E Core

E-Core: Vol II, Issue I

NMAM Institute of Technology, Nitte Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering National Workshop on Emerging Technology in Power Electronics A broad review 28-30 July, 2010 A Report
The department of Electrical & Electronics Engineering of NMAM Institute of Technology organized 3-day National Workshop on Emerging Technology in Power Electronics A broad review during 28-30 July, 2011. The inauguration of the workshop was held on 28th July, 2011 at Shambhavi Auditorium at 10.00AM. Prof. Dr. Ashok Kumar T. Principal, Vivekananda College of Engineering, Puttur, inaugurated the workshop and said Technical workshops kindle the knowledge among the youngsters. Change in curriculum will upgrade the knowledge of students. To do this, teaching and research should go hand in hand. Then only we can see the technical changes I the world. Dr. S. Y. Kulkarni, Pricipal, NMAMIT, Nitte, in his presidential address said that research activities should be stresses which will upgrade the technical advancement in every human beings life. Prof. K. Vasudeva Shettigar welcomed the gathering and briefed about the workshop and its schedule. Prof. Raghavendra Rao introduced the chief guest to the gathering. Coordinator Prof. Nayana P Shetty delivered vote of thanks. Dr. G.V.Jayaramaiah, HOD Dept of E&C of Dr. AIT, Bangalore delivered a key note address after the inaugural program. Totally 25 faculties from various colleges participated in the workshop. The entire workshop proceedings were video recorded.
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Schedule of the workshop was as follows. Day 1. Session 1 Topic Session 2 Topic Day 2 Session 1 Topic Session 2 Topic Session 3 Topic Dr. Nagesh Prabhu, Principal, CEC Benjanapadavu VSC based HVDC SYSTEMS Dr. G.V.Jayaramaiah, HOD Dept of E&C of Dr. AIT, Bangalore Matlab/ Simulink implementation of DTC of Induction Motor. Dr. A. B. Raju, Prof. & HOD, Dept. of E&E, BVBCE, Hubli Wind Energy Conversion Systems Dr. Pinto Pius Prof. & HOD, Dept of E&E, SJEC, Vamanjoor Power Electronics VAR controller for SEIG. Dr. Harish Padiyar Asst. Prof. Dept. of E&E, MIT Manipal Use of Excel Sheet for Engineering Applications-A Case Study with DC- DC converter Session 4 Dr. A. B. Raju, Prof. & HOD, Dept. of E&E, BVBCE, Hubli Topic SEQUEL: Power Electronics Simulation software An Introduction. Day 3 Session 1 Dr K.P.Vittal Professor & HOD E&E Dept, NITK, Surathkal Topic Application of TMS320F28335 DSC in Electrical Engineering Session 2 Dr. Vinayak N Shet, Prof & Head, Dept. of E&E, GEC Goa Topic Power Electronics and Application Session 3 Sri. L. V. Prabhu, HEXMOTO Controls Pvt. Ltd., Belavadi Industrial Area, Mysore Topic Application of Power Electronics in Industrial Drives.
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ETECHNOLOGY TOWARDS MANKIND: THE DNA COMPUTER

By: Mr.Prakash.NK (Assistant Professor, EEE)
DNA computing, until very recently, the majority of the public would have stopped and stared at anyone mentioning the subject. "DNA can't be used for computing," they would have said. But now, we know that this isn't true. In 1994, Leonard M. Adleman was the first to use DNA to compute a problem, and, though he didn't know it at the time, was also creating a whole new field of science that would combine biology and computers in ways that, a few years ago, would have been unimaginably impossible. Double Helix is on DNA computing, is not meant to go into an in-depth analysis of the whole DNA computing process, but will introduce to a new, just-developing kind of computing method that has the potential to become the fastest, smallest type of the computer ever created. DNA and silicon computing are alike, right? Wrong. DNA and standard, silicon-chip based computers are fundamentally different in the way they compute and in other aspects as well. Modern "von Neumann" computers, as they are called, work instructions one-at-a-time. They take a task; complete it, and then move on to the next one, repeating the process again and again. DNA computing, however, computes in a different fashion, known as parallel computing. For example, problems involving finding many possible solutions and then finding the correct one. Since a standard computer can only generate a possible solution one-at-atime, and check possible solutions one-at-a-time, problems such as these get increasingly more complex for these oneat-a-time computers as the number of possibilities rises. Parallel computers, however, are much better at this because they can have thousands of possibilities being worked out at the same time. In DNA computing, a DNA strand can be replicated 500 times a second (this is fast, considering the 99.8% accuracy rate in DNA replication ).However, 500 replications per second is actually very slow (1000 bits/second, or 0.001 MIPS) compared to modern computers, which can run at 1,000 MIPS (million instructions per second) in some cases. But, if many enzymes (enzymes have jobs that are similar to commands on a computer, cutting, pasting, replicating, repairing DNA strands) are allowed to work on DNA in parallel, they can start working on the second strand before the first is completely copied, and so on, increasing the data path about 1000 bits per DNA strand. And since the DNA strands increase exponentially, soon have data paths of thousands of gigabytes, much bigger than any modern computer today. Eventually, DNA computations, if running in parallel, can reach 1014 MIPS in speed. Also, DNA is much more efficient than a standard computer. A supercomputer operating at 1,000 MIPS can perform 1019 operations per Joule, while using DNA is 10 to the 10th times more efficient (running at 2 X 1019 if working in parallel). Data density in DNA is also hugely bigger than standard computers. A DNA strand has the bases A, T, C, and G spaced evenly 0.35 nanometers apart on it. This means that, if there is one base per square nanometer, the data density of one square inch is close to a million gigabytes. In a standard computer, data density is close to 100,000 times smaller, around 7 gigabytes per square inch. Increasing performance is different for both types of methods. For standard computers, increasing performance means increasing the RAM or clock-speed, so that individual tasks can be completed faster. For parallel (here DNA) computing, more memory and parallel processing increases performance. This computation, probably the most well-known, was the first of its kind, not because the remark ability of the problem solved, but because of the unorthodox, shockingly-new technique used to solve the problem. This problem was completed