomonf.
4.1.? PvotectIon uguInst spu!!Ing
In nny mofhod of doformInIng fIro rosIsfnnco whoro Ioss of covor cnn ondnngor fho sfrucfurnI oIomonf,
monsuros shouId bo fnkon fo nvoId Ifs occurronco. AccofnbIo monsuros nro:
n) nn nIIod fInIsh by hnnd or srny of Insfor, vormIcuIIfo, ofc.;
b) fho rovIsIon of n fnIso coIIIng ns n fIro bnrrIor;
c) fho uso of IIghfwoIghf nggrognfos;
d) fho uso of sncrIfIcInI fonsIIo sfooI.
OTI An nIIod fInIsh or fnIso coIIIng mny Incronso fho fIro rosIsfnnco of nn oIomonf ns doscrIbod In 4.2.4.
WoIdod sfooI fnbrIc ns suIomonfnry roInforcomonf Is somofImos usod fo rovonf snIIIng; If Is fhon Incod
wIfhIn fho covor nf 20 mm from fho concrofo fnco. Thoro nro rncfIcnI dIffIcuIfIos In kooIng fho fnbrIc In
Inco nnd In comncfIng fho concrofo; In corfnIn cIrcumsfnncos fhoro wouId nIso bo n confIIcf wIfh fho
durnbIIIfy rocommondnfIons of fhIs sfnndnrd.
4.1.B etuI!Ing
Tho dofnIIIng of fho sfrucfuro for nny of fho fhroo mofhods of dosIgn shouId bo such ns fo ImIomonf fho
dosIgn nssumfIons for fho chnngos durIng n fIro In fho dIsfrIbufIon of Iond nnd fho chnrncforIsfIc sfrongfhs
of fho mnforInIs. In nrfIcuInr, fho roInforcomonf dofnIIIng shouId rofIocf fho chnngIng nfforn of fho
sfrucfurnI ncfIon nnd onsuro fhnf bofh IndIvIdunI oIomonfs nnd fho sfrucfuro ns n whoIo confnIn ndoqunfo
suorfs, fIos, bonds nnd nnchorngos for fho roquIrod fIro rosIsfnnco.
4.2 Iuctovs to be consIdeved In detevmInIng IIve vesIstunce
4.2.1 Genevu!
Tho fncfors gIvon In 4.2.2, 4.2.3, 4.2.4, 4.2.5, 4.2.6, 4.2.?, 4.2.B, 4.2.9 nnd 4.2.10 shouId bo consIdorod for
fho doformInnfIon of fho fIro rosIsfnnco of nny oIomonf by nny mofhod.
4.2.2 Aggvegutes
TnbIo 4.l, TnbIo 4.2, TnbIo 4.3, TnbIo 4.4, TnbIo 4.5 nnd TnbIo 4.6 In mofhod l rofor fo fwo fyos of concrofo:
In gonornI, cnIcnroous nggrognfos, I.o. IImosfono, gIvo suorIor orformnnco In fIro comnrod wIfh sIIIcoous
nggrognfos. Howovor, InsuffIcIonf dnfn nro nvnIInbIo fo rovIdo comrohonsIvo fnbIos, oxcof for coIumns.
Thoroforo, whoro cnIcnroous nggrognfos nro usod In mofhod l, fho dImonsIons usod shouId bo fhoso for
donso concrofo.
n) donso concrofo: cnIcnroous nggrognfos nnd nggrognfos sIIIcoous In
chnrncfor, o.g. fIInfs, qunrfzIfos nnd grnnIfos;
b) IIghfwoIghf concrofo: (s 2 000 kg/m
3
) nggrognfos mndo from sInforod .f.n., oxnndod
cInys nnd shnIos, ofc.
L
i
c
e
n
s
e
d

C
o
p
y
:

M
r
.

U
n
i
v
e
r
s
i
t
y

C
o
l
l
e
g
e


D
u
b
l
i
n
,

I

R

I

S

C
o
n
s
o
r
t
i
u
m
,

1
4
/
1
1
/
2
0
0
9

0
6
:
0
9
,

U
n
c
o
n
t
r
o
l
l
e
d

C
o
p
y
,

(
c
)

B
S
I
BS B110-2:19B5
ISI 30 ovombor 2005
2?
SocfIon 4
4.2.3 Covev to muIn veInIovcement
Covor hns fo rovIdo InsfIng rofocfIon fo fho roInforcomonf from bofh fIro nnd onvIronmonfnI nffnck.
ChoIco of fhIcknoss shouId bo on fho bnsIs of fho moro onorous. In fhIs socfIon covor Is fho dIsfnnco
bofwoon fho nonrosf honfod fnco of fho concrofo nnd fho surfnco of fho mnIn roInforcomonf or nn nvorngo
vnIuo doformInod ns shown boIow.
OTI l ThIs dofInIfIon dIffors from fhnf of nomInnI covor usod In IS 8ll0-l; for rncfIcnI urosos covor Is sfnfod ns nomInnI
covor fo nII sfooI roInforcomonf.
n) Iloor eloIe. Covor Is fho nvorngo dIsfnnco from fho soffIf or fho honfod fnco. WIfh ono-wny snnnIng
sIngIo Inyor roInforcomonf fho ncfunI dIsfnnco Is usod, I.o. C
l
. WIfh fwo-wny snnnIng fIoor sInbs fho
nvorngo dIsfnnco Is cnIcuInfod fnkIng Info nccounf roInforcomonf In bofh dIrocfIons ns muIfI-Inyor
roInforcomonf. WIfh ono-wny snnnIng fIoor sInbs onIy muIfI-Inyor roInforcomonf In fho snmo dIrocfIon
shouId bo usod fo doformIno fho nvorngo dIsfnnco. Tho nvorngo dIsfnnco C
nvo
Is cnIcuInfod ns foIIows:
whoro
b) Iec/ongulor Ieone. Tho offocfIvo covor C
nvo
for fho nssombIy of mnIn roInforcomonf Is doformInod ns
In n). IxnmIos of cnIcuInfIon of nvorngo covor nro gIvon In IIguro 4.l.
OTI 2 Me/loJ 3. Whoro C
l
(fIoor sInbs) or C
l
or C
3
fo IndIvIdunI cornor bnrs (rocfnnguInr bonms) Is Ioss fhnn hnIf C
nvo
fhon fhnf
roInforcomonf shouId bo dIsrognrdod In fho cnIcuInfIon of fho uIfImnfo rosIsfnnco nf hIgh fomornfuro.
c) 1-eec/ion Ieone. Tho offocfIvo covor C
nvo,
nffor doformInnfIon ns In b) Is ndjusfod by muIfIIyIng If by
0.6 fo nIIow for fho nddIfIonnI honf frnnsfor fhrough fho uor fInngo fnco.
4.2.4 AddItIonu! pvotectIon
Whoro Insfor, oxcof Cysum, or srnyod fIbro Is usod ns nn nIIod fInIsh fo ofhor oIomonfs, If mny bo
nssumod fhnf fho fhormnI InsuInfIon rovIdod Is nf Ionsf oquIvnIonf fo fho snmo fhIcknoss of concrofo. Such
fInIshos cnn fhoroforo bo usod fo romody dofIcIoncIos In covor fhIcknoss. Ior soIocfod mnforInIs nnd, subjocf
fo rIdors oxIsfonf In I!I CuIdoIInos, fho foIIowIng guIdnnco cnn bo gIvon wIfh rosocf fo fho nIIownnco of
fho uso of nddIfIonnI rofocfIon nof oxcoodIng 25 mm In fhIcknoss ns n monns of rovIdIng offocfIvo covor
fo sfooI roInforcIng or rosfrossIng oIomonfs. In onch cnso fho oquIvnIonf fhIcknoss of concrofo mny bo
roIncod by fho nnmod rofocfIon.
oqunfIon l5
A Is fho nron of fonsIIo roInforcomonf/fondons;
C Is fho dIsfnnco bofwoon fho nonrosf oxosod surfnco nnd fho mnIn roInforcomonf.
Morfnr
Cysum Insfor
0.6 concrofo fhIcknoss
!IghfwoIghf Insfor
Srnyod IIghfwoIghf InsuInfIon
l.0 concrofo fhIcknoss u fo 2 h

2.0 concrofo fhIcknoss > 2 h

VormIcuIIfo sInbs

l.0 concrofo fhIcknoss u fo 2 h

l.5 concrofo fhIcknoss > 2 h

L
i
c
e
n
s
e
d

C
o
p
y
:

M
r
.

U
n
i
v
e
r
s
i
t
y

C
o
l
l
e
g
e


D
u
b
l
i
n
,

I

R

I

S

C
o
n
s
o
r
t
i
u
m
,

1
4
/
1
1
/
2
0
0
9

0
6
:
0
9
,

U
n
c
o
n
t
r
o
l
l
e
d

C
o
p
y
,

(
c
)

B
S
I
BS B110-2:19B5
28 ISI 30 ovombor 2005
SocfIon 4
4.2.5 I!oov tLIckness
Ior nII mofhods fho fhIcknoss of fIoors Is govornod by fho dImonsIons of sInbs. In fho cnso of soIId sInbs fho
fhIcknoss fo consIdor Is fho ncfunI fhIcknoss of fho sInb Ius nny non-combusfIbIo fInIsh on fo. WIfh hoIIow
sInbs (or bonms wIfh fIIIor bIocks) fho offocfIvo fhIcknoss /
o
shouId bo obfnInod by consIdorIng fho fofnI soIId
or unIf wIdfh ns foIIows:
whoro
Ior rIbbod sInbs fho fhIcknoss mny IncIudo nny non-combusfIbIo fInIsh on fo.
4.2.6 WIdtL oI beums
Ior nII bonms, fho wIdfh for fho uroso of snfIsfyIng fnbuInr dnfn Is fho wIdfh doformInod nf fho IovoI of
fho Iowosf roInforcomonf. Ior I-socfIon bonms fho wob fhIcknoss I
w
of fuIIy oxosod I-socfIon bonms shouId
bo nof Ioss fhnn 0.5 of fho mInImum wIdfh sfnfod In fho fnbIo for bonms for vnrIous fIro rosIsfnnco orIods.
4.2.? IstInctIon between vIbs und beums
Whoro fnIIuro of n rIb doos nof crIfIcnIIy nffocf fho sfnbIIIfy nnd InfogrIfy of n fIoor, fho rIb sncIng Is nf fho
choIco of fho dosIgnor; ofhorwIso rIbs shouId bo sncod nf n mnxImum of l.5 m confros or bo fronfod ns
bonms.
4.2.B Beums und I!oovs
TnbIo 4.3 fo TnbIo 4.5 roInfIng fo bonms nnd fIoors gIvo mInImum dImonsIons for wIdfhs, fhIcknossos nnd
covors. IxnmIos of such consfrucfIons nro shown In IIguro 4.2.
4.2.9 Co!umns
TnbIo 4.2 roInfIng fo roInforcod concrofo coIumns gIvos mInImum dImonsIons for wIdfh nnd ncfunI covor
(I.o. nof C
nvo
). IxnmIos nro shown In IIguro 4.3.
4.3 Tubu!uted dutu (metLod 1)
4.3.1 MetLod by desIgn Ivom BR guIde!Ines
ThIs mofhod omIoys InformnfIon nnd fnbuInr dnfn confnInod In n IuIIdIng !osonrch IsfnbIIshmonf
!oorf ubIIshod by fho onrfmonf of fho InvIronmonf |4] nnd nIso fnkos Info nccounf InfornnfIonnI fosf
dnfn gIvon In TnbIo 4.2, TnbIo 4.3, TnbIo 4.4, TnbIo 4.5 nnd TnbIo 4.6 roroduco I!I fnbuInr dnfn buf nro
udnfod by InformnfIon rocoIvod bofwoon fho ubIIcnfIon dnfos of fho I!I roorf l980 nnd fhIs codo. Tho
mofhod mny bo usod whon no roIovnnf fosf rosuIf Is nvnIInbIo from n Inbornfory fhnf hns cnrrIod ouf n fosf
In nccordnnco wIfh IS 4?6-8:l9?2.
4.3.2 Suppovt condItIons: sImp!y suppovted und contInuous
Tho dnfn sof ouf In fho foIIowIng fnbIos dIsfInguIshos bofwoon sImIy suorfod nnd confInuous
consfrucfIons for fIoxurnI mombors, I.o. bonms nnd sInbs for bofh roInforcod concrofo nnd rosfrossod
concrofo. In rncfIco fho mnjorIfy of consfrucfIons wIII bo confInuous nnd bonofIfs cnn bo dorIvod from fho
ormIssIbIo roducfIons In covor nnd ofhor dImonsIons, whoro fho dosIgnor hns mndo rovIsIon for fIxIfy In
fho rosIsfnnco fo normnI Ionds by fho rovIsIon of roInforcomonf roorIy dofnIIod nnd ndoqunfoIy fIod fo
ndjnconf mombors. In fho cnso of rocnsf consfrucfIon or n mIxfuro of rocnsf nnd In sIfu consfrucfIon, If
wIII bo nocossnry for ndoqunfo rovIsIon fo bo mndo for confInuIfy nnd rosfrnInf fo ond rofnfIon.
4.3.3 \se oI tubu!uv dutu
AII fnbuInr dnfn shouId bo rond In conjuncfIon wIfh 4.2. Tho fnbIos nro bnsod on fho nssumfIon fhnf fho
oIomonfs consIdorod nro suorfIng fho fuII dosIgn Iond.
/
o
= l + /
f
oqunfIon l6
l Is fho ncfunI fhIcknoss of sInb;
Is fho roorfIon of soIId mnforInI or unIf wIdfh of sInb;
/
f
Is fho fhIcknoss of non-combusfIbIo fInIsh.
L
i
c
e
n
s
e
d

C
o
p
y
:

M
r
.

U
n
i
v
e
r
s
i
t
y

C
o
l
l
e
g
e


D
u
b
l
i
n
,

I

R

I

S

C
o
n
s
o
r
t
i
u
m
,

1
4
/
1
1
/
2
0
0
9

0
6
:
0
9
,

U
n
c
o
n
t
r
o
l
l
e
d

C
o
p
y
,

(
c
)

B
S
I
BS B110-2:19B5
ISI 30 ovombor 2005
29
SocfIon 4
IIguve 4.1 Cu!cu!utIon oI uvevuge covev
L
i
c
e
n
s
e
d

C
o
p
y
:

M
r
.

U
n
i
v
e
r
s
i
t
y

C
o
l
l
e
g
e


D
u
b
l
i
n
,

I

R

I

S

C
o
n
s
o
r
t
i
u
m
,

1
4
/
1
1
/
2
0
0
9

0
6
:
0
9
,

U
n
c
o
n
t
r
o
l
l
e
d

C
o
p
y
,

(
c
)

B
S
I
BS B110-2:19B5
30 ISI 30 ovombor 2005
SocfIon 4
IIguve 4.2 TypIcu! exump!es oI beums, p!uIn soIIIt I!oovs und vIbbed soIIIt I!oovs
L
i
c
e
n
s
e
d

C
o
p
y
:

M
r
.

U
n
i
v
e
r
s
i
t
y

C
o
l
l
e
g
e


D
u
b
l
i
n
,

I

R

I

S

C
o
n
s
o
r
t
i
u
m
,

1
4
/
1
1
/
2
0
0
9

0
6
:
0
9
,

U
n
c
o
n
t
r
o
l
l
e
d

C
o
p
y
,

(
c
)

B
S
I
BS B110-2:19B5
ISI 30 ovombor 2005
3l
SocfIon 4
IIguve 4.3 TypIcu! exump!es oI veInIovced concvete co!umns
L
i
c
e
n
s
e
d

C
o
p
y
:

M
r
.

