Introduction

Governing equations

Constitutive relations

Surface waves

Conclusions

Surface waves in a magnetoelastic half-space

Prashant Saxena , Ray W. Ogden * School of Mathematics & Statistics, University of Glasgow School of Engineering, University of Aberdeen

ICMM2, 2011

Introduction

Governing equations

Constitutive relations

Surface waves

Conclusions

Outline
1 2

Introduction Governing equations Governing equations Incremental equations Quasimagnetostatic assumption Incremental boundary conditions Constitutive relations Moduli tensors Surface waves B = (0, B2 , 0) B = (B1 , 0, 0) B = (0, 0, B3 ) Conclusions

Introduction

Governing equations

Constitutive relations

Surface waves

Conclusions

1 2

Introduction Governing equations Governing equations Incremental equations Quasimagnetostatic assumption Incremental boundary conditions Constitutive relations Moduli tensors Surface waves B = (0, B2 , 0) B = (B1 , 0, 0) B = (0, 0, B3 ) Conclusions

Introduction

Governing equations

Constitutive relations

Surface waves

Conclusions

What do we mean by magnetoelasticity?

Coupling of electromagnetic and mechanical phenomena
1

Reference Conguration

Deformed Conguration

t = boundary traction, B = magnetic eld

1

Eringen, Maugin, Electrodynamics of Continua, Vol. I, II. (1990)

Introduction

Governing equations

Constitutive relations

Surface waves

Conclusions

What do we mean by magnetoelasticity?

2

In this work Elastomers embedded with ferromagnetic particles (15 m diameter)

Continuum assumption holds at a macroscopic level

Jolly et al., Smart Mater. Struct. 5 (1996) 607614.

Introduction

Governing equations

Constitutive relations

Surface waves

Conclusions

1 2

Introduction Governing equations Governing equations Incremental equations Quasimagnetostatic assumption Incremental boundary conditions Constitutive relations Moduli tensors Surface waves B = (0, B2 , 0) B = (B1 , 0, 0) B = (0, 0, B3 ) Conclusions

Introduction

Governing equations

Constitutive relations

Surface waves

Conclusions

Governing equations in continuum

Equations of electromagnetism3 (non-relativistic v << c): curl E = D B , curl H = + J, t t div D = e , div B = 0.

Curl (El + V Bl ) = Bl,t ,

Div Dl = E , Div Bl .

Curl (Hl V Dl ) = Dl,t + JE , E, El Electric eld D, Dl Electric displacement B, Bl Magnetic induction H, Hl Magnetic eld J, JE Electric current density e , E Electric charge density V Velocity of a material particle.
3

Ogden (2009), Int. J. Non-Lin. Mech., 44, 570-580

Introduction

Governing equations

Constitutive relations

Surface waves

Conclusions

Governing equations in continuum

Equations of motion: div + f = a, T = . Div T + r f = r a, (FT)T = FT. total Cauchy stress tensor4 , r Mass density f Mechanical body force density a Acceleration of a material particle T Total nominal stress tensor F Deformation gradient tensor

Dorfmann, Ogden (2004), Q. Jl. Mech. Appl. Math. 57(4), 599-622

Introduction

Governing equations

Constitutive relations

Surface waves

Conclusions

Boundary Conditions
Eulerian form: n E + v B = 0, n D = e , n H v D = K e vs , n B = 0, n = ta + tm . Lagrangian form: N El + V Bl = 0, N Dl = E , N Hl V Dl = Kl E Vs , N Bl = 0, T T N = tA + tM . Jump in a quantity n, N Outward normal to the boundary e , E Surface charge density K, Kl Surface electric current density ta , tA Traction due to mechanical forces tm , tM Traction due to electromagnetic forces

Introduction

Governing equations

Constitutive relations

Surface waves

Conclusions

Incremental governing equations

Increment (X, t) = u(x, t) on the initial deformation. (Small on large) Electromagnetic balance equations give Curl (El + V Bl + V Bl ) = Bl,t , Div Dl = E , Curl (Hl V Dl V Dl ) = Dl,t + JE , Div Bl = 0. Mechanical balance equations give Div T + r f = r u,tt , LFT + FT = TT FT LT + TT FT .

where L = grad u. Incompressibility requires div u = 0.

