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INTRODUCTION

In textile industry, row material is the most dominant factor since it

contributes 50-75 % of total manufacturing cost. Any errors or negligence in

selection and composition of raw material cannot be corrected by any means.

Here omissions are beyond redemption.

In case of spg industry the basic R.M. is fibre which has a very high

degree of variability. Its measurement is really a tough task but it is often said that

If you can measure it then and then only you can manage it.

The imp. fibre properties to be measured are length, strength etc. In

order to understand the role of imp. properties, we will see the diagram showing

that contribution of fibre properties into yarn quality in ring as well as rotor spg

(fig.1)

Now most of the fibre measuring techniques are labourious and time

consuming. In order to avoid this drawback, one instrument developed which

gives boon to textile testing and this is known as HVI High volume instrument.

These methods are laborious and time consuming. High speed and

reliable testing instrument are the present need of mills to produce a good quality

yarn. This task is accomplished by HVI instrument.


BASIC BLOCK DIAGRAM OF HVI

SCREEN Microbalance

PRINTER

Colour Reflectance
Length & strength
measurement unit
Fineness
Measurement

Sample
Preparation

CONTRIBUTION OF FIBRE PROPERTIES TO YARN QUALITY

Elongation Trash Others


5% 3% 15%
Fineness
15%

Length
22%
Strength
20%
Length
uniformity
20%

Fig. Ring Spun Yarn


Trash
Elongation
Others
8%
6% 19%

Fineness
14%

Length
12%

Strength Length uniformity


24% 17%

Fig. Rotor Yarn

HVI - DATA ANALYSIS

• Length - Figrogram principle

Uniformity index
• Length uniformity
Uniformity ratio

• U.I. = UHML/ML

U.R. = 50% S.L./2.5% S.L.

• Strength - The force required to break a bundle of fibres clamped by the

combing device.

• Elongation - amount of stretch of fibre bundle prior to break (%)


• Micronoire - estimation of fineness

• Colour grade - The Red +b coordinates based on Hunter nickerson cotton

colour chart.

• Trash code - % of trash and area or measured by video principle.

• SFI - % of trash and area or measured by video principle.

• SFI - % of short fibres in each sample test specimen.

• SCI - An index, which indicates the spinnability of a bale cotton.

• CSP - An index, which indicates the predicted yarn breaking

strength.

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In Motion Control system (MCI) the fiber length is measured in

nonaligned fiber specimen form. This method allows full automatic production of a

suitable fiber tuft for measurement. The preparation of specimen includes combing to

straighten and parallelise the fibers and brushing to remove fiber crimps. The fiber

specimen a theoretically wedge shaped body is lowered in steps of 0.1mm through a slot

into a vacuum chamber. The vacuum in the chamber increases as the slot is closed by the

wedge shaped fiber tuft The change in vacuum is proportional to the increasing fiber

mass in the fiber wedge An extremely sensitive sensor converts the changes in the

vacuum into electric signals. The length haracteristics reported by this system are upper

half mean length, mean length, uniformity index, short fiber content, etc Uniformity
index is the ratio of the mean length and upper half mean length expressed in percentage.

This measure gives an idea about the distribution of fiber length. A value of 80 is

considered average length uniformity. The short fiber content gives the percent of fibers

smaller than 12.7mm length (by weigh) In Spinlab HVI system the measurement of the

length uniformity is made by digital Fibrograph type photoelectric instrument

outputting a voltage directly proportional to the amount of fiber in the prepared

specimens at a given distance from the base of the taste beard. The beard is

scanned photoelectrically from base to tips the amount of light passing through the

beard being upside as a measure of he number of fibers that extend various

distances from the comb. The results it reports are 2.5% span length expressed in

percentage.

Fineness :-

In HVI the cotton fiber fineness is expressed as micronnaire value

like other air-flow instruments. The principle of measurement is also very much

similar to conventional air-flow instruments. The repeatability of the data and the

operator ease of performing the tests have been improved slightly by elimination

of weighing the samples exactly the samples exactly the specified weight. Some

tolerance has been incorporated to reduce weighing time. In a USDA test of HVI

system on over 77,000 bales using only one measurement per bale in each

laboratory, micronnaire measurements made in different laboratories agreed with

each other within O.I micronnair units in 77% of the bales. A very good
correlation was observed by Balasubramanian, Basu and Ravindranathan

between micronnaire instrument.