U
n
i
v
e
r
s
i
t
y

C
o
l
l
e
g
e


D
u
b
l
i
n
,

I

R

I

S

C
o
n
s
o
r
t
i
u
m
,

1
4
/
1
1
/
2
0
0
9

0
6
:
0
9
,

U
n
c
o
n
t
r
o
l
l
e
d

C
o
p
y
,

(
c
)

B
S
I
BS B110-2:19B5
32 ISI 30 ovombor 2005
SocfIon 4
4.3.4 Spu!!Ing oI nomInu! covev
If fho nomInnI covor, I.o. fho covor fo fho ouformosf sfooI oxcoods 40 mmfor donso or 50 mm for IIghfwoIghf
nggrognfo concrofo, fhoro Is n dnngor of concrofo snIIIng. Whoro snIIIng couId ondnngor fho sfrucfurnI
oIomonf, monsuros shouId bo fnkon fo nvoId Ifs occurronco (soo 4.1.?).
4.3.5 VuvIutIon oI covev to muIn veInIovcement wItL membev wIdtL
Tho vnIuos In TnbIo 4.2, TnbIo 4.3, TnbIo 4.4, TnbIo 4.5 nnd TnbIo 4.6 roInfo covor fo mnIn roInforcomonf fo
mInImum mombor sIzos. Thoso mInImn mny bo ndjusfod by nIyIng fho corrocfIons gIvon In TnbIo 4.l;
howovor, covor shouId In no cnso bo Ioss fhnn roquIrod In fho cnso of InIn soffIf fIoors of fho snmo fIro
rosIsfnnco.
Tub!e 4.1 VuvIutIon oI covev to muIn veInIovcement wItL membev wIdtL
Whoro n mombor Is wIdor fhnn fho fnbuInfod mInImum, somo docronso In fho covor fo mnIn roInforcomonf
mny bo nrorInfo. ocronsos shouId bo mndo wIfh cnufIon In fho IIghf of fho rIncIIos of fIro snfofy
dosIgn nnd shouId nof oxcood fho vnIuos In TnbIo 4.l. In no cnso shouId fho rosuIfIng covor bo Ioss fhnn fho
vnIuos roquIrod for InIn soffIf fIoors of fho snmo fIro rosIsfnnco.
4.3.6 ReInIovcement
Ior mofhod l, fho fnbuInfod dnfn for sImIy-suorfod oIomonfs nro bnsod on fho sfooI roInforcomonf
rofnInIng n roorfIon of Ifs sfrongfh nf hIgh fomornfuros; fho dnfn nro bnsod on fho roInforcIng bnrs nnd
rosfrossIng fondons rofnInIng 50 of fhoIr nmbIonf sfrongfh nf 550 C nnd 450 C, rosocfIvoIy. Ior sfooIs
wIfh ofhor sfrongfh chnrncforIsfIcs, nn nrorInfo ndjusfmonf In covor wIII bo noodod (soo nIso IIguro 4.5).
4.4 IIve test (metLod 2)
Any form of concrofo oIomonf covorod by n vnIId fIro fosf roorf mny bo doomod fo hnvo fho fIro rosIsfnnco
nscrIbod fo If by such n fosf rovIdod fhnf fho oIomonf hns sImIInr dofnIIs of consfrucfIons, sfross IovoI nnd
suorf ns fho fosf socImon.
4.5 IIve engIneevIng cu!cu!utIons (metLod 3)
OTI ThIs Is nof nIIcnbIo fo coIumns nnd wnIIs.
4.5.1 Genevu!
ThIs mofhod Is n cnIcuInfIon mofhod bnsod on dosIgn from fIrsf rIncIIos for sfrucfurnI oIomonfs ncfIng In
fIoxuro, I.o. bonms nnd sInbs. Tho cnIcuInfIons nro bnsod on fho rocodIng mofhods nnd nufhonfIcnfod
ubIIshod dnfn IncorornfIng ono or moro of fho foIIowIng:
n) dIrocf oxfrnoInfIon or InforoInfIon of fho fosf dnfn;
b) osfImnfIon of roInforcomonf fomornfuro wIfh dIfforonf nrrnngomonfs of covor/nggrognfo;
c) offocf of nIfornfIon In fosf Iond, boundnry nnd suorf condIfIons or mnforInI roorfIos.
Whon furfhor rosonrch InformnfIon Is nvnIInbIo, If shouId bo ossIbIo fo doformIno fho fIro bohnvIour of
whoIo concrofo sfrucfuros by nnnIyfIcnI mofhods.
MInImum Incveuse In wIdtL ecveuse In covev
ense concvete IIgLtweIgLt concvete
mm mm mm
25 5 5
50 l0 l0
l00 l5 l5
l50 l5 20
OTI ThIs fnbIo hns boon usod fo roduco TnbIo 3.4 of IS 8ll0-l:l99?.
L
i
c
e
n
s
e
d

C
o
p
y
:

M
r
.

U
n
i
v
e
r
s
i
t
y

C
o
l
l
e
g
e


D
u
b
l
i
n
,

I

R

I

S

C
o
n
s
o
r
t
i
u
m
,

1
4
/
1
1
/
2
0
0
9

0
6
:
0
9
,

U
n
c
o
n
t
r
o
l
l
e
d

C
o
p
y
,

(
c
)

B
S
I
BS B110-2:19B5
ISI 30 ovombor 2005
33
SocfIon 4
4.5.2 PvIncIp!es oI desIgn
Tho rIncIIos omIoyod In fho cnIcuInfIon of fho fIro rosIsfnnco of sfrucfurnI concrofo oIomonfs ns oosod
fo nccofnnco of fnbuInfod dnfn In mofhod l Is bnsod on fho work of roconf InfornnfIonnI rosonrch on fho
InsuInfIng roorfIos of concrofo, sfrongfhs of concrofo nnd sfooI roInforcomonf/fondons nf hIgh
fomornfuros nnd consIdornfIon of such offocfs ns snIIIng, dIsosIfIon of roInforcomonf nnd fho nnfuro of
Iond rodIsfrIbufIon wIfh consoquonf nIfornfIons In forcos durIng n fIro.
Tho uso of cnIcuInfIons fo doformIno fIro rosIsfnnco wIII normnIIy ormIf n roducfIon In concrofo voIumo
nnd roInforcomonf covor, comnrod fo fhoso vnIuos gIvon In TnbIo 4.l, TnbIo 4.2, TnbIo 4.3, TnbIo 4.4,
TnbIo 4.5 nnd TnbIo 4.6. ThIs Is nchIovod, In snfofy, by fho boffor dIsosIfIon of roInforcomonf fo suIf
condIfIons cnusod by n fIro. CuIdnnco on fho dosIgn of sfrucfurnI concrofo mombors by cnIcuInfIon mofhods
Is gIvon In socInIIsf roorfs |5].
4.5.3 App!IcutIon to stvuctuvu! e!ements
Tho dosIgn nronch In fhIs mofhod roInfos fo sfrucfurnI oIomonfs In fIoxuro, o.g. bonms nnd fIoors, whoro
fnIIuro of fho oIomonf In n fIro Is govornod by fho yIoIdIng of fho mnIn fonsIIo roInforcomonf.
If Is nof yof ossIbIo fo formuInfo rocommondnfIons for coIumns nnd wnIIs. ConsoquonfIy dosIgn of fhoso
comrossIon oIomonfs shouId bo bnsod on fnbuInfod dnfn (soo mofhod l) or oxorIonco from fIro fosfs
(soo mofhod 2) wIfh omhnsIs on good dofnIIIng.
4.5.4 MutevIu! pvopevtIes Iov desIgn
Tho bohnvIour of fIoxurnI oIomonfs In fIro Is InrgoIy doformInod by fho sfrongfh nf oIovnfod fomornfuros
of fho concrofo In comrossIon nnd fho roInforcomonf In fonsIon.
4.5.5 esIgn cuvve Iov concvete
IIguro 4.4 rovIdos dosIgn curvos for fho roducfIon In sfrongfh of concrofo nf oIovnfod fomornfuros.
Tub!e 4.2 ReInIovced concvete co!umns
Nutuve oI constvuctIon und mutevIu!s MInImum dImensIons exc!udIng uny combustIb!e IInIsL Iov u IIve
vesIstunce oI:
0.5 L 1 L 1.5 L 2 L 3 L 4 L
mm mm mm mm mm mm
IuIIy oxosod:
donso concrofo WIdfh l50 200 250 300 400 450
Covor
n
20 25 30 35 35 35
IIghfwoIghf concrofo WIdfh l50 l60 200 240 320 360
Covor
n
20 20 25 35 35 35
50 oxosod:
donso concrofo WIdfh l25 l60 200 240 300 350
Covor
n
20 25 25 25 30 35
IIghfwoIghf concrofo WIdfh l25 l30 l60 l85 250 2?5
Covor
n
20 20 25 25 30 30
Ono fnco oxosod:
donso concrofo ThIcknoss l00 l20 l40 l60 200 240
Covor
n
20 25 25 25 25 25
IIghfwoIghf concrofo ThIcknoss l00 l00 ll5 l30 l60 l90
Covor
n
l0 20 20 25 25 25
n
Covor Is oxrossod horo ns covor fo mnIn roInforcomonf (soo 4.2.3). Ior rncfIcnI urosos covor Is oxrossod ns nomInnI covor fo
nII roInforcomonf nnd fhoso fnbuInfod vnIuos nood fo bo docronsod nccordIngIy.
L
i
c
e
n
s
e
d

C
o
p
y
:

M
r
.

U
n
i
v
e
r
s
i
t
y

C
o
l
l
e
g
e


D
u
b
l
i
n
,

I

R

I

S

C
o
n
s
o
r
t
i
u
m
,

1
4
/
1
1
/
2
0
0
9

0
6
:
0
9
,

U
n
c
o
n
t
r
o
l
l
e
d

C
o
p
y
,

(
c
)

B
S
I
BS B110-2:19B5
34 ISI 30 ovombor 2005
SocfIon 4
Tub!e 4.3 Concvete beums
Tub!e 4.4 P!uIn soIIIt concvete I!oovs
o nIIownnco Is mndo for fho bonofIcInI offocf of nIIod Iond whIch cnn InhIbIf crnckIng nnd fhus roduco
fho Ioss In sfrongfh on honfIng.
Nutuve oI constvuctIon und mutevIu!s MInImum dImensIons exc!udIng uny combustIb!e IInIsL
Iov u IIve vesIstunce oI:
0.5 L 1 L 1.5 L 2 L 3 L 4 L
mm mm mm mm mm mm
!oInforcod concrofo (sImIy suorfod):
donso concrofo WIdfh 80 l20 l50 200 240 280
Covor
n
20 30 40 50 ?0 80
IIghfwoIghf concrofo WIdfh 80 l00 l30 l60 200 250
Covor
n
l5 20 35 45 55 65
!oInforcod concrofo (confInuous):
donso concrofo WIdfh 80 80 l20 l50 200 240
Covor
n
20 20 35 50 60 ?0
IIghfwoIghf concrofo WIdfh 60 80 90 ll0 l50 200
Covor
n
l5 20 25 35 45 55
Irosfrossod concrofo (sImIy suorfod):
donso concrofo WIdfh l00 l20 l50 200 240 280
Covor
n
25 40 55 ?0 80 90
IIghfwoIghf concrofo WIdfh 80 ll0 l30 l60 200 250
Covor
n
25 30 45 55 65 ?5
Irosfrossod concrofo (confInuous):
donso concrofo WIdfh 80 l00 l20 l50 200 240
Covor
n
20 30 40 55 ?0 80
IIghfwoIghf concrofo WIdfh 80 90 l00 l25 l50 200
Covor
n
20 25 35 45 55 65
n
Covor Is oxrossod horo ns covor fo mnIn roInforcomonf (soo 4.2.3). Ior rncfIcnI urosos covor Is oxrossod ns nomInnI covor fo
nII roInforcomonf nnd fhoso fnbuInfod vnIuos nood fo bo docronsod nccordIngIy.
Nutuve oI constvuctIon und mutevIu!s MInImum dImensIons exc!udIng uny combustIb!e IInIsL
Iov u IIve vesIstunce oI:
0.5 L 1 L 1.5 L 2 L 3 L 4 L
mm mm mm mm mm mm
!oInforcod concrofo (sImIy suorfod):
donso concrofo ThIcknoss ?5 95 ll0 l25 l50 l?0
Covor
n
l5 20 25 35 45 55
IIghfwoIghf concrofo ThIcknoss ?0 90 l05 ll5 l35 l50
Covor
n
l5 l5 20 25 35 45
!oInforcod concrofo (confInuous):
donso concrofo ThIcknoss ?5 95 ll0 l25 l50 l?0
Covor
n
l5 20 20 25 35 45
IIghfwoIghf concrofo ThIcknoss ?0 90 l05 ll5 l35 l50
Covor
n
l5 l5 20 20 25 35
Irosfrossod concrofo (sImIy
suorfod):
donso concrofo ThIcknoss ?5 95 ll0 l25 l50 l?0
Covor
n
20 25 30 40 55 65
IIghfwoIghf concrofo ThIcknoss ?0 90 l05 ll5 l35 l50
Covor
n
20 20 30 35 45 60
Irosfrossod concrofo (confInuous):
donso concrofo ThIcknoss ?5 95 ll0 l25 l50 l?0
Covor
n
20 20 25 35 45 55
IIghfwoIghf concrofo ThIcknoss ?0 90 l05 ll5 l35 l50
Covor
n
20 20 25 30 35 45
n
Covor Is oxrossod horo ns covor fo mnIn roInforcomonf (soo 4.2.3). Ior rncfIcnI urosos covor Is oxrossod ns nomInnI covor fo
nII roInforcomonf nnd fhoso fnbuInfod vnIuos nood fo bo docronsod nccordIngIy.
L
i
c
e
n
s
e
d

C
o
p
y
:

M
r
.

U
n
i
v
e
r
s
i
t
y

C
o
l
l
e
g
e


D
u
b
l
i
n
,

I

R

I

S

C
o
n
s
o
r
t
i
u
m
,

1
4
/
1
1
/
2
0
0
9

0
6
:
0
9
,

U
n
c
o
n
t
r
o
l
l
e
d

C
o
p
y
,

(
c
)

B
S
I
BS B110-2:19B5
ISI 30 ovombor 2005
35
SocfIon 4
4.5.6 esIgn cuvve Iov stee!
IIguro 4.5 rovIdos dosIgn curvos for fho roducfIon In fho sfrongfh of roInforcomonf nnd rosfrossIng sfooIs.
Thoso curvos nro n sImIIfIcnfIon of oxorImonfnI rosuIfs nnd nro bnsod on 50 of fho sfrongfh of fho sfooI
nf 20 C boIng rofnInod by:
n) roInforcomonf sfooIs nf 550 C;
b) rosfrossIng fondons nf 400 C.
Sonrnfo consIdornfIon shouId bo gIvon fo oxfrn hIgh fonsIIo sfooIs nnd sfooIs nof In nccordnnco wIfh IrIfIsh
Sfnndnrds.
4.5.? esIgn
osIgn mny bo cnrrIod ouf by nnnIysIng fho sfrucfuro undor condIfIons of fIro oxosuro hnvIng duo rognrd
fo fho roducfIon In sfrongfh of fho sfrucfurnI mnforInIs. Tho foIIowIng nrfInI snfofy fncfors nro
rocommondod nnd nny rocognIzod mofhods of nnnIysIs mny bo ndofod.
Mofhods of dosIgn for fIro rosIsfnnco In cnsos whoro fnIIuro Is govornod sImIy by fho IImIf of fIoxurnI
sfrongfh nro gIvon In 4.5. Ior ofhor mofhods of fnIIuro, roforonco shouId bo mndo fo fho InsfIfufIon of
SfrucfurnI IngInoors/Concrofo SocIofy roorf |5].
Tub!e 4.5 RIbbed open soIIIt concvete I!oovs
Ior mnforInIs ((
m
): concrofo l.3
sfooI l.0
Ior Ionds ((
f
): dond Ionds l.05
Imosod Ionds l.00
Nutuve oI constvuctIon und mutevIu!s MInImum dImensIons exc!udIng uny combustIb!e IInIsL
Iov u IIve vesIstunce oI:
0.5 L 1 L 1.5 L 2 L 3 L 4 L
mm mm mm mm mm mm
!oInforcod concrofo (sImIy
suorfod):
donso concrofo ThIcknoss ?0 90 l05 ll5 l35 l50
WIdfh ?5 90 ll0 l25 l50 l?5
Covor
n
l5 25 35 45 55 65
IIghfwoIghf concrofo ThIcknoss ?0 85 95 l00 ll5 l30
WIdfh 60 ?5 85 l00 l25 l50
Covor
n
l5 25 30 35 45 55
!oInforcod concrofo (confInuous):
donso concrofo ThIcknoss ?0 90 l05 ll5 l35 l50
WIdfh ?5 80 90 ll0 l25 l50
Covor
n
l5 20 25 35 45 55
IIghfwoIghf concrofo ThIcknoss ?0 85 95 l00 ll5 l30
WIdfh ?0 ?5 80 90 l00 l25
Covor
n
l5 20 25 30 35 45
Irosfrossod concrofo (sImIy
suorfod):
donso concrofo ThIcknoss ?0 90 l05 ll5 l35 l50
WIdfh 80 ll0 l35 l50 l?5 200
Covor
n
25 35 45 55 65 ?5
IIghfwoIghf concrofo ThIcknoss ?0 85 95 l00 ll5 l30
WIdfh ?5 90 ll0 l25 l50 l?5
Covor
n
20 30 35 45 55 65
Irosfrossod concrofo (confInuous):
donso concrofo ThIcknoss ?0 90 l05 ll5 l35 l50
WIdfh ?0 ?5 ll0 l25 l50 l?5
Covor
n
20 25 35 45 55 65
IIghfwoIghf concrofo ThIcknoss ?0 85 95 l00 ll5 l30
WIdfh ?0 ?5 90 ll0 l25 l50
Covor
n
20 25 30 35 45 55
n
Covor Is oxrossod horo ns covor fo mnIn roInforcomonf (soo 4.2.3). Ior rncfIcnI urosos covor Is oxrossod ns nomInnI covor fo
nII roInforcomonf nnd fhoso fnbuInfod vnIuos nood fo bo docronsod nccordIngIy.
L
i
c
e
n
s
e
d

C
o
p
y
:

M
r
.

