GOD AT THE CENTRE PHOBIAS 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. 15. 16. 17. 18. 19. 20.

21. 22. 23. 24. 25. 26. 27. 28. 29. 30. 31. 32. 33. 34. 35. 36. 37. 38. 39. 40. Achlophobia fear of crowds Acrophobia- fear of heights Aerophobia- fear of high objects Agoraphobia- fear of open spaces Ailurophobia- fear of cats Algophobia fear of pain Androphobia fear of men Ankhophobia fear of flowers Anthrophobia fear of people Apiphobia fear of bees Aquaphobia fear of water Arachnephobia fear of spiders Astraphobia fear of storms Aviophobia fear of flying Baccilophobia fear of microbes Bacteriophobia fear of germs Ballistophobia fear of bullets Bathophobia fear of depth Belonephobia fear of pins and needles Botanophobia fear of plants Brontophobia fear of thunder Chromophobia fear of certain colors Claustrophobia fear of enclosed places Clinophobia fear of beds Cynophobia fear of dogs Decidophobia fear of making decisions Demonophobia fear of demons Domatophobia fear of being confined in a house Entomophobia fear of insects Equinophobia fear of horses Ergophobia fear of work Gephydrophobia fear of crossing bridges Gynephobia fear of women Hematophobia fear of blood Herpetophobia fear of reptiles Hydrophobia fear of water Iatrophobia fear of doctors Monophobia fear of being alone Mysophobia fear of dirt Necrophobia fear of dead bodies

August 24, 2011

NDIPENOCK DANIEL NDIPACHERE (S.MD)

GOD AT THE CENTRE 41. 42. 43. 44. 45. 46. 47. 48. 49. 50. 51. 52. 53. 54. 55. 56. 57. 58. 59. 60. 61. 62. 63. 64. 65. 66. 67. 68. Nosophobia fear of disease Nucleomitiphobia fear of nuclear bombs Numerophobia fear of numbers Nyctophobia fear of night Ombrophobia fear of rain Ophidiophobia fear of snakes Optophobia fear of opening your eyes Pathophobia fear of disease Peccatophobia fear of sinning Pediphobia fear of children of dolls Phobophobia fear of your own fears Psychrophobia fear of cold Sitophobia fear of food Sophophobia fear of learning Stenophobia fear of open places Syphilophobia fear of syphilis Taphephobia fear of being buried alive Technophobia fear of technology Thalassophobia fear of the ocean Thanatophobia fear of death Topophobia fear of performing on stage Trichophobia fear of hair Triskaidekaphobia fear of the number 13 Tropophobia fear of moving Verbophobia fear of words Vestiophobia fear of clothing Xenophobia fear of strangers Zoophobia fear of animals

August 24, 2011

Courtesy: PSYCHOLOGY AND YOU by Frank B. McMahon, Judith W. McMahon and Tony Romano.

Psychology: scientific study of human and animal behavior Philosophy: study of human behavior using logic and reason Dark ages: 400 A.D 900 A.D ; period of chaos and civil wars when intellectual progress stopped Middle ages: 900A.D 1400A.D; period of little science Renaissance: 1400A.D 1700A.D; the rebirth of learning Introspection: the process of looking into yourself and describing what is there Eclecticism: the process of making your own system by borrowing from two or more other systems Neurobiology: viewing behavior as the result of biology plus nerve cells

NDIPENOCK DANIEL NDIPACHERE (S.MD)

GOD AT THE CENTRE

August 24, 2011

Behaviorism: the believe that we are the product of association Humanism: the believe that people are basically good and capable of helping themselves Psychoanalysis: viewing the individual as a product of unconsciousness Cognitive psychology: the study of how humans use mental processes to handle problems or develop certain personality characteristics Sensation: the process of receiving information from the environment Perception: the process of interpretation of an incoming message Afterimage: the firing of the cones not used after viewing something steadily in order to bring the visual system back to balance Pheromones: odor chemicals in animals that communicate a message Size constancy: the ability to retain the size of an object regardless of where it is located Color constancy: the ability to perceive an object as the same color regardless of the environment Brightness constancy: keeping brightness constant as object changes environment Depth perception: the ability to see objects in space Binocular disparity: the difference between the image provided by each eye Space constancy: the ability to keep objects in the environment steady Visual texture: depth perception based on how rough or smooth objects appear Illusion: an inaccurate perception Closure: filling in the missing details of what is viewed Motivation: the need to seek a goal such as food, water, friends etc. Emotion: a state of body causing feelings of hope, fear, love etc. Set point: the body-regulating mechanism that determines a persons typical weight Contact comfort: satisfaction obtained from pleasant soft stimulation Hierarchy of needs: physiological needs, safety needs, belonging, self-esteem, self-actualization James-Lange theory: for emotion, the body first responds, then one feels the emotion Cannon-Bard theory: the bodily reaction and the emotional response to an event occur at the same time Anorexia nervosa: a disorder that involves loss of weight to the point of imminent starvation and death Bulimia: a disorder that involves trying to avoid gaining weight by throwing up or using laxatives Consciousness: awareness of, or the possibility of knowing, what is happening inside of outside the organism Sub-consciousness: consciousness just below our present awareness Unconscious: thoughts or desires about which we can have no direct knowledge Chronobiology: the study of forces that control the body at different times of the day, month or year Biological clocks: internal chemical units that control parts of the body and are regulated by nature Free-running cycles: cycles set up by biological clocks that are under their own control, neglecting the environment