Introduction

Governing equations

Constitutive relations

Surface waves

Conclusions

Quasimagnetostatic assumption

Deformed conguration purely static. No eects due to electric elds, zero electrical conductivity. No mechanical body forces. In the material curl Hl0 = 0, In vacuum div Bl0 = 0, div T0 = u,tt .

div B = 0,

curl H = 0.

Subscript 0 Incremented quantities in current conguration.

Introduction

Governing equations

Constitutive relations

Surface waves

Conclusions

Incremental boundary conditions

Bl0 B + LB n = 0, Hl0 LT H H n = 0, 0 TT n = n LT n. Maxwell stress and its increment are obtained as = 1 [B B 1 (B B ) I], 0 2 = 1 [B B + B B B B I]. 0

Introduction

Governing equations

Constitutive relations

Surface waves

Conclusions

1 2

Introduction Governing equations Governing equations Incremental equations Quasimagnetostatic assumption Incremental boundary conditions Constitutive relations Moduli tensors Surface waves B = (0, B2 , 0) B = (B1 , 0, 0) B = (0, 0, B3 ) Conclusions

Introduction

Governing equations

Constitutive relations

Surface waves

Conclusions

Constitutive relations

Total potential energy density function = (F, Bl ) T= pF1 , F Hl = . Bl

Isotropy implies can be expressed in terms of six independent scalar invariants of c = FT F and Bl Bl . I1 = tr c, I4 = Bl Bl ,
1 I2 = 2 [(trc)2 tr (c2 )],

I3 = det c,

I5 = (cBl ) Bl ,

I6 = (c2 Bl ) Bl .

I3 = 1 for an incompressible material.

Introduction

Governing equations

Constitutive relations

Surface waves

Conclusions

Magnetoelastic moduli tensors

Constitutive relations are incremented and updated to give T0 = A0 L + C 0 Bl0 pI + pL, Hl0 = C T L + K0 Bl0 . 0 2 , Fp Fq

A0piqj = A0qjpi = J 1 Fp Fq
1 C0ij|k = C0k|ij = Fi Fk 1 1 K0ij = K0ji = JFi Fj

2 , Fj Bl 2 . Bl Bl

Explicit governing equations: div (A0 L + C 0 Bl0 pI + pL) = u,tt , curl (C T L + K0 Bl0 ) = 0, 0 div Bl0 = 0, div u = 0.

Introduction

Governing equations

Constitutive relations

Surface waves

Conclusions

1 2

Introduction Governing equations Governing equations Incremental equations Quasimagnetostatic assumption Incremental boundary conditions Constitutive relations Moduli tensors Surface waves B = (0, B2 , 0) B = (B1 , 0, 0) B = (0, 0, B3 ) Conclusions

Introduction

Governing equations

Constitutive relations

Surface waves

Conclusions

Problem description
Material forms a half-space x2 < 0 in the deformed conguration. Outward normal, n = (0, 1, 0). Initial deformation: [F] = diag (1 , 2 , 3 ). Magnetic eld: B = (B1 , 0, 0), B = (0, B2 , 0), B = (0, 0, B3 ).

x2 x1 x3

Rayleigh type surface waves. Increments in x1 , x2 directions. No variation in the x3 direction.

Introduction

Governing equations

Constitutive relations

Surface waves

Conclusions

Governing equations

Dene (for compactness of equations): = A01212 , = A02121 , a = C012|2 , 2 = A01111 + A02222 2A01122 2A01221 , = A01222 A01211 , = A01121 A02221 , b = C022|2 C011|2 C012|1 , d = C021|1 .

c = C011|1 C022|1 C021|2 ,

Introduction

Governing equations

Constitutive relations

Surface waves

Conclusions

Governing equations
Governing equations reduce to ,1111 + 2,1112 + 2,1122 + 2,1222 + ,2222 a,111 + b,112 + c,122 + d,222 = (,11 + ,22 ),tt , a,111 +b,112 +c,122 +d,222 +K011 ,22 +K022 ,11 2K012 ,12 = 0, for x2 < 0 and Here
Bl01 = ,2 , Bl02 = ,1 , u1 = ,2 , u2 = ,1 , B1 = ,2 , B2 = ,1 . ,11 + ,22 = 0,

x2 > 0.

Subscript (,i ) derivative with respect to the xi coordinate.

Introduction

Governing equations

Constitutive relations

Surface waves

Conclusions

Case 1: B = (0, B2, 0)

Magnetic eld normal to the boundary. B2 = B2 .