U
n
i
v
e
r
s
i
t
y

C
o
l
l
e
g
e


D
u
b
l
i
n
,

I

R

I

S

C
o
n
s
o
r
t
i
u
m
,

1
4
/
1
1
/
2
0
0
9

0
6
:
0
9
,

U
n
c
o
n
t
r
o
l
l
e
d

C
o
p
y
,

(
c
)

B
S
I
BS B110-2:19B5
36 ISI 30 ovombor 2005
SocfIon 4
Tub!e 4.6 Concvete wu!!s wItL vevtIcu! veInIovcement
Nutuve oI constvuctIon und mutevIu!s MInImum dImensIons exc!udIng uny combustIb!e IInIsL Iov u
IIve vesIstunce oI:
0.5 L 1 L 1.5 L 2 L 3 L 4 L
mm mm mm mm mm mm
WnIIs wIfh Ioss fhnn 0.4
roInforcomonf mndo from donso
nggrognfo
ThIcknoss l50 l50 l?5
WnIIs wIfh 0.4 fo l.0
roInforcomonf mndo from donso
nggrognfo (concrofo donsIfy u fo 2.4
f/m
3
)
ThIcknoss
Covor
n
l00
25
l20
25
l40
25
l60
25
200
25
240
25
WnIIs mndo from IIghfwoIghf
nggrognfo (concrofo
donsIfy l.2 f/m
3
)
b
ThIcknoss
Covor
n
l00
l0
l00
20
ll5
20
l30
25
l60
25
l90
25
WnIIs wIfh ovor l.0 roInforcomonf
mndo from donso nggrognfo
ThIcknoss
Covor
n
(Soo nofo)
l5
(Soo nofo)
l5
l00
25
l00
25
l50
25
l80
25
n
Covor Is oxrossod horo ns covor fo mnIn roInforcomonf (soo 4.2.3). Ior rncfIcnI urosos covor Is oxrossod ns nomInnI covor fo
nII roInforcomonf nnd fhoso fnbuInfod vnIuos nood fo bo docronsod nccordIngIy.
b
Ior concrofo of donsIfIos bofwoon l.2 f/m
3
nnd 2.4 f/m
3
fho vnIuo of wnII fhIcknoss mny bo InforoInfod.
OTI !so fho mInImum rncfIcnI dImonsIon buf nof Ioss fhnn ?5 mm.
L
i
c
e
n
s
e
d

C
o
p
y
:

M
r
.

U
n
i
v
e
r
s
i
t
y

C
o
l
l
e
g
e


D
u
b
l
i
n
,

I

R

I

S

C
o
n
s
o
r
t
i
u
m
,

1
4
/
1
1
/
2
0
0
9

0
6
:
0
9
,

U
n
c
o
n
t
r
o
l
l
e
d

C
o
p
y
,

(
c
)

B
S
I
BS B110-2:19B5
ISI 30 ovombor 2005
3?
IIguve 4.4 esIgn cuvves Iov vuvIutIon oI concvete stvengtL wItL tempevutuve
L
i
c
e
n
s
e
d

C
o
p
y
:

M
r
.

U
n
i
v
e
r
s
i
t
y

C
o
l
l
e
g
e


D
u
b
l
i
n
,

I

R

I

S

C
o
n
s
o
r
t
i
u
m
,

1
4
/
1
1
/
2
0
0
9

0
6
:
0
9
,

U
n
c
o
n
t
r
o
l
l
e
d

C
o
p
y
,

(
c
)

B
S
I
BS B110-2:19B5
38 ISI 30 ovombor 2005
SocfIon 4

IIguve 4.5 esIgn cuvves Iov vuvIutIon oI stee! stvengtL ov yIe!d stvess wItL tempevutuve
L
i
c
e
n
s
e
d

C
o
p
y
:

M
r
.

U
n
i
v
e
r
s
i
t
y

C
o
l
l
e
g
e


D
u
b
l
i
n
,

I

R

I

S

C
o
n
s
o
r
t
i
u
m
,

1
4
/
1
1
/
2
0
0
9

0
6
:
0
9
,

U
n
c
o
n
t
r
o
l
l
e
d

C
o
p
y
,

(
c
)

B
S
I
BS B110-2:19B5
ISI 30 ovombor 2005
39
SectIon 5. AddItIonu! consIdevutIons In tLe use oI
!IgLtweIgLt uggvegute concvete 5
5.1 Genevu!
5.1.1 IntvoductIon
!IghfwoIghf nggrognfo concrofo mny gonornIIy bo dosIgnod In nccordnnco wIfh socfIon 2 nnd 3.1 of
IS 8ll0-l:l99?. Thoso cInusos roInfo socIfIcnIIy fo roInforcod IIghfwoIghf nggrognfo concrofo of
comrossIvo sfrongfh cInss !Cl6/l8 or nbovo. Tho sfrucfurnI uso of concrofos boIow comrossIvo sfrongfh
cInss !C20/22 shouId bo IImIfod fo InIn wnIIs (soo 3.9.4 of IS 8ll0-l:l99?).
In consIdorIng IIghfwoIghf nggrognfo concrofo, fho roorfIos for nny nrfIcuInr fyo of nggrognfo cnn bo
osfnbIIshod fnr moro nccurnfoIy fhnn for mosf nnfurnIIy occurrIng mnforInIs nnd fho ongInoor shouId
fhoroforo obfnIn socIfIc dnfn dIrocf from fho nggrognfo roducor In roforonco fo usIng fnbuInfod vnIuos
fnkon from IrIfIsh Sfnndnrd codos of rncfIco or socIfIcnfIons.
OTI Iurfhor guIdnnco on fho uso of IIghfwoIghf nggrognfo concrofo Is gIvon In |ll].
5.1.2 Symbo!s
Ior fho urosos of socfIon 5 fho foIIowIng symboIs nIy.
5.2 Covev Iov duvubI!Ity und IIve vesIstunce
In gonornI, fho ruIos gIvon In 3.3 of IS 8ll0-l:l99? nIy oxcof fhnf TnbIo 5.2 of fhIs sfnndnrd roIncos
TnbIo 3.4 of IS 8ll0-l:l99?. 3.3 of IS 8ll0-l:l99? rofors fo IS 8500-l for rocommondnfIons on nomInnI
covor fo nII roInforcomonf fo moof durnbIIIfy roquIromonfs. IS 8500-l confnIns no socIfIc
rocommondnfIons for IIghfwoIghf nggrognfo concrofo In onvIronmonfs subjocf fo chIorIdo oxosuro;
socInIIsf ndvIco shouId bo soughf.
Tho osfImnfod froo wnfor/comonf rnfIo Is bnsod on fho cnIcuInfod froo wnfor In oxcoss of fhnf osfImnfod fo
brIng fho nggrognfo fo n nomInnIIy snfurnfod surfnco-dry condIfIon nf fho fImo of mIxIng.
Tub!e 5.1 Jele/eJ
o
b
for n gIvon bnr (or grou of bnrs In confncf) Is fho confro-fo-confro dIsfnnco bofwoon
bnrs (or grous of bnrs) orondIcuInr fo fho Inno of fho bond; for n bnr or grou of
bnrs ndjnconf fo fho fnco of fho mombor, o
b
shouId bo fnkon ns fho covor Ius
A
s
nron of roInforcomonf
I wIdfh of socfIon
J offocfIvo dofh
e
n
nddIfIonnI occonfrIcIfy duo fo dofIocfIon
l dofh of fho cross socfIon monsurod In fho Inno undor consIdornfIon (or, moro
nrfIcuInrIy, In rosocf of fho mnjor nxIs If fho sonso mnkos fhIs nnronf)
l
o
offocfIvo hoIghf of n coIumn In fho Inno of bondIng consIdorod
l
ox
offocfIvo hoIghf In rosocf of fho mnjor nxIs
l
oy
offocfIvo hoIghf In rosocf of fho mInor nxIs
t dosIgn shonr sfross nf n cross socfIon
t
c
dosIgn concrofo shonr sfross
t
f
forsIonnI shonr sfross
t
f,mIn
mInImum forsIonnI shonr sfross nbovo whIch roInforcomonf Is roquIrod
sIzo of fho bnr (or, for n grou, fho sIzo of n bnr of oquIvnIonf nron)
L
i
c
e
n
s
e
d

C
o
p
y
:

M
r
.

U
n
i
v
e
r
s
i
t
y

C
o
l
l
e
g
e


D
u
b
l
i
n
,

I

R

I

S

C
o
n
s
o
r
t
i
u
m
,

1
4
/
1
1
/
2
0
0
9

0
6
:
0
9
,

U
n
c
o
n
t
r
o
l
l
e
d

C
o
p
y
,

(
c
)

B
S
I
BS B110-2:19B5
40 ISI 30 ovombor 2005
SocfIon 5
Tub!e 5.2 NomInu! covev to u!! stee! to meet specIIIed pevIods oI IIve vesIstunce
(!IgLtweIgLt uggvegute concvete)
5.3 CLuvuctevIstIc stvengtL oI concvete
Tho chnrncforIsfIc sfrongfh of IIghfwoIghf nggrognfo concrofo shouId bo soIocfod from fho roforrod
sfrongfh cInssos In IS 8500. Sfrongfh cInssos boIow !C20/22 shouId nof bo usod for roInforcod concrofo.
5.4 SLeuv vesIstunce
Tho shonr rosIsfnnco nnd shonr roInforcomonf roquIromonfs for IIghfwoIghf nggrognfo concrofo mombors
shouId bo osfnbIIshod In nccordnnco wIfh IS 8ll0-l oxcof fhnf for concrofo sfrongfh cInssos of !C25/28 or
moro, fho dosIgn concrofo shonr sfross t
c
shouId bo fnkon ns 0.8 fImos fho vnIuos gIvon In TnbIo 3.8 of
IS 8ll0-l:l99?. Ior sfrongfh cInss !C20/22 concrofo, fho vnIuos gIvon In TnbIo 5.3 shouId bo usod. In no
cnso shouId fho shonr sfross t oxcood fho Iossor of 0.63 f
cu
or 4 /mm
2
.
5.5 TovsIonu! vesIstunce oI beums
Tho forsIonnI rosIsfnnco nnd roInforcomonf for IIghfwoIghf nggrognfo concrofo bonms shouId bo cnIcuInfod
In nccordnnco wIfh 2.4 oxcof fhnf fho vnIuos gIvon In TnbIo 2.3 for t
f,mIn
nnd t
fu
shouId bo muIfIIIod by 0.8.
Tub!e 5.3 Vu!ues oI t
c
, desIgn sLeuv stvess Iov stvengtL c!uss IC20/22 !IgLtweIgLt concvete
IIve
vesIstunce
NomInu! covev
Beums
n
I!oovs I!oovs Co!umns
n
SImp!y
suppovted
ContInuous P!uIn soIIIt RIbbed soIIIt
SImp!y
suppovted
ContInuous SImp!y
suppovted
ContInuous
h mm mm mm mm mm mm mm
0.5 l5 l5 l5 l5 l5 l5 l5
l l5 l5 l5 l5 l5 l5 l5
l.5 l5 l5 l5 l5 l5 l5 l5
2 30 l5 25 20 30 25 25
3 45 25 35 25 45 30 25
4 55 35 45 35 55 45 25
n
Ior fho urosos of nssossIng n nomInnI covor for bonms nnd coIumns, fho covor fo mnIn bnrs whIch wouId hnvo boon obfnInod
from TnbIo 4.2 nnd TnbIo 4.3 hnvo boon roducod by n nofIonnI nIIownnco for sfIrrus of l0 mm fo covor fho rnngo 8 mm fo l2 mm
(soo nIso 3.3.6 of IS 8ll0-l:l99?).
OTI l Tho nomInnI covors gIvon roInfo socIfIcnIIy fo fho mInImum mombor dImonsIons gIvon In IIguro 3.2 of IS 8ll0-l:l99?.
CuIdnnco on Incronsod covors nocossnry If smnIIor mombors nro usod Is gIvon In socfIon 4.
OTI 2 Cnsos fhnf IIo boIow fho boId IIno roquIro nffonfIon fo fho nddIfIonnI monsuros nocossnry fo roduco fho rIsk of snIIIng
(soo socfIon 4).
t
c
/mm
2
0.l5 0.25
0.25 0.30
0.50 0.3?
0.?5 0.43
l.00 0.4?
l.50 0.53
2.00 0.59
U 3.00 0.68
l00 A
e
IJ

L
i
c
e
n
s
e
d

C
o
p
y
:

M
r
.

