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Edward Anthony Jenner (17 May 1749 26 January 1823) was an English scientist who studied his natural

l surroundings in Berkeley, [1] Gloucestershire. Jenner is widely credited as the pioneer of smallpox vaccine, and is sometimes referred to as the "Father of Immunology"; his [2][3][4] works have been said to have "saved more lives than the work of any other man". Edward Jenner Edward Jenner by James Northcote Born Died Residence Nationality Fields Alma mater Doctoral advisor Known for 17 May 1749 Berkeley, Gloucestershire 26 January 1823 (aged 73) Berkeley, Gloucestershire Berkeley, Gloucestershire English Microbiology St George's, University of London John Hunter Smallpox vaccine

Jenner's Initial Theory: The initial source of infection was a disease of horses, called "the grease", and that this was transferred to cows by farm workers, transformed, and then manifested as cowpox. Known: Smallpox is more dangerous than variolation and cowpox less dangerous than variolation. Hypothesis: Infection with cowpox gives immunity to smallpox. Test: If variolation after infection with cowpox fails to produce a smallpox infection, immunity to smallpox has been achieved. Consequence: Immunity to smallpox can be induced much more safely than by variolation. Ignaz Philipp Semmelweis (July 1, 1818 August 13, 1865) was a Hungarian physician now known as an early pioneer of antiseptic [1] procedures. Described as the "savior of mothers", Semmelweis discovered that the incidence of puerperal fever could be drastically cut by [1] the use of hand disinfection in obstetrical clinics. Puerperal fever was common in mid-19th-century hospitals and often fatal, with mortality [1] at 10%35%. Semmelweis postulated the theory of washing with chlorinated lime solutions in 1847 while working in Vienna General Hospital's First Obstetrical Clinic, where doctors' wards had three times the mortality of midwives' wards. He published a book of his findings inEtiology, Concept and Prophylaxis of Childbed Fever. Despite various publications of results where hand-washing reduced mortality to below 1%, Semmelweis's observations conflicted with the established scientific and medical opinions of the time and his ideas were rejected by the medical community. Some doctors were offended at the suggestion that they should wash their hands and Semmelweis could offer no acceptable scientific explanation for his findings. Semmelweis's practice earned widespread acceptance only years after his death, whenLouis Pasteur confirmed the germ theory. In 1865, Semmelweis was committed to anasylum, where he died of septicemia, at age 47. Dr. Ignaz Semmelweis, aged 42 in 1860 pen sketch by Jen Dopy. Born Died Nationality Fields Known for July 1, 1818 Buda, Hungary August 13, 1865 (aged 47) Vienna, Austrian Empire (now Austria) Hungarian Obstetrics Introducing hand disinfection standards, inobstetrical clinics, from 1847
[Note 1]

Heinrich Hermann Robert Koch ([kx]; 11 December 1843 27 May 1910) was aGerman physician. He became famous for isolating Bacillus anthracis (1877), theTuberculosis bacillus (1882) and the Vibrio cholerae (1883) and for his development ofKoch's postulates.
[1]

He was awarded the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine for his tuberculosis findings in 1905. He is considered one of the founders of microbiology, inspiring such major figures as Paul Ehrlich and Gerhard Domagk.

11 December 1843 Born Clausthal, Kingdom of Hanover

Died

27 May 1910 (aged 66) Baden-Baden, Grand Duchy of Baden

Nationality

German

Fields

Microbiology

Institutions

Imperial Health Office, Berlin, University of Berlin

Alma mater

University of Gttingen

Doctoral advisor

Friedrich Gustav Jakob Henle

Known for

Discovery bacteriology Koch's postulates of germ theory Isolation of anthrax, tuberculosis andcholera

Influenced

Friedrich Loeffler

Notable awards

Nobel Prize in Medicine (1905)

Louis Pasteur (

/lui pstr/, French: [lwi past]; December 27, 1822 September 28, 1895) was

a French chemist and microbiologist born in Dole. He is remembered for his remarkable breakthroughs in the causes and preventions of diseases. His discoveries reduced mortality from puerperal fever, and he created the first vaccine for rabies andanthrax. His experiments supported the germ theory of disease. He was best known to the general public for inventing a method to stop milk and wine from causing sickness, a process that came to be called pasteurization. He is regarded as one of the three main founders of microbiology, together with Ferdinand Cohn and Robert Koch. Pasteur also made many discoveries in the field of chemistry, most notably the molecular basis for the asymmetry of certain crystals.
[2]

His body lies beneath the Institute Pasteur in Parisin a


[3]

spectacular vault covered in depictions of his accomplishments in Byzantine mosaics.