1 0 0 0 1 0 , [ ] = 20 0 0 1
2 B2

0 B 2 B 1 B2 [ ] = B1 B2 0 . 0 0 0 B 2

Governing equations become ,1111 + 2,1122 + ,2222 + b,112 + d,222 = (,11 + ,22 ),tt , b,112 + d,222 + K011 ,22 + K022 ,11 = 0.

Introduction

Governing equations

Constitutive relations

Surface waves

Conclusions

B = (0, B2, 0)

Boundary conditions become:

( 222 ),11 ,22 d,2 +

B2 = 0, 0 ,2 B2 ,2tt = 0, 0 ,11

(2 + ),112 + ,222 + (b + d),11 + d,22

B2 ,12 + ,1 ,1 = 0,

d(,11 ,22 ) K011 ,2 which apply on x2 = 0.

B2 1 ,11 + ,2 = 0, 0 0

Introduction

Governing equations

Constitutive relations

Surface waves

Conclusions

B = (0, B2, 0)
Consider harmonic wave solutions: = P exp (skx2 + ikx1 it) , in x2 < 0. = kR exp (s kx2 + ikx1 it) Substitution in the governing equations gives (K011 d 2 )s 6 + [K011 (v 2 2) K022 + 2bd]s 4 + [K022 (2 v 2 ) + K011 ( v 2 ) b 2 ]s 2 + (v 2 )K022 = 0, s = 1, and require Re (s) > 0 to satisfy decay conditions. in x2 > 0. = kQ exp (skx2 + ikx1 it) ,

Introduction

Governing equations

Constitutive relations

Surface waves

Conclusions

B = (0, B2, 0)

The general solutions are now given by = (P1 es1 kx2 + P2 es2 kx2 + P3 es3 kx2 )ei(kx1 t) , = k(Q1 es1 kx2 + Q2 es2 kx2 + Q3 es3 kx2 )ei(kx1 t) , = kRekx2 +i(kx1 t) .

Introduction

Governing equations

Constitutive relations

Surface waves

Conclusions

B = (0, B2, 0)

Substitute in the boundary conditions:

( 222 )j Pj + j sj2 Pj + dj sj Qj +

B2 R = 0, 0 B2 R = 0, 0

(2+v 2 )j sj Pj j sj3 Pj +(b+d)j Qj dj sj2 Qj B2 j sj Pj + j Qj R = 0, dj (sj2 + 1)Pj + K011 j sj Qj

1 B2 j Pj + R = 0, 0 0

where j indicates summation over j from 1 to 3.

Introduction

Governing equations

Constitutive relations

Surface waves

Conclusions

Application to a Mooney-Rivlin magnetoelastic material

= 1 (0)[(1 + n)(I1 3) + (1 n)(I2 3)] + lI4 + mI5 , 4 (0) Shear modulus 0 Magnetic permeability l 0 , m0 dimensionless magnetoelastic coupling constants I1 , I2 , I4 , I5 scalar invariants For this energy function, equations factorize to {(K011 d 2 )s 4 [K022 + ( v 2 )K011 d 2 ]s 2 + ( v 2 )K022 } (s 2 1) = 0.
2 2 s2 s3 0,

v 2 A01212 .

Introduction

Governing equations
1 2 3

Constitutive relations
4 1

Surface waves
2 3

Conclusions
4

B = (0, B2, 0)
1.0 1.0

(a)

1.0

1.0

(b)

0.8

0.8

0.8

0.8

0.6
0.6

0.6

0.6

0.4

0.4

0.4

0.4

0.2

0.2

0.2

0.2

0 l = 0.4
1 2 3

0 l = 2
4

1.7
1 2 3

0.9
4

2 B2

2 B2

= v 2 /(0) vs B2 (in Tesla) for 1 = 2 = 3 = 1. (a) 0 m = 1, 0 l = 0.4, 0.8, 1.2, 1.6, 2. (b) 0 l = 1, 0 m = 0.9, 1.1, 1.3, 1.5, 1.7.

Introduction

Governing equations

Constitutive relations

Surface waves

Conclusions

B = (0, B2, 0)
Plane strain in the sagittal plane. (3 = 1)
4

(a)

(b)

B2 = 0
0.5 1.0 1.5

B2 = 10
2.0 2.5

B2 = 0
0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0

B2 = 10
2.5

= v 2 /(0) vs. 1 = . B2 = 0, 2, 4, 6, 8, 10 Tesla. (a) 0 l = 2, 0 m = 1. (b) 0 l = 0.1, 0 m = 1.