U
n
i
v
e
r
s
i
t
y

C
o
l
l
e
g
e


D
u
b
l
i
n
,

I

R

I

S

C
o
n
s
o
r
t
i
u
m
,

1
4
/
1
1
/
2
0
0
9

0
6
:
0
9
,

U
n
c
o
n
t
r
o
l
l
e
d

C
o
p
y
,

(
c
)

B
S
I
BS B110-2:19B5
ISI 30 ovombor 2005
4l
SocfIon 5
5.6 eI!ectIons
Tho dofIocfIon of IIghfwoIghf nggrognfo mombors mny bo chockod by dIrocf cnIcuInfIon usIng fho mofhods
gIvon In socfIon 3. Whoro fhIs Is dono, nrorInfo vnIuos of moduIus oInsfIcIfy, froo shrInkngo nnd croo
cooffIcIonf shouId bo obfnInod for concrofo mndo wIfh fho nggrognfo In quosfIon. AIfornnfIvoIy, for normnI
sfrucfuros, mombors mny bo chockod usIng fho snn/offocfIvo dofh rnfIos gIvon In 3.4.6.3 of
IS 8ll0-l:l99? oxcof fhnf for nII bonms nnd for sInbs whoro fho chnrncforIsfIc Imosod Iond oxcoods 4
k/m
2
, fho IImIfIng snn/offocfIvo dofh rnfIo shouId bo muIfIIIod by 0.85.
5.? Co!umns
5.?.1 Genevu!
Tho rocommondnfIons of 3.B of IS 8ll0-l:l99? nIy fo IIghfwoIghf nggrognfo concrofo coIumns subjocf fo
fho rovIsIons of 5.?.2 nnd 5.?.3.
5.?.2 SLovt und s!endev co!umns
A coIumn In roInforcod IIghfwoIghf nggrognfo concrofo mny bo consIdorod ns shorf whon fho rnfIos l
ox
/l nnd
l
oy
/I nro Ioss fhnn l0; nII ofhors nro sIondor.
5.?.3 S!endev co!umns
In 3.B.3.1 of IS 8ll0-l:l99? fho dIvIsor 2000 In oqunfIon 34 shouId bo roIncod by fho dIvIsor l200.
5.B Wu!!s
5.B.1 Genevu!
Tho rocommondnfIons of 3.9 of IS 8ll0-l:l99? nIy fo IIghfwoIghf nggrognfo concrofo wnIIs, subjocf fo
fho rovIsIons of 5.B.2 nnd 5.B.3.
5.B.2 Stocky und s!endev wu!!s
A wnII In IIghfwoIghf nggrognfo concrofo mny bo consIdorod ns sfocky whon l
o
/l doos nof oxcood l0; nII
ofhors nro sIondor.
5.B.3 S!endev wu!!s
SIondor roInforcod wnIIs, whon consIdorod ns sIondor coIumns, shouId bo dosIgnod In nccordnnco
wIfh 3.9.3.? of IS 8ll0-l:l99?, buf fho dIvIsor 2000 In oqunfIon 34 shouId bo roIncod by fho dIvIsor l200
(soo 3.B.3.1 of IS 8ll0-l:l99?). Ior InIn sIondor wnIIs, In fho uso of 3.9.4.16 nnd 3.9.4.1? of
IS 8ll0-l:l99?, fho nddIfIonnI occonfrIcIfy duo fo dofIocfIon e
n
usod In oqunfIon 44, shouId bo fnkon
ns l
o
/l?00l.
5.9 AncLovuge bond und !ups
Anchorngo bond sfross nnd In Iongfhs In roInforcomonf for IIghfwoIghf nggrognfo concrofo mombors
shouId bo osfnbIIshod In nccordnnco wIfh 3.12.B of IS 8ll0-l:l99? oxcof fhnf fho bond sfrossos shouId nof
oxcood 80 of fhoso cnIcuInfod for normnI-woIghf concrofo.
Ior fonmod sIng or sImIInr nggrognfos If mny bo nocossnry fo onsuro fhnf bond sfrossos nro kof woII boIow
fho nbovo mnxImum vnIuos for roInforcomonf whIch Is In n horIzonfnI osIfIon durIng cnsfIng, nnd fho
ndvIco of fho mnnufncfuror shouId bo obfnInod.
5.10 BeuvIng stvess InsIde bends
Tho rocommondnfIons of 3.12.B.25 of IS 8ll0-l:l99? nIy fo IIghfwoIghf nggrognfo concrofo, oxcof fhnf
fho bonrIng sfross shouId nof oxcood
L
i
c
e
n
s
e
d

C
o
p
y
:

M
r
.

U
n
i
v
e
r
s
i
t
y

C
o
l
l
e
g
e


D
u
b
l
i
n
,

I

R

I

S

C
o
n
s
o
r
t
i
u
m
,

1
4
/
1
1
/
2
0
0
9

0
6
:
0
9
,

U
n
c
o
n
t
r
o
l
l
e
d

C
o
p
y
,

(
c
)

B
S
I
Ilon/
L
i
c
e
n
s
e
d

C
o
p
y
:

M
r
.

U
n
i
v
e
r
s
i
t
y

C
o
l
l
e
g
e


D
u
b
l
i
n
,

I

R

I

S

C
o
n
s
o
r
t
i
u
m
,

1
4
/
1
1
/
2
0
0
9

0
6
:
0
9
,

U
n
c
o
n
t
r
o
l
l
e
d

C
o
p
y
,

(
c
)

B
S
I
BS B110-2:19B5
ISI 30 ovombor 2005
43
SectIon 6. (Jele/eJ) 6
L
i
c
e
n
s
e
d

C
o
p
y
:

M
r
.

U
n
i
v
e
r
s
i
t
y

C
o
l
l
e
g
e


D
u
b
l
i
n
,

I

R

I

S

C
o
n
s
o
r
t
i
u
m
,

1
4
/
1
1
/
2
0
0
9

0
6
:
0
9
,

U
n
c
o
n
t
r
o
l
l
e
d

C
o
p
y
,

(
c
)

B
S
I
BS B110-2:19B5
44 ISI 30 ovombor 2005
SocfIon 6
L
i
c
e
n
s
e
d

C
o
p
y
:

M
r
.

U
n
i
v
e
r
s
i
t
y

C
o
l
l
e
g
e


D
u
b
l
i
n
,

I

R

I

S

C
o
n
s
o
r
t
i
u
m
,

1
4
/
1
1
/
2
0
0
9

0
6
:
0
9
,

U
n
c
o
n
t
r
o
l
l
e
d

C
o
p
y
,

(
c
)

B
S
I
BS B110-2:19B5
ISI 30 ovombor 2005
45
SectIon ?. !ustIc deIovmutIon, cveep, dvyIng
sLvInkuge und tLevmu! stvuIns oI concvete ?
?.1 Genevu!
!oIInbIo rodIcfIon of fho doformnfIon of sfrucfurnI concrofo roquIros fho nssossmonf of oInsfIc, croo,
shrInkngo nnd fhormnI sfrnIns. Croo, shrInkngo nnd fhormnI sfrnIns nro nffocfod by fImo-doondonf
fncfors, such ns sfross, roInfIvo humIdIfy nnd fomornfuros, fhus n knowIodgo of onvIronmonfnI hIsfory Is
roquIrod for nccurnfo rodIcfIons of doformnfIon.
ThIs socfIon gIvos gonornI guIdnnco on fho rodIcfIons of fho dIfforonf sfrnIn comononfs. If shouId bo
rocognIzod fhnf, If nn nccurnfo rodIcfIon of nny or nII of fhoso sfrnIns Is consIdorod fo bo nn ossonfInI nrf
of fho dosIgn, fhIs cnn onIy bo obfnInod from fosfs cnrrIod ouf on concrofo mndo wIfh mnforInIs fo bo usod
In fho sfrucfuro. Howovor, fho InformnfIon fhnf foIIows gIvos n IovoI of nccurncy gronfor fhnn fhnf In
IS 8ll0-l. If Is Infondod for roguInr uso In n dosIgn offIco nnd Is consIdorod snfIsfncfory for fho mnjorIfy of
sfrucfuros, whon movomonfs nnd doformnfIons nro boIng consIdorod.
?.2 !ustIc deIovmutIon
Tho mosf Imorfnnf fncfor InfIuoncIng fho oInsfIc moduIus of concrofo Is fho nggrognfo usod. WIfh n gIvon
nggrognfo, fho oInsfIc moduIus Incronsos wIfh fho chnrncforIsfIc sfrongfh of fho concrofo. Tho oInsfIc
moduIus Is nIso nffocfod by fho nggrognfo/comonf rnfIo nnd fho ngo of fho concrofo. Howovor, vnrInfIons duo
fo nny of fhoso fncfors nood nof bo fnkon Info nccounf In fho dosIgn of normnI sfrucfuros In nccordnnco wIfh
IS 8ll0-l. Tho monn vnIuos gIvon In TnbIo ?.2 nro doomod fo bo suffIcIonfIy nccurnfo In nnnIysIng fho
sfrucfuro fo doformIno forco dIsfrIbufIons whoro boffor dnfn nro unnvnIInbIo. Thoy mny nIso bo usod for
osfImnfIng Ioss of rosfross (soo 4.B of IS 8ll0-l:l99?).
Whoro, In socInI cIrcumsfnncos, nn ns-nccurnfo-ns-ossIbIo nssossmonf of ncfunI bohnvIour Is roquIrod, If
wIII bo nocossnry fo consIdor ossIbIo vnrInfIons In fho vnIuo for moduIus of oInsfIcIfy. CuIdnnco on fhIs
foIIows buf If Is omhnsIzod fhnf fho vnIuo choson In nny nrfIcuInr cnso shouId doond on fho Imorfnnco
of fho osfImnfo nnd why If Is noodod.
Tho monn vnIuos for normnI-woIghf concrofo In TnbIo ?.2 nro dorIvod from fho foIIowIng oqunfIon:
whoro
Tho moduIus of oInsfIcIfy of concrofo nf nn ngo / mny bo dorIvod from fho foIIowIng oqunfIon:
whoro
/ U 3 dnys.
VnIuos of f
cu,f
/f
cu,28
for uso In oqunfIon l8 cnn bo obfnInod from TnbIo ?.l. ThIs fnbIo shows fhnf on nvorngo
fhoro Is IIkoIy fo bo n gnIn of sfrongfh boyond 28 dnys, sInco fhIs wIII Iond fo n moro ronIIsfIc nssossmonf of
fho moduIus of oInsfIcIfy. If shouId bo nofod fhnf fhoro Is n dIfforonco horo from IS 8ll0-l whoro no
Incronso In sfrongfh boyond 28 dnys Is ormIffod In snfIsfyIng IImIf sfnfo roquIromonfs. A smnIIor Incronso
In sfrongfh wIII occur wIfh smnII sfrucfurnI mombors fhnf nro oxosod fo n dry onvIronmonf nffor InIfInI
curIng.
1
c,28
= K
o
+ 0.2 f
cu,28
oqunfIon l?
1
c,28
Is fho sfnfIc moduIus of oInsfIcIfy nf 28 dnys;
f
cu,28 Is fho chnrncforIsfIc cubo sfrongfh nf 28 dnys (In /mm
2
);
Ko Is n consfnnf cIosoIy roInfod fo fho moduIus of oInsfIcIfy of fho nggrognfo (fnkon ns
20 k/mm
2
for normnI-woIghf concrofo).
1
c,f
= 1
c,28
(0.4 + 0.6 f
cu,f
/f
cu,28
) oqunfIon l8
L
i
c
e
n
s
e
d

C
o
p
y
:

M
r
.

U
n
i
v
e
r
s
i
t
y

C
o
l
l
e
g
e


D
u
b
l
i
n
,

I

R

I

S

C
o
n
s
o
r
t
i
u
m
,

1
4
/
1
1
/
2
0
0
9

0
6
:
0
9
,

U
n
c
o
n
t
r
o
l
l
e
d

C
o
p
y
,

(
c
)

B
S
I
BS B110-2:19B5
46 ISI 30 ovombor 2005
SocfIon ?
Whoro cnIcuInfIons of dofIocfIon or doformnfIon nro fo bo mndo, fho roIInbIIIfy of fho osfImnfo of fho sfnfIc
moduIus of oInsfIcIfy wIII doond on fho rocIsIon roquIrod from fho cnIcuInfIon. Whoro dofIocfIons nro of
gronf Imorfnnco, fosfs shouId bo cnrrIod ouf on concrofo mndo wIfh fho nggrognfo fo bo usod In fho
sfrucfuro. In ofhor cnsos, oxorIonco wIfh n nrfIcuInr nggrognfo, bnckod by gonornI fosf dnfn, wIII offon
rovIdo n roIInbIo vnIuo for Ko, nnd honco for 1
c,28
, buf wIfh unknown nggrognfos, If wouId bo ndvIsnbIo nf
fho dosIgn sfngo fo consIdor n rnngo of vnIuos for 1
c,28
, bnsod on K
o
= l4 k/mm
2
fo 26 k/mm
2
, ns gIvon In
TnbIo ?.2.
Ior IIghfwoIghf nggrognfo concrofo, fho vnIuos of fho sfnfIc moduIus In TnbIo ?.2 shouId bo muIfIIIod by
(u/2400)
2
whoro u Is fho donsIfy of IIghfwoIghf nggrognfo concrofo (In kg/m
3
).
Tub!e ?.1 StvengtL oI concvete
Tub!e ?.2 TypIcu! vunge Iov tLe stutIc modu!us oI e!ustIcIty ut 2B duys oI
novmu!-weIgLt concvete
Whoro If Is moro convonIonf fo uso fho dynnmIc moduIus mofhod of fosf fo obfnIn nn osfImnfod vnIuo for
fho sfnfIc moduIus of oInsfIcIfy of nnfurnI nggrognfo concrofo, fho foIIowIng oqunfIon mny bo usod:
whoro
1
cq
Is fho dynnmIc moduIus of oInsfIcIfy.
Such nn osfImnfo wIII gonornIIy bo corrocf wIfhIn 4 k/mm
2
.
?.3 Cveep
Tho fInnI (30 yonr) croo sfrnIn In concrofo $
cc
cnn bo rodIcfod from
whoro
StvengtL
c!uss
CLuvuctevIstIc cube
stvengtL f
cu
Cube stvengtL ut un uge oI:
? duys 2 montLs 3 montLs 6 montLs 1 yeuv
/mm
2
/mm
2
/mm
2
/mm
2
/mm
2
/mm
2
l5/20 20.0 l3.5 22 23 24 25
20/25 25.0 l6.5 2?.5 29 30 3l
25/30 30.0 20 33 35 36 3?
32/40 40.0 28 44 45.5 4?.5 50
40/50 50.0 36 54 55.5 5?.5 60
f
cu,28
1
c,28
Meun vu!ue TypIcu! vunge
/mm
2
k/mm
2
k/mm
2
20 24 l8 fo 30
25 25 l9 fo 3l
30 26 20 fo 32
40 28 22 fo 34
50 30 24 fo 36
60 32 26 fo 38
1
c
= l.25 1
cq
S l9 oqunfIon l9
oqunfIon 20
1
f
Is fho moduIus of oInsfIcIfy of fho concrofo nf fho ngo of IondIng /.
Is fho croo cooffIcIonf.
L
i
c
e
n
s
e
d

C
o
p
y
:

M
r
.

U
n
i
v
e
r
s
i
t
y

C
o
l
l
e
g
e


D
u
b
l
i
n
,

I

R

I

S

C
o
n
s
o
r
t
i
u
m
,

1
4
/
1
1
/
2
0
0
9

0
6
:
0
9
,

U
n
c
o
n
t
r
o
l
l
e
d

C
o
p
y
,

(
c
)

B
S
I
BS B110-2:19B5
ISI 30 ovombor 2005
4?
SocfIon ?
Tho croo cooffIcIonf mny bo osfImnfod from IIguro ?.l. In fhIs IIguro, fho offocfIvo socfIon fhIcknoss Is
dofInod, for unIform socfIons, ns fwIco fho cross-socfIonnI nron dIvIdod by fho oxosod orImofor. If dryIng
Is rovonfod by ImmorsIon In wnfor or by sonIIng, fho offocfIvo socfIon fhIcknoss shouId bo fnkon ns 600
mm. SuIfnbIo vnIuos of roInfIvo humIdIfy for Indoor nnd oufdoor oxosuro In fho !K nro 45 nnd 85 ,
whon usIng IIguro ?.l for gonornI dosIgn urosos.
If cnn bo nssumod fhnf nbouf 40 , 60 nnd 80 of fho fInnI croo dovoIos durIng fho fIrsf monfh,
6 monfhs nnd 30 monfhs undor Iond rosocfIvoIy, whon concrofo Is oxosod fo condIfIons of consfnnf
roInfIvo humIdIfy.
Croo Is nrfIy rocovornbIo wIfh n roducfIon In sfross. Tho fInnI croo rocovory nffor l yonr Is nroxImnfoIy
0.3 sfross roducfIon/1
u
, whoro 1
u
Is fho moduIus of oInsfIcIfy of fho concrofo nf fho ngo of unIondIng.
If Is sfrossod fhnf fhoso sfnfomonfs rovIdo onIy gonornI guIdnnco nnd nro bnsod rImnrIIy on Inbornfory
dnfn. Judgomonf, bnsod on oxorIonco, Is ossonfInI In InforrofIng fhoso dnfn In IndIvIdunI cnsos; ns wIfh
oInsfIc doformnfIon, fhIs wIII doond on fho Imorfnnco of fho osfImnfo nnd why If Is noodod. If mny bo
ndvIsnbIo nf fho dosIgn sfngo fo consIdor n rnngo of vnIuos fo brnckof fho robIom, sInco nn ovorosfImnfo
mny bo jusf ns bnd ns nn undorosfImnfo. In nrfIcuInr, If shouId bo nofod fhnf whoro dofnIIod cnIcuInfIons
nro boIng mndo, sfrossos nnd roInfIvo humIdIfIos mny vnry consIdornbIy durIng fho IIfofImo of fho sfrucfuro
nnd nrorInfo judgomonfs shouId bo mndo.
IIguve ?.1 IIects oI ve!utIve LumIdIty, uge oI !oudIng und sectIon tLIckness
upon cveep Iuctov
L
i
c
e
n
s
e
d

C
o
p
y
:

M
r
.