Fiber strength

In HVI the fiber bunch prepared for length testing. Spinlab HVI the

test specimen is scanned for length and simultaneously a fibrogrm and the optical

mass of the beard are recorded by the microprocessors. Next the comb is

positioned for clamping the fiber beard for two jaws spaced at 3.2mm . The rear

jaw retracts at a constant rate of extension (C.R.E.) until the fibers are broken. A

force reading is taken at 0.02mm of movement and the entire stress -strain curve is

recorded. The force is divided by optical mass at amount value of 200 to give the

tenacity. Since fibers with smaller diameter scatter more light than the fibers with

larger diameter the optical mass is corrected with respective micronnaire value.

In MCI models, the length is measured by vacuum and the strength

is tested consequently schematic diagram of the principles are shown in Fig 2.

Among all other parameters tested by HVI the strength measurements is the most

critical as in principle this method is quit different from conventional methods .

Various authors have studied the influence of different parameters on fiber

tenacity value reported by HVI . Though the instrument is calibrated as per


stelometer or pressley strength value there are few basic differences which affect

the results.

l) fiber strength module of HVI works on CRE principle whereas principle of

stelometer is CRT.

2) Rates of bundle extension on the two HVI systems are nearly equal, and both

are 10-70 times faster than convential laboratory methods. Stelometer is adjusted

to provide a I kg/sec loading rate, where as pressly is set so that the weight travels

from 5 Ibs load point to 20 Ibs. load point in one second for HVI, the rate of jaws

disablement at 0.13 in/sec for MCI and 0.14 in/sec for spinlab.

3) In stelometer, while preparing samples most of the fiber's take part in bundle

strength testing.

4) The mass of fibers are measured indirectly by HVI in place of direct

measurement for conventional instruments.

The color of cotton fiber is important in gradation of cotton fiber's.

For measuring the color, the cotton is placed on glass window measuring 3.5"

square. A pneumatic powered automatic pressure plate that applies a constant

amount of pressure plate that applies a constant amount of pressure during the test

is located above the color window. To measure the color and trash, the operator

presses the color start button causing the pressure plate descended to the test

window. The calorimeter of HVI uses two lamps to illuminate a sample during
testing reflected light passes through filters and photodiodes to measure the two

color component of cotton lightness and yellowness. Lightness is expressed as a

percent reflectance(RD%), and yellowness is expressed in terms of Hunter's scale

(+b) values. These values can be converted into the equivental USDA color grade

codes based on the universal standards for grading American upland and pima

cotton.

While assessing color, it measures the trash content. The trash meter

of this instrument is an automated video image processor that measures the visible

leaf or trash. The digital image produces result such as trash area and trash count.

Trash area is given by the percent of sample viewing area occupied by trash. Trash

count gives an indication of the number of trash particles whose diameter is

greater than or equal to 0.01 inch. These two measures, i.e. color and trash are

somehow inter-related. It has been observed by lyer that the measures of

reflectance(Rd%) has good relationship with trash; the Rd value decreases with

increases in trash content. In another publication, lyer have recommended a graded

index of Indian cottons based on the colorimeter value of HVI. The trash

parameter reported by HVI are quite different as compared to that of shirely trash

analyzer. HVI employs optical means to identify trash and below 0.01" , it cannot

count whereas Shirley trash analyzer or similar instrument uses gravimetric

method where dusts, microdust are also accounted. Very few work has been
carried out in this aspect. Taylor's opined that for counting trash HVI produces low

reading for tinged and yellow stained cotton compared to the trend indicated by

other cotton's, the difficulty in counting trash in yellow cotton can be explained

two factor's. Firstly, in this type of cotton much of the visible trash is composed of

motes immature seeds and short fiber. Which are hidden from the view of the

camera and, secondly, the reduces contrast between brown trash and yellow cotton

makes it difficult to identify the edge of a particle.