Introduction

Governing equations

Constitutive relations

Surface waves

Conclusions

B = (0, B2, 0)
Plane strain normal to boundary and sagittal plane (1 = 1)
2.5

(a)

2.5

(b)

2.0

2.0

1.5

1.5

1.0

1.0

0.5

0.5

5
1 2 3

B2 = 0
4

5
1 2

B2 = 0
3 4

= v 2 /(0) vs. 2 = . B2 = 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 Tesla. (a) 0 l = 2, 0 m = 1. (b) 0 l = 0.2, 0 m = 0.2.

Introduction

Governing equations

Constitutive relations

Surface waves

Conclusions

Case 2: B = (B1, 0, 0)
Magnetic eld parallel to the boundary in the direction of wave propagation. B1 = 20 (4 2 + 5 + 6 2 )B1 . 1 1 1 0 0 2 B1 0 1 0 , [ ] = 20 0 0 1 B B2 0 B1 1 [ ] = B 2 B 1 0 . 0 0 0 B 1

Following the analysis similar to previous section {K011 s 4 [K022 + ( v 2 )K011 a2 ]s 2 + ( v 2 )K022 a2 } (s 2 1) = 0.
2 2 s2 s3 0, 2 v 2 A01212 C021|2 /K022

Introduction

Governing equations

Constitutive relations

Surface waves

Conclusions

B = (B1, 0, 0)
Plane strain in the sagittal plane (3 = 1).
2.0

(a)
1.4

(b)

1.2 1.5

1.0

1.0

0.8

0.6

0.5

0.4

B1 = 0
0.6 0.8

B1 = 0.12
1.0 1.2 1.4

0.2

B1 = 0
0.6 0.8

B1 = 0.12
1.0 1.2 1.4

= v 2 /(0) vs 1 = . B1 = 0, 0.03, 0.06, 0.09, 0.12 T. (a) 0 l = 2, 0 m = 1. (b) 0 l = 1, 0 m = 1.

Introduction

Governing equations

Constitutive relations

Surface waves

Conclusions

B = (B1, 0, 0)
Plane strain normal to the boundary and sagittal plane (1 = 1).
2.0

(a)

2.0

(b)

1.5

1.5

1.0

1.0

0.5

0.5

B1 = 0.12
1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5

B1 = 0
3.0 3.5

B1 = 0.12
1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5

B1 = 0
3.0 3.5

= v 2 /(0) vs 2 = . 1 = 1, B1 = 0, 0.03, 0.06, 0.09, 0.12 T. (a) 0 l = 2, 0 m = 1. (b) 0 l = 2, 0 m = 0.2.

Introduction

Governing equations

Constitutive relations

Surface waves

Conclusions

Case 3: B = (0, 0, B3)

Magnetic eld perpendicular to the sagittal plane. B = (0, 0, B3 ). For a Mooney-Rivlin magnetoelastic energy function, the governing equations become ,1111 + 2,1122 + ,2222 =(,11 + ,22 ),tt , K022 ,11 + K011 ,22 =0. Boundary conditions give ,11 ,22 = 0,
m,1 = (l +m2 ),1 , 3

(2 + ),112 + ,222 ,2tt = 0,

,1 = ,1 , K011 ,2 = 1 ,2 0

on x2 = 0.

Introduction

Governing equations

Constitutive relations

Surface waves

Conclusions

1 2

Introduction Governing equations Governing equations Incremental equations Quasimagnetostatic assumption Incremental boundary conditions Constitutive relations Moduli tensors Surface waves B = (0, B2 , 0) B = (B1 , 0, 0) B = (0, 0, B3 ) Conclusions

Introduction

Governing equations

Constitutive relations

Surface waves

Conclusions

Conclusions
Summarized equations governing wave propagation in an isotropic, incompressible magnetoelastic material and specialized for a half-space. Magnetic eld can aect surface wave speed and mechanical stability of half-space. For a Mooney-Rivlin type model, magnetic eld in the sagittal plane destabilizes the material. Magnetic induction in the direction of wave propagation has stronger eect than that perpendicular to it in the sagittal plane. Magnetic eld perpendicular to the sagittal plane has no eect on the wave speed.

Introduction

Governing equations

Constitutive relations

Surface waves

Conclusions

Acknowledgements: University of Glasgow postgraduate scholarship UK overseas research student award

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