U
n
i
v
e
r
s
i
t
y

C
o
l
l
e
g
e


D
u
b
l
i
n
,

I

R

I

S

C
o
n
s
o
r
t
i
u
m
,

1
4
/
1
1
/
2
0
0
9

0
6
:
0
9
,

U
n
c
o
n
t
r
o
l
l
e
d

C
o
p
y
,

(
c
)

B
S
I
BS B110-2:19B5
48 ISI 30 ovombor 2005
SocfIon ?
?.4 vyIng sLvInkuge
An osfImnfo of fho dryIng shrInkngo of InIn concrofo mny bo obfnInod from IIguro ?.2. !ocommondnfIons
for offocfIvo socfIon fhIcknoss nnd roInfIvo humIdIfy nro gIvon In ?.3.
IIguro ?.2 roInfos fo concrofo of normnI worknbIIIfy mndo wIfhouf wnfor roducIng ndmIxfuros; such
concrofos wIII hnvo nn orIgInnI wnfor confonf of nbouf l90 !/m
3
. Whoro concrofo Is known fo hnvo n
dIfforonf wnfor confonf, shrInkngo mny bo rognrdod ns roorfIonnI fo wnfor confonf wIfhIn fho rnngo
l50 !/m
3
fo 230 !/m
3
.
Tho shrInkngo of InIn concrofo Is rImnrIIy doondonf on fho roInfIvo humIdIfy of fho nIr surroundIng fho
concrofo, fho surfnco nron from whIch moIsfuro cnn bo Iosf roInfIvo fo fho voIumo of concrofo nnd on fho mIx
roorfIons; If Is Incronsod sIIghfIy by cnrbonnfIon nnd soIf-dosIccnfIon nnd roducod by roIongod curIng.
Aggrognfos hnvIng n hIgh moIsfuro movomonf, such ns somo ScoffIsh doIorIfos nnd whInsfonos, nnd grnvoIs
confnInIng fhoso rocks, roduco concrofo hnvIng n hIghor InIfInI dryIng shrInkngo fhnn fhnf normnIIy
oxocfod. Iurfhor InformnfIon on fhoso Is gIvon In roforonco |?], for consIdornfIon In usIng fho dnfn gIvon
In IIguro ?.2. Aggrognfos wIfh n Iow moduIus mny nIso Iond fo hIghor fhnn normnI concrofo shrInkngo, nnd
fhIs shouId nIso bo borno In mInd whon usIng IIguro ?.2 for osfImnfIng dryIng shrInkngo for dosIgn
urosos.
Concrofo oxosod fo fho oufdoor cIImnfo In fho !K wIII oxhIbIf sonsonnI cycIIc sfrnIns of 0.4 fImos fho
30 yonr shrInkngo suorImosod on fho nvorngo shrInkngo sfrnIn; fho mnxImum shrInkngo wIII occur nf
fho ond of onch summor.
IIguve ?.2 vyIng sLvInkuge oI novmu!-weIgLt concvete
L
i
c
e
n
s
e
d

C
o
p
y
:

M
r
.

U
n
i
v
e
r
s
i
t
y

C
o
l
l
e
g
e


D
u
b
l
i
n
,

I

R

I

S

C
o
n
s
o
r
t
i
u
m
,

1
4
/
1
1
/
2
0
0
9

0
6
:
0
9
,

U
n
c
o
n
t
r
o
l
l
e
d

C
o
p
y
,

(
c
)

B
S
I
BS B110-2:19B5
ISI 30 ovombor 2005
49
SocfIon ?
An osfImnfo of fho shrInkngo of symmofrIcnIIy roInforcod concrofo socfIons mny bo obfnInod from:
whoro
Ior non-symmofrIcnIIy roInforcod socfIons, fho InfIuonco of fho roInforcomonf on shrInkngo, nnd honco on
curvnfuro nnd dofIocfIon Is moro comIox. Tho rocoduros oufIInod In 3.4.6 of IS 8ll0-l:l99? fnko nccounf
of fhIs for mosf normnI cnsos. Whoro cnIcuInfIons of dofIocfIon nro doomod nocossnry, roforonco shouId bo
mndo fo socfIon 3 of fhIs Inrf.
Tho gonornI romnrks In ?.3 on croo nIy oqunIIy fo shrInkngo. Such osfImnfos mny bo roquIrod In
nIIowIng for movomonf (soo socfIon 5 of IS 8ll0-l:l99?), In osfImnfIng Ioss of rosfross (soo 4.B of
IS 8ll0-l:l99?) nnd In fho nssossmonf of dIfforonfInI shrInkngo offocfs (soo 5.4.6.4 of IS 8ll0-l:l99?).
In nII cnsos judgomonf, bnsod on oxorIonco, Is ossonfInI.
?.5 TLevmu! stvuIns
Tho InformnfIon gIvon In fhIs cInuso Is Infondod onIy for fho osfImnfIon of movomonfs nnd of doformnfIon.
ThormnI sfrnIns nro cnIcuInfod from fho roducf of n suIfnbIo cooffIcIonf of fhormnI oxnnsIon nnd n
fomornfuro chnngo. Tho fomornfuro chnngo cnn bo doformInod from fho oxocfod sorvIco condIfIons nnd
cIImnfIc dnfn. IxfornnIIy oxosod concrofo doos nof rosond ImmodInfoIy fo nIr fomornfuro chnngo, nnd
cIImnfIc fomornfuro rnngos mny roquIro ndjusfmonf boforo uso In movomonf cnIcuInfIons.
Tho cooffIcIonf of fhormnI oxnnsIon of concrofo Is doondonf mnInIy on fho oxnnsIon cooffIcIonfs for fho
nggrognfo nnd fho comonf nsfo, nnd fho dogroo of snfurnfIon of fho concrofo. Tho fhormnI oxnnsIon of
nggrognfo Is roInfod fo mInornIogIcnI comosIfIon (soo TnbIo ?.3).
Tub!e ?.3 TLevmu! expunsIon oI vock gvoup und ve!uted concvete
As wIfh nII fho ofhor fncfors donIf wIfh In fhIs socfIon, fho InformnfIon gIvon rovIdos onIy gonornI
guIdnnco. Thoso cooffIcIonfs cnn vnry, fhIs vnrInfIon boIng Ionsf for fIInfs nnd qunrfzIfos nnd gronfosf for
IImosfono. Howovor, fho nbovo cooffIcIonfs wIII bo ndoqunfo for dosIgn urosos; If Is onIy If fho osfImnfo of
doformnfIon Is oxcofIonnIIy Imorfnnf fhnf If wIII bo nocossnry fo oxnmIno fho nggrognfo ncfunIIy fo bo
usod.
Comonf nsfo hns n cooffIcIonf of fhormnI oxnnsIon fhnf Is n funcfIon of moIsfuro confonf, nnd fhIs nffocfs
fho concrofo oxnnsIon ns shown In IIguro ?.3. If mny bo soon fhnf nrfInIIy dry concrofo hns n cooffIcIonf
of fhormnI oxnnsIon fhnf Is nroxImnfoIy 2 l0
6
/C gronfor fhnn fho cooffIcIonf for snfurnfod concrofo.
$
sh
Is fho shrInkngo of fho InIn concrofo;
Is fho nron of sfooI roInfIvo fo fhnf of fho concrofo;
K Is n cooffIcIonf, fnkon ns 25 for InfornnI oxosuro nnd ns l5 for oxfornnI oxosuro.
Aggvegute type
(soo IS 8l2)
TypIcu! coeIIIcIent oI expunsIon
(l 10
6
/ C)
Aggvegute Concvete
IIInf, qunrfzIfo ll l2
CrnnIfo, bnsnIf ? l0
!Imosfono 6 8
L
i
c
e
n
s
e
d

C
o
p
y
:

M
r
.

U
n
i
v
e
r
s
i
t
y

C
o
l
l
e
g
e


D
u
b
l
i
n
,

I

R

I

S

C
o
n
s
o
r
t
i
u
m
,

1
4
/
1
1
/
2
0
0
9

0
6
:
0
9
,

U
n
c
o
n
t
r
o
l
l
e
d

C
o
p
y
,

(
c
)

B
S
I
BS B110-2:19B5
50 ISI 30 ovombor 2005
SocfIon ?
IIguve ?.3 IIect oI dvyness upon tLe coeIIIcIent oI tLevmu! expunsIon oI
Luvdened cement und concvete
L
i
c
e
n
s
e
d

C
o
p
y
:

M
r
.

U
n
i
v
e
r
s
i
t
y

C
o
l
l
e
g
e


D
u
b
l
i
n
,

I

R

I

S

C
o
n
s
o
r
t
i
u
m
,

1
4
/
1
1
/
2
0
0
9

0
6
:
0
9
,

U
n
c
o
n
t
r
o
l
l
e
d

C
o
p
y
,

(
c
)

B
S
I
BS B110-2:19B5
ISI 30 ovombor 2005
5l
SectIon B. Movement JoInts B
B.1 Genevu!
Mnny fncfors InfIuonco fho fondoncy for concrofo fo crnck nnd fho IImIfnfIon of such crnckIng Is nIso
InfIuoncod by mnny fncfors, robnbIy fho mosf Imorfnnf of whIch Is fho roor rovIsIon of ndoqunfo
roInforcomonf. Howovor, fhoro nro cnsos whoro fho mosf nrorInfo or onIy confroI monsuro Is n
movomonf joInf.
Movomonf joInfs nro fhoso socIfIcnIIy dosIgnod nnd rovIdod fo ormIf roInfIvo movomonf of ndjnconf
nrfs of n mombor or sfrucfuro fo occur wIfhouf ImnIrIng fho funcfIonnI InfogrIfy of fho mombor or
sfrucfuro. ThoIr gonornI funcfIon Is fo ormIf confroIIod movomonf fo occur so ns fo rovonf fho buIId-u of
hnrmfuI sfrossos. Thoy mny nIso bo fho connocfIon joInf bofwoon fho sovornI nrfs of n mombor or sfrucfuro
or fhoy mny bo rovIdod soIoIy fo ormIf frnnsInfIon or rofnfIon or bofh.
B.2 Need Iov movement JoInts
In common wIfh nII ofhor sfrucfurnI mnforInIs, concrofo oxnnds whon honfod nnd confrncfs whon cooIod;
If nIso oxnnds whon woffod nnd shrInks whon drIod. If nIso undorgoos ofhor sfrnIns duo fo fho hydrnfIon
of fho comonf nnd ofhor roorfIos of fho mnforInI IfsoIf nnd of Ifs consfIfuonf nrfs. If fhoso oxnnsIons
nnd confrncfIons nro rosfrnInod, sfrossos wIII occur whIch cnn bo of suffIcIonf mngnIfudo fo cnuso
ImmodInfo crnckIng of fho concrofo or cnuso crnckIng fo occur Infor owIng fo fnfIguo fnIIuro duo fo Iong-form
roofIfIon of fho sfrossos. Croo of fho concrofo ovor n Iong orIod cnn In somo cnsos roduco sfrossos duo fo
rosfrnInf, buf gonornIIy fhIs shouId nof bo roIIod uon. IfforonfInI soffIomonfs of foundnfIons duo, for
oxnmIo, fo mInIng subsIdonco shouId nIso bo fnkon Info consIdornfIon. As fhoso fncfors mny cnuso
unsIghfIy crnckIng, dnmngo fo fInIshos nnd ovon sfrucfurnI fnIIuro, fho ossIbIIIfIos nnd offocfs of such
crnckIng shouId bo roorIy InvosfIgnfod In roInfIon fo fho dosIgn, roInforcomonf nnd form of fho mombor
or sfrucfuro concornod nnd In fho IIghf of ubIIshod InformnfIon, nnd If fhon found nocossnry fo rovonf or
IImIf fho offocfs of such ofonfInI crnckIng, movomonf joInfs shouId bo rovIdod nf rodoformInod IocnfIons.
Somo IndIcnfIon of fho ossIbIo mngnIfudo of fho movomonfs fo bo donIf wIfh In n concrofo sfrucfuro mny
bo gnInod from fho foIIowIng oxnmIos (buf soo nIso socfIon ?).
n) Tho nvorngo cooffIcIonf of fhormnI oxnnsIon of normnI-woIghf concrofo Is of fho ordor of l0 l0
6
/C
nnd 8 l0
6
/C for IIghfwoIghf nggrognfo concrofo (soo TnbIo ?.3); fhus fho dIfforonco In Iongfh of n
concrofo mombor 30 m Iong duo fo n 33 C chnngo In fomornfuro couId bo nroxImnfoIy l0 mm. If fhIs
chnngo In Iongfh woro rovonfod by comIofo rosfrnInf of fho mombor, If wouId cnuso n sfross of fho ordor
of ? /mm
2
In nn unroInforcod concrofo mombor mndo of concrofo hnvIng n moduIus of oInsfIcIfy of
20 k/mm
2
. If such sfross woro fonsIIo nnd suorImosod uon ofhor nIrondy oxIsfIng fonsIIo sfrossos,
crnckIng wouId occur. If, howovor, fho concrofo woro fo bo roInforcod, fho dIsfrIbufIon of fho crnckIng
wouId bo confroIIod by fho nmounf, form nnd dIsfrIbufIon of fho roInforcomonf whIch mIghf ovon roduco
fho crnck wIdfh nnd sncIng fo nn oxfonf such ns fo cnuso no hnrmfuI consoquonco.
b) ryIng shrInkngo sfrnIns mny bo of fho ordor of 500 l0
6
. In fhIn unroInforcod socfIons fhIs
rorosonfs nn unrosfrnInod shrInkngo of fho ordor of l.5 mm or 3 m Iongfh of n concrofo mombor. If fhIs
chnngo In Iongfh woro rovonfod, n fonsIIo sfross of nbouf l0 /mm
2
wouId occur. SInco shrInkngo
dovoIos ovor n orIod of monfhs, fhIs vnIuo wouId bo roducod consIdornbIy In rncfIco fo nbouf 2 /mm
2
fo 3 /mm
2
.
c) Croo of concrofo undor sfross fonds fo roduco fho mnxImum sfrossos nrIsIng from fho rosfrnInf of
movomonfs of fho fyos roforrod fo In n) nnd b), fho dogroo of roducfIon doondIng on, nmongsf ofhor
fncfors, fho rnfo of chnngo of fho sfrossos. Croo Is n Iong-form rocoss nnd If fho sfrossos chnngo rnIdIy,
o.g. bocnuso fho cross socfIon of fho mombor Is smnII onough fo ormIf Ifs fomornfuro chnngo or
shrInkngo fo occur In n roInfIvoIy shorf fImo, If hns nogIIgIbIo offocf In roducIng fho sfrossos.
Howovor, croo of fho concrofo cnn IfsoIf cronfo sfrnIns fhnf mIghf Iond fo hnrmfuI nnd unsIghfIy offocfs
If no movomonf joInfs nro rovIdod. Ior oxnmIo, croo of fho concrofo cnn cnuso dofIocfIons of bonms fo
Incronso ovor n Iong orIod undor susfnInod IondIng. !nIoss suIfnbIo movomonf joInfs nro rovIdod
bofwoon fIoors or roofs nnd nrfIfIons, fhoso dofIocfIons cnn Iond fo honvy Ionds boIng Imosod uon fho
nrfIfIons, whIch, If of n non-IondbonrIng fyo, mny fhon suffor sovoro crnckIng.
d) Incronsod rovIsIon for oxnnsIon forcos nrIsIng from fho nbnormnI Iond of fIro mny nood fo bo rovIdod
whoro fho sfrucfuro or Ifs IndIvIdunI oIomonfs nro doomod by fho dosIgnor fo bo sonsIfIvo fo fhoso offocfs.
OTI ofnIIs of fIro sonsIfIvo sfrucfuros nro gIvon In socInIIsf roorfs.
L
i
c
e
n
s
e
d

C
o
p
y
:

M
r
.