Applications :-

How is HVI used ?

Cotton Seed Breeders : Verify progress in attaining goals in


development of new varieties of cotton.

Cotton Producers and : Grading/Classification for use in loan


Government standards value and spot market price of cotton.

Cotton Merchants/Shippers : Verify published data on cotton


Cotton Consumers/Spinners classification.

Cotton research : Basic research and investigation of


various physical properties of fibre.

Modern Quality Concepts based on HVI


Bale Yarn
Management Engineering
System

(1) Bale Mgt :- It is based on categorising the cotton bales according to fibre

quality characterstics. It has 3 steps.

(1) Measurement of fibre properties of each bale.

(2) Separation of bales into class

(3) Making a balanced min.

Ist step is entirely based on HVI testing.

(2) Yarn Engineering :- It is nothing but prediction of yarn properties from fibre

properties and Quick fibre analysis can be possible on this instrument.

HIGH VOLUME INSTRUMENT TESTING - THE BASICS

 Properties Measured - length, strength, length uniformity


elongation, micronaire, colour and trash.
 Equipment features - VGA colour monitor
IBM - Compatible computer
3.5 " floppy drive
Hard disk drive, balance, printer

 HVI 900 system Modules :-

900 Semiautomatic 900


Automatic
Length/strength module
micronaire module colour / trash
module

COMPARISON OF HVI AND LABORATORY INSTRUMENT

Property Lab HVI Lab HVI Lab HVI


1) Micronaire 4.2 4.2 5.2 5.2 3.2 3.2
2) 1/8 gauge strength 21.3 21.0 24.2 25.2 21.5 22.5
3) 1/8 gauge elongat'n (%) 6.6 7.1 8.1 7.8 6.0 6.3
4) 2.5% S.L. span length 37.1 36.9 31.4 31.8 28.6 28.8
5) Uniformity Ratio 51.1 51.2 47.7 47.5 45.9 46.0

PREMIER HFT 9000 V 2.1.1

HFT System Testing Date: 08/12/2002

Identifier : LOTN044 Time : 11:41

Cotton : MECH1 Operator : JKU

Sub 2.5% 50% U.R. MIC Str Elg Rd +b C.G MR


SFI
ID SL SL (w)
44/23 28.2 13.5 47.8 3.96 24.4 6.5 69.6 10.1 43.1 0.84 9.9
8 2
44/11 27.5 12.9 46.8 3.99 23.9 6.5 67.9 9.7 42.4 0.84 11.4
7 1
44/12 28.9 13.9 48.1 3.97 22.6 6.5 67.7 10.3 43.1 0.83 8.9
6 2
44/42 67.8 13.11 47.1 3.86 22.3 6.4 70.5 10.1 42.1 0.83 10.9
3

Advantages of HVI

1. High accuracy, which will causes to give more precise result and are can

predict almost clearly at each stage.


2. High speed can test almost 200 samples/hr. due to that results are based on

large no. of results and completely free from biosing.

3. Result are free from human and machine error.

4. Gives additive quality indices namely S.F.I., S.C.I., C.S.P.

5. Avoider labour's laboratory work.

Conclusion :-

In Today's worldwide competitive market, effective management of

cotton is only possible by HVI. It is said to be heart of fibre measurement

technique.

Bibliography :-

(1) Principles of textile testing - J.E.Borth

(2) Cotton fibre testing - Ed White, Peter Jones.

(3) A. T. I. March 1998

(4) Textile Research Journal - April 1992

(5) I T J = June 1995

(6) A T J Feb 1999.


TESTING METHODOLOGY IN THE PAST

Parameter Instrument Measure


Length Classer grade Staple length
Grease plate Mean length, eff. length
Bare sorter Mean length, dispersion etc.
Digital fibregraph 2.5%, 50% span length uniformity
ratio etc.

Strength Stelometer Bundle strength


Pressley Bundle strength
Instron single fibre strength

Fineness Gravimetric method Fineness


Optical Fineness
vibroscope Fineness
air flow Fineness

Maturity Differential dyeg method Maturity


NaOH method Maturity
Polarized Method Maturity

Trash Shirely trash analyser Trash %

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