NDIPENOCK DANIEL NDIPACHERE (S.MD)

GOD AT THE CENTRE

August 24, 2011

Entrainment: altering a free-running cycle to fit a different rhythm Circadian rhythm: sequences of behavioral changes that occur every 24hrs Twilight state: time just before when we fall into deep sleep REM sleep: rapid eye movement sleep when we dream Beta waves: rapid brain waves; appear when a person is awake Alpha waves: stage 1, fairly alert brain waves occurring just before going to sleep; relaxed Delta waves: slow, lazy, deep-sleep brain waves NREM sleep: involves partial thoughts, images, or stories, poor organization Nightmare: frightening dream during REM REM rebound: increase in the number of dreams after being deprived them Incubus attack: horrible nightmare occurring during NREM when the body is not prepared for it Social entrainment: fitting sleep and dreams into your social schedule Insomnia: the inability to get enough sleep Narcolepsy: disorder in which a person falls instantly into sleep no matter what is going on in the environment Sleep apnea: breathing stops while sleeping, waking the person Hypnosis: a state of suggestion in which attention is focused on objects, acts or feelings Trance: another word for the state of deep relaxation that can occur during hypnosis Meditation: a form of self-control in which the outside world is cut off from consciousness Conditioning: making an association between an event and something positive or negative by continuous exposure Classical conditioning: ivan Pavlovs method of conditioning in which associations are made between a natural stimulus and a learned, neutral stimulus Extinction: gradual loss of association over time Operant conditioning: conditioning that results from ones actions and the consequences they cause Reinforcement: the strengthening of a tendency to do ( or not to do ) something; primary and secondary; positive and negative Generalization: a behavior that spreads from one situation to a similar one Discrimination learning: learning to tell the difference between one event or object and another Shaping: the process of developing a part of a whole learning sequence Chaining: reinforcing the connection between different shaped acts Social learning: all learning that occurs in a social situation Observational learning: a form of social learning in which the organism observes and imitates the behavior of others Cognitive learning: a way of learning based on abstract mental processes and previous knowledge State-dependent learning: the fact that material learned in one chemical state is best reproduced when the same state occurs again Transfer of learning: a learning process in which learning is moved from one task to another based on the similarities or dissimilarities (positive or negative) between the tasks

NDIPENOCK DANIEL NDIPACHERE (S.MD)

GOD AT THE CENTRE

August 24, 2011

Elaboration: the process of attaching a maximum number of associations to a basic concept or other material to be learned so that it can be retrieved more easily Principle learning: a method of learning in which an overall view of the material to be learned is developed so that the material is better organized Chunking: putting items learned in groups rather than separate Forgetting: an increase in errors when trying to bring material back from memory Overlearning: the process of learning something beyond one perfect recitation Interference theory: the believe that we forget because new and old material conflict with one another Amnesia: the blocking of older materials and loss of new ones Short-term memory: the memory system that retains information for a few seconds to a few minutes Long-term memory: the memory system that retains information for days, weeks, months, decades Iconic and Acoustic memory: a very brief visual or sound memory that can be sent to the STM Eidetic memory: and iconic memory lasting a minute or so that keeps images in front of the person so that objects can be counted or analyzed; also called photographic memory Intelligence: direction, adaptability, comprehension and self-evaluation IQ: ratio of mental age to chronological age Creativity: breaking set Set: a tendency to solve problems in the same old way over and over Imprinting: a process that occurs at a preset time in an animals development, when the animals brain is ready to receive a belief or behavior Critical period: a specific time of development that is the only time when a particular skill can begin to develop or an association can occur Feral children: wild, untamed children Self-esteem: the feeling that you are worthwhile and useful Early maturer: someone who develops one half a year or more ahead of average growth Late maturer: someone who develops one half a year or more ahead of average growth Crowds: large groups with loose rules and changeable membership Clique: tightly knit group with strict rules and limited membership usually tied to school activities Gang: rebellious, antisocial group with strict rules not accepted by social organizations such as school Identity confusion: Erik Eriksons term for an uncertainty about who one is or where he or she is going Moratorium: an adolescents delay in making the commitments normally expected of adults Midlife crisis: a time of upheaval and loss of purpose that occurs to some people around the age of 40. Empty-nest period: the time of life when the children are grown and leave home. Gerontology: the branch of Psychology that studies the aging process and the problems of the elderly