U
n
i
v
e
r
s
i
t
y

C
o
l
l
e
g
e


D
u
b
l
i
n
,

I

R

I

S

C
o
n
s
o
r
t
i
u
m
,

1
4
/
1
1
/
2
0
0
9

0
6
:
0
9
,

U
n
c
o
n
t
r
o
l
l
e
d

C
o
p
y
,

(
c
)

B
S
I
BS B110-2:19B5
52 ISI 30 ovombor 2005
SocfIon 8
B.3 Types oI movement JoInt
Movomonf joInfs mny bo of fho foIIowIng fyos.
n) Con/roc/ion join/. A confrncfIon joInf Is n joInf wIfh n doIIbornfo dIsconfInuIfy buf no InIfInI gn
bofwoon fho concrofo on bofh sIdos of fho joInf, fho joInf boIng Infondod fo ormIf confrncfIon of fho
concrofo.
A dIsfIncfIon shouId bo mndo bofwoon n comIofo confrncfIon joInf, In whIch bofh fho concrofo nnd
roInforcomonf nro Inforrufod, nnd n nrfInI confrncfIon joInf, In whIch onIy fho concrofo Is Inforrufod,
fho roInforcomonf runnIng fhrough
b) 1xponeion join/. An oxnnsIon joInf Is n joInf wIfh comIofo dIsconfInuIfy In bofh roInforcomonf nnd
concrofo nnd Infondod fo nccommodnfo oIfhor oxnnsIon or confrncfIon of fho sfrucfuro.
In gonornI, such n joInf roquIros fho rovIsIon of n suffIcIonfIy wIdo gn bofwoon fho ndjoInIng nrfs of n
sfrucfuro fo ormIf fho nmounf of oxnnsIon oxocfod fo occur. osIgn of fho joInf so ns fo Incorornfo
sIIdIng surfncos Is nof, howovor, rocIudod nnd mny somofImos bo ndvnnfngoous
c) SliJing join/. A sIIdIng joInf Is n joInf wIfh comIofo dIsconfInuIfy In bofh roInforcomonf nnd concrofo
nf whIch socInI rovIsIon Is mndo fo fncIIIfnfo roInfIvo movomonf In fho Inno of fho joInf.
J) HingeJ join/. A hIngod joInf Is n joInf socInIIy dosIgnod nnd consfrucfod fo ormIf roInfIvo rofnfIon of
fho mombors nf fho joInf. ThIs fyo of joInf Is usunIIy roquIrod fo rovonf fho occurronco of rovorso
momonfs or of undosIrnbIo rosfrnInf, for oxnmIo In n fhroo-hIngod orfnI.
e) Se//lenen/ join/. A soffIomonf joInf Is n joInf ormIffIng ndjnconf mombors or sfrucfuros fo soffIo or
dofIocf roInfIvo fo onch ofhor In cnsos, for oxnmIo, whoro movomonfs of fho foundnfIons of n buIIdIng nro
IIkoIy duo fo mInIng subsIdonco. Tho roInfIvo movomonfs mny bo Inrgo
If mny bo nocossnry fo dosIgn n joInf fo fuIfII moro fhnn ono of fhoso Ifoms.
JoInfs In fIro rosIsfnnf wnIIs or fIoors shouId bo fIro sfood fo nn oquIvnIonf dogroo of fIro rosIsfnnco.
B.4 PvovIsIon oI JoInts
Tho rIsk of crnckIng duo fo fhormnI movomonf nnd shrInkngo mny bo mInImIzod by IImIfIng fho chnngos
In fomornfuro nnd moIsfuro confonf fo whIch fho concrofo of fho sfrucfuro Is subjocfod. Tho oxfonf fo
whIch fhIs cnn bo dono In fho comIofod sfrucfuro wIII doond vory InrgoIy on Ifs fyo nnd onvIronmonf,
rnngIng from fho undorground bnsomonf whIch Is In condIfIons of roInfIvoIy consfnnf fomornfuro nnd
humIdIfy, fo fho unInsuInfod oIovnfod sfrucfuro whIch mIghf foIIow cIosoIy fho nfmoshorIc fomornfuro
nnd humIdIfy. Iurfhormoro, In buIIdIngs fho offocfs of confrnI honfIng on bofh fho fomornfuro nnd
moIsfuro confonf of fho sfrucfuro, combInod wIfh fho roInfIvoIy Iow fhormnI sforngo cnncIfy of buIIdIngs
cInd wIfh IIghfwoIghf curfnIn wnIIs, mny gIvo rIso fo moro onorous fhormnI nnd humIdIfy condIfIons fhnn
In fho oIdor, honvIor, roInfIvoIy unhonfod buIIdIngs. Thus, fho InvosfIgnfIon of fho nocossIfy fo rovIdo
movomonf joInfs Is bocomIng moro Imorfnnf.
CrnckIng cnn bo mInImIzod by roducIng fho rosfrnInfs on fho froo movomonf of fho sfrucfuro, nnd fho
confroI of crnckIng normnIIy roquIros fho subdIvIsIon of fho sfrucfuro Info suIfnbIo Iongfhs sonrnfod by fho
nrorInfo movomonf joInfs.
Tho offocfIvonoss of movomonf joInfs In confroIIIng crnckIng In n sfrucfuro wIII nIso doond uon fhoIr
rocIso IocnfIon; fhIs Inffor Is froquonfIy n mnffor of oxorIonco nnd mny bo chnrncforIzod ns fho Inco
whoro crncks wouId ofhorwIso mosf robnbIy dovoIo, o.g. nf nbruf chnngos of cross socfIon.
Tho IocnfIon of nII movomonf joInfs shouId bo cIonrIy IndIcnfod on fho drnwIngs, bofh for fho IndIvIdunI
mombors nnd for fho sfrucfuro ns n whoIo. In gonornI, movomonf joInfs In fho sfrucfuro shouId nss
fhrough fho whoIo sfrucfuro In ono Inno.
B.5 esIgn oI JoInts
A movomonf joInf shouId fuIfII nII nocossnry funcfIons. If shouId ossoss fho morIfs of sImIIcIfy nnd
froodom of movomonf, yof sfIII rofnIn fho ofhor nrorInfo chnrncforIsfIcs nocossnry, o.g.
wonfhorroofnoss, fIro rosIsfnnco, rosIsfnnco fo corrosIon, durnbIIIfy nnd sound InsuInfIon. Tho dosIgn
shouId nIso fnko Info consIdornfIon fho dogroo of confroI nnd workmnnshI nnd fho foIornncos IIkoIy fo
occur In fho ncfunI sfrucfuro of fho fyo boIng consIdorod.
Whoro joInfs nro of n fIIIod fyo, fhoy mny In nrorInfo cnsos bo fIIIod wIfh n buIIdIng mnsfIc. Thoro nro
nf rosonf no sfnndnrd socIfIcnfIons for such mnforInIs, buf nffonfIon Is drnwn fo IS 3?l2, IS 6093 nnd
IS 62l3.
L
i
c
e
n
s
e
d

C
o
p
y
:

M
r
.

U
n
i
v
e
r
s
i
t
y

C
o
l
l
e
g
e


D
u
b
l
i
n
,

I

R

I

S

C
o
n
s
o
r
t
i
u
m
,

1
4
/
1
1
/
2
0
0
9

0
6
:
0
9
,

U
n
c
o
n
t
r
o
l
l
e
d

C
o
p
y
,

(
c
)

B
S
I
BS B110-2:19B5
ISI 30 ovombor 2005
53
SectIon 9. AppvuIsu! und testIng oI stvuctuves und
components duvIng constvuctIon 9
9.1 Genevu!
ThIs socfIon rofors fo mofhods for nrnIsnI nnd, whoro nocossnry, for fosfIng whoIo sfrucfuros, fInIshod
nrfs of n sfrucfuro or sfrucfurnI comononfs durIng fho consfrucfIon hnso. If Is nssumod fhnf fho
sfrucfuro nnd comononfs hnvo boon dosIgnod In nccordnnco wIfh fhIs sfnndnrd.
Tho socfIon gIvos onIy gonornI guIdoIInos nnd brond rIncIIos; dofnIIod rocommondnfIons for nrfIcuInr
cnsos mny bo obfnInod from moro comrohonsIvo documonfs whIch nro roforoncod.
Tho rocommondnfIons of fhIs socfIon mny nof gonornIIy bo suIfnbIo for:
n) modoI fosfIng whon usod ns n bnsIs for dosIgn;
b) dovoIomonf fosfIng of rofofyo sfrucfuros ns n bnsIs for dosIgn;
c) chockIng fho ndoquncy of oxIsfIng sfrucfuros (roInfod fo chnngo of uso or IondIng, or fo doforIornfIon or
nccIdonfnI dnmngo), unIoss fhoIr orformnnco Is cnIIbrnfod ngnInsf n dosIgn fo fhIs sfnndnrd (soo 9.3).
9.2 Puvpose oI testIng
WIfhIn 9.1, fho mofhods gIvon In 9.3, 9.4, 9.5 nnd 9.6 mny bo nrorInfo In nny of fho foIIowIng
cIrcumsfnncos:
n) whoro fho comIInnco rocoduros In socfIons 6, ? nnd 8 of IS 8ll0-l:l99? IndIcnfo fhnf fho mnforInIs
usod mny bo sub-sfnndnrd or dofocfIvo;
b) whoro suorvIsIon nnd InsocfIon rocoduros IndIcnfo oor workmnnshI on sIfo, roducIng
consfrucfIon oufsIdo fho socIfIcnfIon nnd dosIgn;
c) whoro fhoro nro vIsIbIo dofocfs, nrfIcuInrIy nf crIfIcnI socfIons or In sonsIfIvo sfrucfurnI mombors;
d) whoro n chock Is roquIrod on fho qunIIfy of fho consfrucfIon, or mnnufncfuro of rocnsf unIfs.
9.3 BusIs oI uppvoucL
Tho bnsIc objocfIvo of nrnIsnI undor fho cIrcumsfnncos doscrIbod In 9.2 Is fo nssoss fho sfrucfuro ns buIIf
nnd fo docIdo whofhor or nof If moofs fho roquIromonfs of fho orIgInnI dosIgn.
Tho fyo nnd oxfonf of nny fosfs usod In n nrfIcuInr cnso shouId bo choson fo nchIovo fhIs objocfIvo, nnd
shouId bo ngrood In ndvnnco by nII fho nrfIos concornod, bofh In rIncIIo nnd In dofnII. Tho fosfs shouId
bo roIovnnf, nnd fho rosuIfs usod In rocnIcuInfIon rocoduros fo nssoss nnd jusfIfy fho sfrucfuro ns
nrorInfo. Insod on fho InformnfIon so obfnInod nnd on nn oxnmInnfIon of nII ofhor roIovnnf fncfors, n
judgomonf cnn bo mndo on fho nccofnbIIIfy of fho sfrucfuro.
In gonornI, fhoso rocoduros shouId bo sysfomnfIc nnd rogrossIvo, I.o. fho mofhods gIvon In 9.4 shouId bo
usod fIrsf, nnd onIy If fhoro Is sfIII doubf shouId fhoso In 9.5 bo consIdorod.
9.4 CLeck tests on stvuctuvu! concvete
9.4.1 Genevu!
ThIs cInuso covors fosfs usod fo doformIno fho qunIIfy of fho mnforInIs usod In fho sfrucfuro ns buIIf; vnIuos
for fho mnforInI nrnmofors so obfnInod mny fhon bo usod In cnIcuInfIons fo nrnIso fho sfrucfuro. Tho
rImo concorn Is wIfh fho monsuromonf of sfrongfh In sIfu, oIfhor dIrocfIy or IndIrocfIy (soo 9.4.2) buf fosfs
mny nIso bo roquIrod fo doformIno concrofo covor nnd InfogrIfy, mnforInI comosIfIon, fho rosonco of
dofocfs or confnmInnnfs, ofc. AvnIInbIo fosf fochnIquos nro IIsfod In |8] fogofhor wIfh nn nssossmonf of fhoIr
nIIcnbIIIfy, ndvnnfngos nnd IImIfnfIons.
L
i
c
e
n
s
e
d

C
o
p
y
:

M
r
.

U
n
i
v
e
r
s
i
t
y

C
o
l
l
e
g
e


D
u
b
l
i
n
,

I

R

I

S

C
o
n
s
o
r
t
i
u
m
,

1
4
/
1
1
/
2
0
0
9

0
6
:
0
9
,

U
n
c
o
n
t
r
o
l
l
e
d

C
o
p
y
,

(
c
)

B
S
I
BS B110-2:19B5
54 ISI 30 ovombor 2005
SocfIon 9
9.4.2 Concvete stvengtL In stvuctuves
Tho roufIno snmIIng of concrofo nnd fho fosfIng of sfnndnrd concrofo confroI socImons fo onsuro
comIInnco wIfh sfrongfh crIforIn Is covorod In socfIon 6 of IS 8ll0-l:l99?.
ThIs subcInuso covors socInI fosfIng, cnrrIod ouf for fho ronsons gIvon In 9.2, nnd foIIowIng fho bnsIc
nronch gIvon In 9.3. Tho fosf mofhods fo bo usod nro gIvon In IS 6089, whIch nIso doscrIbos fosf
rocoduros nnd mofhods for ovnIunfIng rosuIfs; fhoso fosf mofhods nro doomod snfIsfncfory for nII
sfrucfurnI concrofo In common uso.
In nrfIcuInr cIrcumsfnncos, whoro fhoro Is sfIII somo doubf nbouf fho nccofnbIIIfy of fho sfrucfuro, n
IondIng fosf mny bo roquIrod; fhIs shouId bo cnrrIod ouf In nccordnnco wIfh 9.5. Howovor, In mosf cnsos, fho
rocoduros gIvon In fhIs subcInuso wIII rovIdo suffIcIonf roIovnnf InformnfIon fo ormIf n roor nrnIsnI
nnd jusfIfIcnfIon of n sfrucfuro.
9.5 Ioud tests oI stvuctuves ov puvts oI stvuctuves
9.5.1 Genevu!
If n Iond fosf Is doomod nocossnry, If mny bo fo chock on oIfhor sfrongfh or sorvIconbIIIfy. If shouId bo
rocognIzod fhnf IondIng n sfrucfuro fo Ifs dosIgn uIfImnfo Ionds mny ImnIr Ifs subsoquonf orformnnco In
sorvIco, wIfhouf nocossnrIIy gIvIng n fruo monsuro of Iond-cnrryIng cnncIfy. WhIIo such ovorIond fosfs mny
somofImos bo jusfIfIod (soo 9.6), If Is gonornIIy rocommondod fhnf fho sfrucfuro bo Iondod fo n IovoI
nrorInfo fo fho sorvIconbIIIfy IImIf sfnfos. If suffIcIonf monsuromonfs of doformnfIons nro fnkon, fhon
fhoso, fogofhor wIfh fho rosuIfs from fho fosf doscrIbod In 9.5.2, cnn bo usod fo cnIIbrnfo fho orIgInnI dosIgn
In rodIcfIng fho uIfImnfo sfrongfh nnd Iong-form orformnnco of fho sfrucfuro.
ofnIIod rocommondnfIons on fosf rocoduros nro gIvon In |8] wIfh bnckground InformnfIon boIng rovIdod
In |9] nnd |l0]. Somo gonornI rIncIIos nro gIvon In 9.5.2, 9.5.3, 9.5.4 nnd 9.5.5.
9.5.2 Test !ouds
Tho fofnI Iond fo bo cnrrIod (W) shouId bo nof Ioss fhnn l.0 fImos fho chnrncforIsfIc dond Iond Ius l.0 fImos
fho chnrncforIsfIc IIvo Iond, nnd shouId normnIIy bo fho gronfor of n) fho sumof fho chnrncforIsfIc dond Iond
nnd l.25 fImos fho chnrncforIsfIc Imosod Iond or b) l.l25 fImos fho sum of fho chnrncforIsfIc dond nnd
Imosod Ionds. In docIdIng on suIfnbIo fIguros for fhIs, nnd on how fo nIy fho fosf Iond fo fho sfrucfuro,
duo nIIownnco shouId bo mndo for fInIshos, nrfIfIons, ofc. nnd for nny Iond shnrIng fhnf couId occur In fho
comIofod sfrucfuro, I.o. fho IovoI of IondIng shouId bo rorosonfnfIvo nnd cnnbIo of roroducIng fho roor
InfornnI forco sysfom ronsonnbIy cIosoIy.
Tosf Ionds shouId bo nIIod nnd romovod IncromonfnIIy, whIIo obsorvIng nII roor snfofy rocnufIons. Tho
fosf IondIng shouId bo nIIod nf Ionsf fwIco, wIfh n mInImum of l h bofwoon fosfs, nnd nIIowIng 5 mIn nffor
n Iond Incromonf Is nIIod boforo rocordIng doformnfIon monsuromonfs. ConsIdornfIon mny nIso bo gIvon
fo n fhIrd nIIcnfIon of Iond, whIch Is Ioff In osIfIon for 24 h.
9.5.3 Assessment oI vesu!ts
In doformInIng doformnfIon monsuromonfs, duo nIIownnco shouId bo mndo for chnngos In onvIronmonfnI
condIfIons fhnf hnvo occurrod durIng fho fosf.
Tho mnIn objocfIvo In nssossIng fho rosuIfs Is fo comnro fho monsurod orformnnco wIfh fhnf oxocfod on
fho bnsIs of fho dosIgn cnIcuInfIons. ThIs monns fhnf duo nIIownnco shouId bo mndo for nny dIfforoncos In
mnforInI sfrongfh, or sfross, or ofhor chnrncforIsfIc, In fho ns-buIIf sfrucfuro, comnrod wIfh fhnf nssumod
In fho dosIgn. Sfos shouId bo fnkon fo doformIno fhoso mnforInI nrnmofors ns nccurnfoIy ns ossIbIo,
usIng fho mofhods roforrod fo In 9.6, sfnndnrd confroI fosf rosuIfs, fonsIonIng rocords (for rosfrossod
concrofo), ofc.
L
i
c
e
n
s
e
d