in 1994, over a seven-day period by a team of scientists led by Leonard M. Adleman, who later published his results. The problem is a Hamiltonian Path problem - a problem involving paths going though points using certain rules and a general rule that no point can be passed through more than once. The best possible hope for DNA computers at this time is in devices that operate on the nanoscale level, almost infinetismely smaller than computers of the day operate at. Possible nanodevices that could employ DNA computing technology are devices that can make repairs on the cellular level in a human body, something that current devices cannot do, and devices that act as biosensors in a human body to alert scientists or doctors when something goes wrong. DNA computing may also be used in place of silicon chips, resulting in much smaller computers. These nanoscale devices are now known as bimolecular machines, and optimists say that eventually, they will be able to operate with almost no human interaction, much like computers today. But this hasn't happened yet, and there is no guarantee that it ever will. Reference: library.thinkquest.org/ TQ0312650/intro7.htm
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MAKING OF THE SINGING ARC - Plasma Speaker
Prajwal Nayak V SEM, EEE
Everyone knows very well that the lightning strikes and then one can hear skies rumble. Of Course that sound isnt very pleasing to hear but surely the lightning is fascinating to watch. But we all are scared of it? Why? because it kills if it strikes. Right? Or from the electrical point of view the figure of 1billion volts and 30 thousand amperes of current might make anyones heart pound faster. But playing with things like these is what a human does, even though he knows that the outcome could go either way. Either he might get ultimate success or may make a devastating mistake. Still he pursues his desires to know things. Coming back to the lightning and thunder, ever wondered how you can hear the sound when a lightning strikes? One may say that when it hits the ground you hear the sound, but even though a lightning does not strike you can still hear the sound. Our project is kind of based on this phenomenon. We are trying to play music not by using convectional speakers but by using high voltage sparks, not as high as lightning but about 10 to 15 thousand volts. It all began during the first MADLAB session where Naman Dubey was supposed to give a talk on plasma speaker. At that time i was wondering what it might be ,as the word speaker made sense, but plasma? i had studied it to be the fourth state of matter since first grade but not heard of it anywhere else . So i was keen to know what he was going to talk about. Then Naman came towards the board to deliver the talk. He was fully energetic as if the plasma itself was his source. He drew a diagram on the board,it looked as if he scribbled something which made no sense to any of us in the class and then he started taking about it. Things soon started making sense and the puzzle pieces which were in my mind started coming together. Plasma speaker as the name goes is a device which produces sound but unlike the normal convectional speaker where a magnet and a diaphragm is used, plasma speakers vary the size of a plasma glow discharge, corona discharge or electric arc which then acts as a massless radiating element, creating the compression waves in air that listeners perceive as sound. That means the voltage level must be high enough to reach the breakdown capacity of air i.e.3000 volts per centimetre. As dangerous as it sounds its very pleasing to the eyes. Then Naman requested surya sir to play a video of the plasma speaker in action. It was some YouTube video of a guy playing music using the plasma speaker. The guy did not look like a student. The project fascinated me a lot. After the video ,sir came to the board and asked Naman if he could work on this project and try to display it for ELIXIR next year.I started thinking, if that guy could do it why cant I? However last sem i had made normal speakers for ELIXIR10, where magnetic field is used to push or pull a conventional driver, to create compression waves in air which we perceive as sound. So why not display the plasma speaker for ELIXIR11.I turned towards my project group which comprises of ravikiran, varun, vivek and sharyl and asked them if they would like to join me in building it.They agreed without any second thoughts. I went home and started searching for details about the speaker. I opened page after page and finally found some good circuits which we could work on. The circuit looked simple and i thought the project would surely be over within a day or two . I then messaged sir and told that i would like to do the project and display it for ELIXIR this year itself. The concept was basically the same as that of the Tesla coil on which another group from my class was working , so i thought that it meant two high voltage experiments could be displayed for ELIXIR this time. Next day i and my friends approached sir with the circuit diagram and got the green signal from him. Next step was buying of the components. We set out to Mangalore to get the components. But we were shocked looking at the prices. We were used to doing projects with a budget of max 200 to 300 rupees ,that too, using spare parts but this time was different. The price of the single capacitor itself was 180 rupees. But thanks to surya sir we were able to go forward. The total cost went up to 1500-2000 rupees. Then came the confusion of the fly back transformer. We had never heard of it but the picture from Google reminded me of a component from the TV which i had seen when a TV repair guy had come home. When we asked the shop keeper for the fly back he said hadnt heard of it. Finally i told him that it is used in TVs and showed him the picture. He gave us a similar looking transformer which cost us 200 bucks. It was a risk we had to take and we decided to go ahead with it. But there was another component we couldnt find which was, a toroid for making the gate drive transformer. We searched for it in many shops but it was not fruitful. But luckily for us there was another circuit without the gate drive transformer and we decided to go with it for the time. Next day we rigged up the circuit and finally the time had come to see the spark singing. We connected the circuit to the car battery as our circuit needed about 5amps of current. As soon as we connected it Zrrrrrrr...was all that we heard and for a second we thought the circuit worked but to our sadness it was the wire which got burnet and our IC dropped dead.