Born

December 27, 1822 Dole, Jura, Franche-Comt, France

Died

September 28, 1895 (aged 72) Marnes-la-Coquette, Hauts-de-Seine, France Born

15 May [O.S. 3 May] 1845 Ivanovka, Kharkov Governorate, Russian Empire (now Kupiansk Raion, Kharkiv Oblast, Ukraine)

Nationality

French Died 15 July 1916 (aged 71) Paris, France

Fields

Chemistry Microbiology Nationality

Russian

Institutions

Dijon Lyce University of Strasbourg Universit Lille Nord de France cole Normale Suprieure

Fields

Zoopathology, Immunology, Gerontology

Alma mater

Kharkov University University of Giessen University of Gttingen

Alma mater

cole Normale Suprieure

Munich Academy

Notable students

Charles Friedel[1

Known for

phagocytosis

Notable awards Nobel Prize in Medicine (1908)

Ilya Ilyich Mechnikov (Russian: , Ukrainian: , also seen as lie Metchnikoff) (15 May [O.S. 3 May] 1845 15 July 1916) [1] was a Russian biologist, zoologist and protozoologist, best remembered for his pioneering research into the immune system. Mechnikov received the Nobel Prize in Medicine in 1908, shared with Paul Ehrlich, for his work on phagocytosis. He is also credited by some sources with coining the term gerontology in 1903, for the emerging study of aging and longevity. Paul Ralph Ehrlich (born 29 May 1932) is an American biologist and educator who is the Bing Professor of Population Studies in the department of Biological Sciences atStanford University and president of Stanford's Center [1][2] for Conservation Biology. By training he is an entomologist specializing in Lepidoptera (butterflies), but he also a [1] [3] prominent ecologist and demographer. Ehrlich is best known for his warnings about population growth and limited [4][5] resources. Ehrlich became well-known after publication of his controversial 1968 book The Population Bomb. He is also known for the famous SimonEhrlich wager, a bet about the trend of prices for certain metals that he made in 1980 with, and lost to, economist Julian Simon
29 May 1932 (age 79) Born Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA

Residence

Stanford, California

Nationality

American

Fields

Entomology, Population Studies

Institutions

Stanford University

Alma mater

University of Pennsylvania, A.B. University of Kansas, M.A., Ph.D.

Doctoral advisor

C.D. Michener

Known for

The Population Bomb

Notable awards

Sweden's Crafoord Prize in ecology, 1990

Spouse

Anne H. Ehrlich, m. 1954

Sir Alexander Fleming was born at Lochfield near Darvel in Ayrshire, Scotland on August 6th, 1881. He attended Louden Moor School, Darvel School, and Kilmarnock Academy before moving to London where he attended the Polytechnic. He spent four years in a shipping office before entering St. Mary's Medical School, London University. He qualified with distinction in 1906 and began research at St. Mary's under Sir Almroth Wright, a pioneer in vaccine therapy. He gained M.B., B.S., (London), with Gold Medal in 1908, and became a lecturer at St. Mary's until 1914. He served throughout World War I as a captain in the Army Medical Corps, being mentioned in dispatches, and in 1918 he returned to St.Mary's. He was elected Professor of the School in 1928 and Emeritus Professor of Bacteriology, University of London in 1948. He was elected Fellow of the Royal Society in 1943 and k Early in his medical life, Fleming became interested in the natural bacterial action of the blood and in antiseptics. He was able to continue his studies throughout his military career and on demobilization he settled to work on antibacterial substances which would not be toxic to animal tissues. In 1921, he discovered in tissues and secretions an important bacteriolytic substance which he named Lysozyme. About this time, he devised sensitivity titration methods and assays in human blood and other body fluids, which he subsequently used for the titration of penicillin. In 1928, while working on influenza virus, he observed that mould had developed accidently on a staphylococcus culture plate and that the mould had created a bacteria-free circle around itself. He was inspired to further experiment and he found that a mould culture prevented growth of staphylococci, even when diluted 800 times. He named the active substance penicillin. nighted in 1944. Sir Alexander wrote numerous papers on bacteriology, immunology and chemotherapy, including original descriptions of lysozyme and penicillin. They have been published in medical and scientific journals. SABIN:

)Born
Gerhard Domagk
Born

August 26, 1906 Biaystok, Russia (now Poland)

30 October 1895 Lagow, Brandenburg

Died

March 3, 1993 (aged 86) Washington, D.C, United States

Died

24 April 1964 (aged 68) Burgberg Citizenship

Heart Failure

Russia, United States

Nationality

Germany Fields immunology, virology

Fields

Bacteriology Alma mater New York University

Alma mater

University of Kiel Known for oral polio vaccine

Known for

Prontosil Notable awards see article

Notable awards

1939, Nobel Prize in Medicine

Gerhard Johannes Paul Domagk (30 October 1895 24 April 1964) was a Germanpathologist and bacteriologist credited with the discovery of Sulfonamidochrysoidine (KI-730) the first commercially available antibiotic (marketed under the brand nameProntosil) for which he received the 1939 Nobel [1] Prize in Physiology or Medicine.

Domagk was born in Lagow, Brandenburg, the son of a school headmaster. Until he was 14, he attended school in Sommerfeld (now Lubsko, Poland). Domagk studied medicineat the University of Kiel, but volunteered to serve as a soldier in World War I, where he was wounded in December 1914, working the rest of the war as medic. After the war, he finished his studies, and worked at the University of Greifswald, where he researchedinfections caused by bacteria. In 1925, he followed his professor Walter Gross to theUniversity of Mnster (WWU) and became professor there himself. He also started working at the Bayer laboratories at Wuppertal. The same year, he married Gertrud Strbe. Later they would have three sons and a daughter. Jonas Edward Salk (October 28, 1914 June 23, 1995) was an American medical researcher and virologist, best known for his discovery and development of the first safe and effective polio vaccine. He was born in New York City to parents from Ashkenazi Jewish Russian immigrant families. Although they themselves did not have much formal education, they were determined to see their children succeed. While attending New York University School of Medicine, he stood out from his peers not just because of his academic prowess, but because he chose to do medical research instead of becoming a physician. Until 1955, when the Salk vaccine was introduced, polio was considered the most frightening public health problem of the post-war United States. Annual epidemics were increasingly devastating. The 1952 epidemic was the worst outbreak in the nation's history. Of nearly 58,000 cases reported that year, 3,145 people died and 21,269 were left with mild to disabling paralysis,[1] with most of the victims children. The "public reaction was to a plague", said historian William O'Neill. "Citizens of urban areas were to be terrified every summer when this frightful visitor returned." According to a 2009 PBS documentary, "Apart from the atomic bomb, America's greatest fear was polio."[2] As a result, scientists were in a frantic race to find a way to prevent or cure the disease. U.S. president Franklin D. Roosevelt was the world's most recognized victim of the disease and founded the organization that would fund the development of a vaccine. Born Died October 28, 1914 New York, New York June 23, 1995 (aged 80) La Jolla, California, United States New York, New York Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania La Jolla, California

Residence

Nationality American Fields Medical research, virology and epidemiology Institutions University of Pittsburgh Salk Institute Alma mater City College of New York New York University Doctoral advisor Known for Notable awards Thomas Francis, Jr. First polio vaccine Lasker Award (1956)

Spouse Donna Lindsay (m. 19391968) , Franoise Gilot (m. 19701995

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