NDIPENOCK DANIEL NDIPACHERE (S.MD)

GOD AT THE CENTRE

August 24, 2011

Senile: loss of mental faculties as a result of aging Alzheimers disease: loss of chemical nerve cell transmitters and other damages to nerve transmission that result in mental deterioration Thanatology: study of death and methods for coping with it Hospices: places where terminally ill people can live out their lives in comfort and away from hospital Spatial skills: ability to imagine how an object would look like if it was moved about in space Androgyny: the quality of having both masculine and feminine characteristics Personality: a persons broad, long-lasting patterns of behavior Freuds map of the mind: consists of the id, superego and ego Id: unit containing our animal impulses (needs and drives) Superego: unit roughly synonymous with conscience Ego: the self that allows controlled id expression within the limits of the superego Persona: Carl Jungs term for a mask people wear to hide what they really are or feel Modeling: learning by imitating others Fully functioning individual: someone who has become what he or she should be i.e. ideal self = real self Norms: patterns of test answers from different types of people Projective tests: tests measuring inner feelings projected unto a vague stimulus, such as an ink blot or unclear picture Aptitude: ones special skills Halo effect: a situation where a person comes off well in class or in an interview, even though this is not his or her real personality. Barnum effect: stating the obvious as if it comes from special knowledge Frustration: blocking or hindering of goals we are seeking Conflict: a problem that demands a choice between alternatives in order to be solved Anxiety: the feeling that something is wrong and disaster is imminent Stress: the physical pressure and strain that result from changes in the environment Eustress: good stress; motivates us to do something worthwhile Distress: bad stress; causes physical problems and is nonproductive Stress hormone: a chemical that signals the adrenal glands to activate the body Type A personality: people who are always operating at full speed, are impatient, and are filled with distress Type B personality: people who are open to change, are flexible, enjoy life, and low levels of stress General adaptation syndrome: the sequence of behavior that occurs in reaction to prolonged stress; alarm, resistance and exhaustion Substance abuse/chemical dependence: excess use of drugs Alcoholic withdrawal delirium: the horrors that can result from severe alcoholism; weakness, anxiety, cramps and hallucinations Hallucinations: seeing of hearing things that are not physically present

NDIPENOCK DANIEL NDIPACHERE (S.MD)

GOD AT THE CENTRE

August 24, 2011

Synergistic effect: the result of taking two drugs in combination, which makes each more potent than either one by itself Psychedelic: a drug that distorts or confuses the users perception of the world Tolerance: the need to take larger and larger amounts of a drug while still having the same effect Paranoia: the belief that others are out to get you Psychological dependence: a craving by the psyche for a drug, although the body doesnt demand it Opiates: opium, morphine and heroine; sedatives that reduce body functioning Physical dependence: a craving by the body for a drug Steroids: artificially produces male sex hormones Sudden death phenomenon: a death that results from panic and overload of the major nerves going to the heart Headaches ( muscle contraction and migraine ) Muscle contraction headache: from holding oneself in a fixed position , causing the muscles of the neck and head to exert pressure on the nerve endings Migraine headache: results from and insufficient supply of the brain chemical serotonin Phantom-limb pain: severe pain that feels as if it is coming from a missing limb Endorphins: morphine-like substance produced by the body and responsible for reduction of strain and enhancing pleasurable feelings Placebo effect: physical reaction to the power of suggestion Acupuncture: a system of pain relief that involves inserting needles into the skin Cognitive strategy: organized mental task designed to convince the brain that all is well; distraction and redefinition Biofeedback: a method of mental control in which a machine attached to the body records events like high BP so that the individual can change them Defense mechanisms: techniques used to remain psychologically stable (repression, rationalization, projection, regression and denial) Psychotic disorders: involve serious inability to think rationally and perceive the world accurately Nonpsychotic disorders: characterized by serious discomfort or inefficiency from which the person seeks relief Anxiety disorder (panic, phobias and obsession/compulsion): living in continuous destructive state of anxiety Panic: disorder in which one cannot relax and is plagued by frequent and overwhelming attacks of anxiety Phobia: one becomes disabled and overwhelmed by fear in the presence of certain objects or events Obsession: an endless preoccupation with an urge or thought Compulsion: a symbolic ritualized behavior that a person that a person must keep acting out in order to avoid anxiety