C
o
p
y
:

M
r
.

U
n
i
v
e
r
s
i
t
y

C
o
l
l
e
g
e


D
u
b
l
i
n
,

I

R

I

S

C
o
n
s
o
r
t
i
u
m
,

1
4
/
1
1
/
2
0
0
9

0
6
:
0
9
,

U
n
c
o
n
t
r
o
l
l
e
d

C
o
p
y
,

(
c
)

B
S
I
BS B110-2:19B5
ISI 30 ovombor 2005
55
9.5.4 Test cvItevIu
In nssossIng fosf dnfn nnd In rocnIcuInfIon rocoduros, fho foIIowIng crIforIn shouId bo consIdorod:
n) fho InIfInI dofIocfIon nnd crnckIng shouId bo In nccordnnco wIfh fho dosIgn roquIromonfs;
b) whoro sIgnIfIcnnf dofIocfIons hnvo occurrod undor fho normnI Ionds gIvon In 9.5.2, fho orconfngo
rocovory nffor fho socond IondIng shouId nf Ionsf oqunI fhnf for fho fIrsf IondIng cycIo, nnd shouId bo nf
Ionsf ?5 for roInforcod concrofo nnd cInss 3 rosfrossod concrofo, nnd 85 for cInssos l nnd 2
rosfrossod concrofo;
3)
c) fho sfrucfuro shouId bo oxnmInod for unoxocfod dofocfs, whIch shouId fhon bo ovnIunfod In fho
rocnIcuInfIon rocoduros.
9.5.5 SpecIu! tests
In corfnIn cnsos, If mny bo nocossnry fo dovIso socInI fosfs fo roroduco fho InfornnI forco sysfom oxocfod
In fho comIofod sfrucfuro. ThIs nood cnn nrIso In fho fosfIng of fho rocnsf nrfs of comosIfo mombors,
or whoro fho fInnI boundnry condIfIons hnvo nof yof boon nchIovod In fho consfrucfIon. Such fosfs shouId
bo roIovnnf, nnd ngrood In ndvnnco by nII fho nrfIos concornod.
9.6 Ioud tests on IndIvIduu! pvecust unIts
!ond fosfs on rocnsf unIfs mny bo nocossnry for ronsons n) fo c) of 9.2. In fhoso cIrcumsfnncos, fho
rocoduros shouId bo In nccordnnco wIfh 9.3, 9.4 nnd 9.5.
If Iond fosfIng Is nIso roquIrod ns n chock on fho qunIIfy of fho unIfs for fho nccofnnco of now unIfs, fho
rocoduros mny ngnIn bo In nccordnnco wIfh 9.3, 9.4 nnd 9.5, or ns doformInod by fho fochnIcnI schoduIo In
n snfIsfncfory qunIIfy nssurnnco sysfom. SnmIIng rnfos shouId bo ns gIvon In fho fochnIcnI schoduIo, or ns
In fho socIfIcnfIon. Tho bnsIs of fho ovornII nronch shouId bo ns oufIInod In 9.3 for fho nssossmonf of bofh
sorvIconbIIIfy nnd sfrongfh, In whIch cnso ovorIond fosfs wIII nof normnIIy bo roquIrod. ShouId doubf oxIsf
nbouf fho uIfImnfo sfrongfh of n sorIos of unIfs, fhon fosfs fo fnIIuro mny bo nocossnry, nf n rnfo fo bo ngrood
by nII fho nrfIos concornod. In such fosfs, fho orformnnco shouId bo In nccordnnco wIfh fhnf oxocfod from
fho dosIgn cnIcuInfIons. In gonornI, fho uIfImnfo sfrongfh shouId oxcood fho dosIgn uIfImnfo Iond by n
mnrgIn of nf Ionsf 5 ; moroovor, fho dofIocfIon, u fo fho dosIgn uIfImnfo Iond, shouId nof oxcood l/40 of
fho snn.
3)
Whoro fho monsurod dofIocfIons nro vory smnII (o.g. < snn/l 000), osfImnfos of rocovory bocomo monnIngIoss.
L
i
c
e
n
s
e
d

C
o
p
y
:

M
r
.

U
n
i
v
e
r
s
i
t
y

C
o
l
l
e
g
e


D
u
b
l
i
n
,

I

R

I

S

C
o
n
s
o
r
t
i
u
m
,

1
4
/
1
1
/
2
0
0
9

0
6
:
0
9
,

U
n
c
o
n
t
r
o
l
l
e
d

C
o
p
y
,

(
c
)

B
S
I
56
Ilon/
L
i
c
e
n
s
e
d

C
o
p
y
:

M
r
.

U
n
i
v
e
r
s
i
t
y

C
o
l
l
e
g
e


D
u
b
l
i
n
,

I

R

I

S

C
o
n
s
o
r
t
i
u
m
,

1
4
/
1
1
/
2
0
0
9

0
6
:
0
9
,

U
n
c
o
n
t
r
o
l
l
e
d

C
o
p
y
,

(
c
)

B
S
I
BS B110-2:19B5
ISI 30 ovombor 2005
5?
AppendIx A
BIb!IogvupLy
l. Io/ionolieo/ion of eofe/, onJ eerticeoIili/, foc/ore in S/ruc/urol CoJee. CI!IA !oorf 63. ConsfrucfIon
Indusfry !osonrch nnd InformnfIon AssocInfIon, !ondon l9?6.
2. Crnnsfon, W.I. Anol,eie onJ Jeeign of reinforceJ concre/e colunne. !osonrch !oorf 20. Comonf nnd
Concrofo AssocInfIon l9?2.
3. Moyor, C. nnd Infho, K.J. onIInonr nnnIysIs of !C Sfrucfuros In rncfIco. ProceeJinge of ASC1,
S/ruc/uree Ditieion, JuIy l982 10B. o. ST?, l605-l622.
4. !ond, !.I.H., Adnms, I.C. nnd Cooko, C.M.I. GuiJelinee for /le cone/ruc/ion of fire reeie/ing e/ruc/urol
elenen/e. IuIIdIng !osonrch IsfnbIIshmonf !oorf. HMSO l982.
5. Deeign onJ De/oiling of concre/e e/ruc/uree for fire reeie/once. JoInf CommIffoo of fho InsfIfufIon of
SfrucfurnI IngInoors nnd fho Concrofo SocIofy. ArII l9?8.
6. Toychonno, .C., Inrroff, !.J. nnd Iomoroy, C.. Tle ee/ino/ion of /le eloe/ic noJulue of concre/e for
/le Jeeign of e/ruc/uree. !oorf CI 23/?8 IuIIdIng !osonrch IsfnbIIshmonf.
?. ShrInkngo of nnfurnI nggrognfos In concrofo. BuilJing Ieeeorcl 1e/oIlielnen/ Digee/ 3 (eeconJ eeriee).
IuIIdIng !osonrch IsfnbIIshmonf.
8. Approieol of exie/ing e/ruc/uree. !oorf of fho InsfIfufIon of SfrucfurnI IngInoors, JuIy l980.
9. MonzIos, J.I. !ondIng fosfIng of concrofo buIIdIng sfrucfuros. Tle S/ruc/urol 1ngineer.
ocombor l9?8 56A, o. l2, 34?-353.
l0. Jonos, .S. nnd OIIvor, C.W. Tho rncfIcnI nsocfs of Iond fosfIng. Tle S/ruc/urol 1ngineer.
ocombor l9?8 56A, o. l2, 353-356.
ll. GuiJe /o Ligl/ueigl/ Aggrego/e Concre/e. Tho InsfIfufIon of SfrucfurnI IngInoors. l985.
L
i
c
e
n
s
e
d

C
o
p
y
:

M
r
.

U
n
i
v
e
r
s
i
t
y

C
o
l
l
e
g
e


D
u
b
l
i
n
,

I

R

I

S

C
o
n
s
o
r
t
i
u
m
,

1
4
/
1
1
/
2
0
0
9

0
6
:
0
9
,

U
n
c
o
n
t
r
o
l
l
e
d

C
o
p
y
,

(
c
)

B
S
I
BS B110-2:19B5
58 ISI 30 ovombor 2005
Index
Aggrognfos
fIro rosIsfnnco 4.2.2
snIIIng 4.1.6
fhormnI oxnnsIon ?.5; TnbIo ?.3;
IIguro ?.3
AnnIysIs
of sfrucfuro, for sorvIconbIIIfy IImIf
sfnfos 3.4
non-IInonr, for uIfImnfo IImIf sfnfo
SocfIon 2
sorvIconbIIIfy cnIcuInfIons
SocfIon 3
Anchorngo bond 5.9
AufocInvod nornfod concrofo unIfs
SocfIon 6
nornfIon mofhod 6.2.3
bonrIngs 6.6
comonf 6.2.1
comrossIvo sfrongfh 6.4.2
covor fo roInforcomonf 6.3
dofIocfIon 6.5
donsIfy 6.1
dImonsIons 6.4.4
orocfIon 6.6
fIro rosIsfnnco 6.3
InsocfIon nnd fosf 6.?
joInfs 6.5
IImIf sfnfo roquIromonfs,
comIInnco 6.5
mnforInIs 6.2
roducfIon 6.4
groovIng 6.4.5
mnrkIng 6.4.3
qunIIfy confroI 6.4.2
robnfIng 6.4.5
roInforcomonf 6.3
wnfor 6.2.2
Ionms
covor fo roInforcomonf 4.2.3; 4.2.4;
TnbIo 4.3; TnbIo 5.2
fIro rosIsfnnco 4.2.6; 4.2.9; 4.3;
TnbIo 4.3; TnbIo 5.2; IIguro 4.2
forsIonnI rosIsfnnco 2.4; 5.5
roInforcomonf 2.4.6; 2.4.?; 2.4.B;
2.4.9; 2.4.10; TnbIo 2.4
rIgIdIfy 2.4.3; TnbIo 2.2
shonr sfross 2.4.4; 2.4.5; TnbIo 2.3
IonrIngs 6.6
IondIng momonf dIngrnms TnbIo 3.l
IrIdgIng sfrucfuros, dosIgn 2.6.3
CnnfIIovors, dofIocfIon 3.2.1; 3.?.2;
IIguro 3.2
Comonf
nufocInvod nornfod concrofo 6.2.1
IIghfwoIghf nggrognfo concrofo
TnbIo 5.l
fhormnI oxnnsIon ?.5; IIguro ?.3
CoIumns
offocfIvo hoIghf 2.5
brncod coIumns 2.5.5
sfIffnoss of mombors 2.5.3; 2.5.4
unbrncod coIumns 2.5.6
fIro rosIsfnnco 4.2.9; TnbIo 4.2;
TnbIo 5.2; IIguro 4.3
IIghfwoIghf nggrognfo concrofo 5.?
Concrofo
nufocInvod nornfod soo nufocInvod
nornfod concrofo unIfs
croo ?.3; B.2; IIguro ?.l
dryIng shrInkngo ?.4; B.2; IIguro ?.2
oInsfIc doformnfIon ?.2
IIghfwoIghf nggrognfo soo IIghfwoIghf
nggrognfo concrofo
moduIus of oInsfIcIfy ?.2; TnbIo ?.2
for cnIcuInfIon of curvnfuro 3.5; 3.6
sfrongfh ?.2; TnbIo ?.l
chock fosfs In sfrucfuros 9.4.2
vnrInfIon wIfh fomornfuro 4.5.5;
IIguro 4.4
sfross-sfrnIn curvo 2.3.2.2; IIguro 2.l
sfrucfurnI, chock fosfs 9.4.2
fhormnI crnckIng 3.B.4; TnbIo 3.2;
TnbIo 3.3
fhormnI oxnnsIon ?.5; B.2; TnbIo ?.3;
IIguro ?.3
ConfrncfIon joInfs soo movomonf joInfs
CrnckIng
crnck wIdfh cnIcuInfIon 3.B
onrIy fhormnI crnckIng 3.B.4
oxfornnI rosfrnInf vnIuos TnbIo 3.3
IImIfIng fomornfuro chnngos
TnbIo 3.2
oxcossIvo 3.2.4
nonrnnco 3.2.4.1
corrosIon 3.2.4.2
Ioss of orformnnco 3.2.4.3
movomonf joInfs B.4
fosf crIforIn 9.5.4
Croo ?.3; B.2; IIguro ?.l
Curvnfuro, cnIcuInfIon 3.6; IIguro 3.l
mnforInI roorfIos for 3.5
ofIocfIon
cnIcuInfIon 3.?
from curvnfuros 3.?.2; TnbIo 3.l
cnnfIIovors 3.?.2; IIguro 3.2
oxcossIvo 3.2.1
nonrnnco 3.2.1.1
dnmngo fo non-sfrucfurnI
oIomonfs 3.2.1.2
Inck of fIf 3.2.1.3
Ioss of orformnnco 3.2.1.4
IIghfwoIghf nggrognfo concrofo 5.6
sInbs 3.?.2
fosf crIforIn 9.5.4
osIgn Ionds nnd sfrongfhs 2.2; 2.3
ryIng shrInkngo ?.4; B.2; IIguro ?.2
IffocfIvo coIumn hoIghf 2.5
IInsfIc doformnfIon of concrofo ?.2
IxnnsIon joInfs soo movomonf joInfs
IIro rosIsfnnco SocfIon 4
nggrognfos 4.2.2
nufocInvod nornfod concrofo 6.3
bonms 4.2.6; 4.2.B; 4.3; TnbIo 4.3;
TnbIo 5.2; IIguro 4.2
coIumns 4.2.l0; TnbIo 4.2; TnbIo 5.2;
IIguro 4.3
covor fo roInforcomonf 4.2.3; 4.2.4;
4.3.5 4.1; 4.2; 4.3; 4.4; 4.5; 4.6;
TnbIo 5.2; IIguro 4.l
dosIgn rIncIIos 4.5
doformInnfIon, mofhods 4.1.1
fIro ongInoorIng cnIcuInfIons 4.5
fIro fosf 4.4
fnbuInfod dnfn 4.3
oxosod surfncos 4.1.4
fncfors nffocfIng 4.1.5
fIoors
covor fo roInforcomonf 4.2.3
InIn soffIf 4.3.5; TnbIo 4.4;IIguro 4.2
rIbbod oon soffIf TnbIo 4.5; IIguro 4.2
L
i
c
e
n
s
e
d

C
o
p
y
:

M
r
.