NDIPENOCK DANIEL NDIPACHERE (S.MD)

GOD AT THE CENTRE

August 24, 2011

Obsessive compulsive disorder: having continued thoughts about performing a certain act over and over Dissociative disorder: nonpsychotic disorder in which a part of ones life becomes disconnected from other parts; amnesia, multiple personality Psychogenic amnesia: a disorder in which traumatic events disappear from memory Selective forgetting: forgetting only things that are traumatic Multiple personality: a person who divides himself or herself into two or more separate personalities that can act independently Dysthymic disorder: a moderate nonpsychotic depression Thought disorder: a serious distortion of the ability to think or speak Disorder: discomfort, bizarre, inefficient Delusion: a belief in something that is not true Major effect disorder: serious disturbances of affection, or emotion; persons moods go very high or very low Major depression: a psychotic effective disorder involving mammoth depression, loss of appetite, hopelessness, thoughts of death Mania: disorder involving extreme agitation and restlessness Flight of ideas: a confused psychotic speech in which thoughts and speeches go In all directions with no unifying idea Bipolar disorder: a major affective disorder with up and down swings of moods from high to low Schizophrenia: the most serious mental disturbance, involving loss of contact with reality, thought disorders, hallucinations, and delusions Word salad: speech in which words are mixed together incoherently Clang associations: psychotic speech in which words are rhymed Psychotic episodes: periods of psychotic behavior that can alternate with periods of relative coherence and calm Dopamine: the brain chemical present in excess in schizophrenics, which causes nerve cells to fire too rapidly and leads to thought and speech confusion Personality disorder: a disorder in which the person is neither neurotic nor psychotic but the personality is clearly disturbed Antisocial personality disorder: the disorder of the sociopath Sociopath: someone with personality disorder who is in constant conflict with the law and seems to have no conscience Counseling psychology: deals with problems not fitting into the formal classifications of mental disturbances Clinical psychology: deals with the emotional disturbances of any kind; may work with formal mental patients Psychiatrist: mental health worker with a degree in medicine Psychotherapy: method used to help people with emotional and psychological problems

NDIPENOCK DANIEL NDIPACHERE (S.MD)

GOD AT THE CENTRE

August 24, 2011

Free association: the process of saying whatever comes to mind; uncovers the unconscious in psychoanalysis. Transference: the process in which patient transfers emotional conflicts of earlier years onto therapist Humanistic therapy: emphasizes the individuals own ability to heal himself or herself with some assistance. Client-centered therapy: reflects belief that the client is more important than the therapist Nondirective therapy: reflecting and bringing together whatever the client says Unconditioned positive regard: a principle in which the clients feelings and thoughts are accepted for whatever they are Behavioral therapy: uses principles of learning to alter the persons behavior that is causing trouble Systematic desensitization: a behavioral technique in which the therapist step by step increases the patients anxiety and counters it by association with relaxation in a step by step sequence Aversive conditioning: a behavioral technique in which unpleasantness is associated with acts that are to be avoided Token economy: a behavioral technique in which rewards for desired acts are accumulated through tokens, which represent a form of money Internalized sentences: the opinions we form of ourselves by listening to our own inner voice Awfulize: to see things in the worst possible light Group therapy: more than one person treated at a time Encounter groups: normal people brought together to become more sensitive to others problems as well as to themselves Chemotherapy: use of drugs to relieve psychological disturbance Electroconvulsive therapy (ECT): an electric shock sent through the brain to try to reduce symptoms of mental disturbance Psychosurgery: surgery that destroys part of the brain to make the patient calmer, freer of symptoms Deindividuation: a loss of ones sense of individuality and responsibility when in a group Risky shift phenomenon: the situation where the danger of an act is split among the members of a group; hence, it is smaller for each person Imitation learning: the process of learning behavior by view others and imitating them Catharsis: the supposed ability to get rid of aggressive energy by viewing others acting aggressively Diffusion of responsibility: for an individual member of a group, responsibility for others is spread out among all group members Evaluation apprehension: the concern about how others will judge us; we make our behavior conform to what we think they will approve of Internalize: to take as part of us the behavior of others Reference group: a group with which one identifies and that provides standards of behavior Prejudice: a bias that leads to treating people unfairly, ignoring the real person involved

NDIPENOCK DANIEL NDIPACHERE (S.MD)

GOD AT THE CENTRE

August 24, 2011

Illusory correlations: connections that seem very strong in ones mind but that dont really exist Cognitive dissonance: a contradiction between actions or events and beliefs , which must be reconciled or justified Immunization: an attempt to train a person beforehand to resist persuasion an propaganda Polygraph: a lie detector

NDIPENOCK DANIEL NDIPACHERE (S.MD)