U
n
i
v
e
r
s
i
t
y

C
o
l
l
e
g
e


D
u
b
l
i
n
,

I

R

I

S

C
o
n
s
o
r
t
i
u
m
,

1
4
/
1
1
/
2
0
0
9

0
6
:
0
9
,

U
n
c
o
n
t
r
o
l
l
e
d

C
o
p
y
,

(
c
)

B
S
I
BS B110-2:19B5
ISI 30 ovombor 2005
59
fhIcknoss 4.2.5
IIghfwoIghf nggrognfo concrofo 5.2;
TnbIo 5.2
roInforcomonf 4.3.6
rIb sncIng 4.2.?
snIIIng of concrofo 4.1.6; 4.3.4
rovonfIon 4.1.?
sfrucfurnI oIomonfs 4.1.2
sfrucfurnI 4.1.3
wnIIs TnbIo 4.6
IIoors
covor fo roInforcomonf 4.2.3
InIn soffIf 4.3.5; TnbIo 4.4; IIguro 4.2
rIbbod oon soffIf TnbIo 4.5; IIguro 4.2
fhIcknoss 4.2.5
HIngod joInfs soo movomonf joInfs
Koy oIomonfs 2.6.2
dosIgn 2.6.2.1
Ionds 2.6.2.2
suorfIng nffnchod comononfs
2.6.2.3
!IghfwoIghf nggrognfo concrofo
SocfIon 5
nnchorngo bond sfross 5.9
bonrIng sfross InsIdo bonds 5.10
chnrncforIsfIc sfrongfh 5.3
coIumns 5.?
covor fo roInforcomonf 5.2; TnbIo 5.2
dofIocfIon of mombors 5.6
fIro rosIsfnnco 5.2; TnbIo 5.2
froo wnfor/comonf rnfIo 5.2;
In Iongfh 5.9
moduIus of oInsfIcIfy ?.2
shonr rosIsfnnco 5.4
shonr sfross 5.4; TnbIo 5.3
forsIonnI rosIsfnnco of bonms 5.5
wnIIs 5.B
!ImIf sfnfo
sorvIconbIIIfy soo sorvIconbIIIfy IImIf
sfnfos
uIfImnfo soo uIfImnfo IImIf sfnfo
!Inks for forsIon roInforcomonf 2.4.?;
2.4.B; 2.4.9; 2.4.10
!onds
dosIgn 2.2
onrfh nnd wnfor 2.2.2.4
on koy oIomonfs 2.6.2.2; 2.6.2.3
sorvIconbIIIfy cnIcuInfIons 3.3
dond Ionds 3.3.2
IIvo Ionds 3.3.3
sorvIconbIIIfy IImIf sfnfos
fIucfunfIng Ionds 3.2.3
vorfIcnI Ionds 3.2.1
wInd Ionds 3.2.2
fosf 9.5.2
uIfImnfo IImIf sfnfo 2.2
nrfInI snfofy fncfors 2.2.2; TnbIo 2.l
worsf crodIbIo vnIuos 2.2.2.3; 2.2.2.4
Movomonf joInfs SocfIon 8
dosIgn B.5
nood for B.2
rovIsIon of B.4
fyos B.3
InrfInI snfofy fncfors 2.2.2; TnbIo 2.l
!oInforcomonf
nnchorngo bond sfross 5.9
nufocInvod nornfod concrofo 6.3
covor soo covor fo roInforcomonf
for shonr nnd forsIon 2.4.6; TnbIo 2.4
nron 2.4.?
nrrnngomonf 2.4.B; 2.4.9; 2.4.10
sfrongfh vnrInfIon wIfh
fomornfuro 4.5.6; IIguro 4.5
!obusfnoss 2.6
brIdgIng sfrucfuros, dosIgn 2.6.3
wnIIs 2.6.3.2
koy oIomonfs 2.6.2
dosIgn 2.6.2.1
Ionds 2.6.2.2
suorfIng nffnchod comononfs
2.6.2.3
SorvIconbIIIfy cnIcuInfIons SocfIon 3
SorvIconbIIIfy IImIf sfnfos 3.2
nnnIysIs of sfrucfuro 3.4
oxcossIvo crnckIng 3.2.4
oxcossIvo dofIocfIon 3.2.1
oxcossIvo rosonso fo wInd Ionds 3.2.2
oxcossIvo vIbrnfIon 3.2.3
SoffIomonf joInfs soo movomonf joInfs
ShrInkngo soo dryIng shrInkngo
SIIdIng joInfs soo movomonf joInfs
SnIIIng 4.1.6; 4.3.4
rovonfIon 4.1.?
Sf Vonnnf forsIonnI sfIffnoss 2.4.3
SfrucfurnI nnnIysIs for sorvIconbIIIfy IImIf
sfnfos 3.4
Tosfs
nufocInvod nornfod concrofo 6.?
fIro rosIsfnnco 4.4
Iond fosfs 9.5
nssossmonf of rosuIfs 9.5.3
Ionds 9.5.2
rocnsf unIfs 9.6
fosf crIforIn 9.5.4
uroso 9.2
sfrucfurnI concrofo 9.4
ThormnI crnckIng soo crnckIng
ThormnI oxnnsIon of concrofo ?.5; B.2;
TnbIo ?.3; IIguro ?.3
TorsIonnI rosIsfnnco
bonms 2.4; 5.5
roInforcomonf for forsIon 2.4.6;
TnbIo 2.4
nron 2.4.?
IInks 2.4.?; 2.4.B; 2.4.9; 2.4.10
Sf Vonnnf forsIonnI sfIffnoss 2.4.3
forsIonnI rIgIdIfy 2.4.3; TnbIo 2.2
forsIonnI shonr sfross 2.4.4
hoIIow socfIon 2.4.4.3
IImIf 2.4.5; TnbIo 2.3
rocfnnguInr socfIons 2.4.4.1
T-, !-, I-socfIons 2.4.4.2
!IfImnfo IImIf sfnfo, nnnIysIs
for SocfIon 2
dosIgn Ionds nnd sfrongfhs 2.2
offocfIvo coIumn hoIghf 2.5
rosfrIcfIons on uso 2.3
robusfnoss 2.6
forsIonnI rosIsfnnco of bonms 2.4
VIbrnfIon, oxcossIvo 3.2.3
L
i
c
e
n
s
e
d

C
o
p
y
:

M
r
.

U
n
i
v
e
r
s
i
t
y

C
o
l
l
e
g
e


D
u
b
l
i
n
,

I

R

I

S

C
o
n
s
o
r
t
i
u
m
,

1
4
/
1
1
/
2
0
0
9

0
6
:
0
9
,

U
n
c
o
n
t
r
o
l
l
e
d

C
o
p
y
,

(
c
)

B
S
I
Ilon/
L
i
c
e
n
s
e
d

C
o
p
y
:

M
r
.

U
n
i
v
e
r
s
i
t
y

C
o
l
l
e
g
e


D
u
b
l
i
n
,

I

R

I

S

C
o
n
s
o
r
t
i
u
m
,

1
4
/
1
1
/
2
0
0
9

0
6
:
0
9
,

U
n
c
o
n
t
r
o
l
l
e
d

C
o
p
y
,

(
c
)

B
S
I
BS B110-2:19B5
ISI 30 ovombor 2005
Pub!IcutIons veIevved to
IS l46, Specifico/ion for Por/lonJ Iloe/furnoce cenen/e ui/l e/reng/l proper/iee ou/eiJe /le ecope
of BS 1A 197-1.
IS 4?6, Iire /ee/e on IuilJing no/eriole onJ e/ruc/uree.
IS 8l2, Me/loJe for eonpling onJ /ee/ing of ninerol oggrego/ee, eonJe onJ fillere.
IS 3?l2 (nII nrfs), Me/loJe of /ee/ for IuilJing eeolon/e.
IS 5328 (nII nrfs) (wIfhdrnwn), Concre/e.
IS 6089, GuiJe /o /le oeeeeenen/ of concre/e e/reng/l in exie/ing e/ruc/uree.
IS 6093, CoJe of proc/ice for /le Jeeign of join/e onJ join/ing in IuilJing cone/ruc/ion.
IS 62l3, GuiJe /o /le eelec/ion of cone/ruc/ionol eeolon/e.
IS 800?:l98?, CoJe of proc/ice for Jeeign of concre/e e/ruc/uree for re/oining oqueoue liquiJe.
IS 8ll0-l, S/ruc/urol uee of concre/e Por/ 1. CoJe of proc/ice for Jeeign onJ cone/ruc/ion.
IS 8500-l:2002, Concre/e Conplenen/or, Bri/iel S/onJorJ /o BS 1A 206-1 Por/ 1. Me/loJ of
epecif,ing onJ guiJonce for /le epecifier.
IS 8500-2:2002, Concre/e Conplenen/or, Bri/iel S/onJorJ /o BS 1A 206-1 Por/ 2. Specifico/ion for
cone/i/uen/ no/eriole onJ concre/e.
IS 8666:2005, Specifico/ion for ecleJuling, Jineneioning, IenJing onJ cu//ing of e/eel reinforcenen/ for
concre/e.
IS I l9?-l, Cenen/ Por/ 1. Conpoei/ion, epecifico/ione onJ conforni/, cri/erio for connon cenen/e.
C!IAT I!ITAI. Tho IuIIdIng !oguInfIons 2000 Arovod ocumonf A: S/ruc/ure. !ondon:
TSO, 2004.
L
i
c
e
n
s
e
d

C
o
p
y
:

M
r
.

U
n
i
v
e
r
s
i
t
y

C
o
l
l
e
g
e


D
u
b
l
i
n
,

I

R

I

S

C
o
n
s
o
r
t
i
u
m
,

1
4
/
1
1
/
2
0
0
9

0
6
:
0
9
,

U
n
c
o
n
t
r
o
l
l
e
d

C
o
p
y
,

(
c
)

B
S
I
BS B110-2:19B5
ISI
389 ChIswIck HIgh !ond
!ondon
W4 4A!
BSI BvItIsL Stunduvds InstItutIon
ISI Is fho Indoondonf nnfIonnI body rosonsIbIo for ronrIng
IrIfIsh Sfnndnrds. If rosonfs fho !K vIow on sfnndnrds In Iuroo nnd nf fho
InfornnfIonnI IovoI. If Is Incorornfod by !oynI Chnrfor.
RevIsIons
IrIfIsh Sfnndnrds nro udnfod by nmondmonf or rovIsIon. !sors of
IrIfIsh Sfnndnrds shouId mnko suro fhnf fhoy ossoss fho Infosf nmondmonfs or
odIfIons.
If Is fho consfnnf nIm of ISI fo Imrovo fho qunIIfy of our roducfs nnd sorvIcos.
Wo wouId bo grnfofuI If nnyono fIndIng nn Innccurncy or nmbIguIfy whIIo usIng
fhIs IrIfIsh Sfnndnrd wouId Inform fho Socrofnry of fho fochnIcnI commIffoo
rosonsIbIo, fho IdonfIfy of whIch cnn bo found on fho InsIdo fronf covor.
ToI: +44 (0)20 8996 9000. Inx: +44 (0)20 8996 ?400.
ISI offors mombors nn IndIvIdunI udnfIng sorvIco cnIIod I!!S whIch onsuros
fhnf subscrIbors nufomnfIcnIIy rocoIvo fho Infosf odIfIons of sfnndnrds.
BuyIng stunduvds
Ordors for nII ISI, InfornnfIonnI nnd foroIgn sfnndnrds ubIIcnfIons shouId bo
nddrossod fo Cusfomor SorvIcos. ToI: +44 (0)20 8996 900l.
Inx: +44 (0)20 8996 ?00l. ImnII: ordorsbsI-gIobnI.com. Sfnndnrds nro nIso
nvnIInbIo from fho ISI wobsIfo nf hff://www.bsI-gIobnI.com.
In rosonso fo ordors for InfornnfIonnI sfnndnrds, If Is ISI oIIcy fo suIy fho
ISI ImIomonfnfIon of fhoso fhnf hnvo boon ubIIshod ns IrIfIsh Sfnndnrds,
unIoss ofhorwIso roquosfod.
InIovmutIon on stunduvds
ISI rovIdos n wIdo rnngo of InformnfIon on nnfIonnI, Iuroonn nnd
InfornnfIonnI sfnndnrds fhrough Ifs !Ibrnry nnd Ifs TochnIcnI HoI fo Ixorfors
SorvIco. VnrIous ISI oIocfronIc InformnfIon sorvIcos nro nIso nvnIInbIo whIch gIvo
dofnIIs on nII Ifs roducfs nnd sorvIcos. Confncf fho InformnfIon Confro.
ToI: +44 (0)20 8996 ?lll. Inx: +44 (0)20 8996 ?048. ImnII: InfobsI-gIobnI.com.
SubscrIbIng mombors of ISI nro kof u fo dnfo wIfh sfnndnrds dovoIomonfs
nnd rocoIvo subsfnnfInI dIscounfs on fho urchnso rIco of sfnndnrds. Ior dofnIIs
of fhoso nnd ofhor bonofIfs confncf MomborshI AdmInIsfrnfIon.
ToI: +44 (0)20 8996 ?002. Inx: +44 (0)20 8996 ?00l.
ImnII: momborshIbsI-gIobnI.com.
InformnfIon rognrdIng onIIno nccoss fo IrIfIsh Sfnndnrds vIn IrIfIsh Sfnndnrds
OnIIno cnn bo found nf hff://www.bsI-gIobnI.com/bsonIIno.
Iurfhor InformnfIon nbouf ISI Is nvnIInbIo on fho ISI wobsIfo nf
hff://www.bsI-gIobnI.com.
CopyvIgLt
CoyrIghf subsIsfs In nII ISI ubIIcnfIons. ISI nIso hoIds fho coyrIghf, In fho
!K, of fho ubIIcnfIons of fho InfornnfIonnI sfnndnrdIznfIon bodIos. Ixcof ns
ormIffod undor fho CoyrIghf, osIgns nnd Infonfs Acf l988 no oxfrncf mny bo
roroducod, sforod In n rofrIovnI sysfom or frnnsmIffod In nny form or by nny
monns oIocfronIc, hofocoyIng, rocordIng or ofhorwIso wIfhouf rIor wrIffon
ormIssIon from ISI.
ThIs doos nof rocIudo fho froo uso, In fho courso of ImIomonfIng fho sfnndnrd,
of nocossnry dofnIIs such ns symboIs, nnd sIzo, fyo or grndo dosIgnnfIons. If fhoso
dofnIIs nro fo bo usod for nny ofhor uroso fhnn ImIomonfnfIon fhon fho rIor
wrIffon ormIssIon of ISI musf bo obfnInod.
ofnIIs nnd ndvIco cnn bo obfnInod from fho CoyrIghf & !IconsIng Mnnngor.
ToI: +44 (0)20 8996 ?0?0. Inx: +44 (0)20 8996 ?553.
ImnII: coyrIghfbsI-gIobnI.com.
L
i
c
e
n
s
e
d

C
o
p
y
:

M
r
.

U
n
i
v
e
r
s
i
t
y

C
o
l
l
e
g
e


D
u
b
l
i
n
,

I

R

I

S

C
o
n
s
o
r
t
i
u
m
,

1
4
/
1
1
/
2
0
0
9

0
6
:
0
9
,

U
n
c
o
n
t
r
o
l
l
e
d

C
o
p
y
,

(
c
)

B
S
I