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It was a Thursday evening and we struggled till 7pm to get nothing but burnt wires. Finally we called it a day and returned home ,all of sad that it dint work. The next day my friends had lab and i had a half day. I went to the lab in the morning and started working on the speakers. I tried to find the problem and ended up starting from the scratch. Then finally the triggering circuit started giving the output and i then tried connecting the other part of the circuit. I switched on the supply, and i was able to hear a hissing sound and by mistakemy hand touched the high voltage side, and i got the shock of my life! 10000 volts hit me. But i still live to tell the story. Thank god ,the secondary current was in milliamps or else this would have been the last experiment of my life. I removed my hand and there it was, a 0.5cm cute little spark. I rushed to surya sir to tell him and he was happy that it turned out to be successful. Even though it was a small arc, something is better than nothing and this was a huge morale boost for us. Arul sir was also there and when he saw the spark he was fully mesmerised. With a bit of tweeting we were able to increase the spark distance to 1cm.But the quality of sound when we connected to music player was not very good. Frankly speaking it was very bad. It was as if we were listening to the hissing sound of a radio. But still we got some hope that it might work and we named the spark as "The Spark of hope". This inspired the tesla coil group also to work harder and they too got their first spark within a few days. Actually our group owes a thanks to them as we used their spark gap.
Below is the circuit diagram of the first prototype of the plasma speaker. Now with this new hope we thought of where to get the toroid from and finally i asked my friend Pradeep from Bangalore to check if he could get the toroid for me and luckily he found it. I am grateful to him for sending it without even bothering of the cost. Within 3 days i got the toroid and we started working on the second circuit. The circuit got completed in a day. So finally after destroying 5 ICs during testing and the display of sirs power supply we heard a proper sound for the first time and the first song to dance on, WANNA BE MY CHAMMAK CHALLO..... All of us were happy and with a few tweaks we thought we could make the sound better. But to our despair the circuit suddenly dropped dead . No luck anyway. With no clue of what the problem was we kept changing components one by one but without any success. By now the tesla coil too had made great progress and they started getting sparks of about a foot. But our circuit wasnt showing any signs of response. It was as if we were put in an ocean,there was water everywhere but not a drop to drink!!! Finally i decided to give it a try by changing the capacitor. Deepavali was here and our firework was still not responding. On the first day of deepavali i requested sir to keep the lab open and I thank him for all the support. Even though it was a holiday he kept the lab open and i didn't want this to go waste. Finally after a trial and error session in the noon the problem got fixed and the circuit started responding again. My deepavali celebration began. This time the sound quality was still better and i was able to achieve a spark distance of 5cm. Arul sir and some other friends of his had come that afternoon and after seeing the improved version they too were shocked or i can say plasmafied. He asked me to sell it to him, that he could make good business with it. So finally after so much of difficulty and sleepless nights the fruit was there. Thank to every person who supported us.
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A special and heartfelt thanks to surya sir for the support without which it wouldnt have been possible. And a big thanks to my group varun, ravikiran, vivek and sharyl for bearing with me because i bugged them a lot. And thanks to everyone else and of course Naman because without his talk the project would never have been initiated. See u in ELIXIR and get ready to be Plasmafied. Below is the circuit diagram of the second prototype of the plasma speaker
Carrier wave
Pulse width modulated wave The working of the circuit is simple. The SG3525 is a modulating IC. Here we use pulse width modulation. The audio signal is modulated on a carrier wave of more than 20khz. Generally 40k to 60khz is the soft spot. Any other ic which is convenient can be used. The modulated pulse switches the MOSFET. Since the carrier frequency is more than 20khz it cannot be heard by the human ears and only the audio can be heard. The output of the MOSFET is connected to the flyback transformer which is generally used in TVs, old CROs etc. This step ups the voltage to a very high level i.e. about 10k to 20kV.This when discharges between the spark gap at the frequency of the switching signal forms sound waves which is sound.
For more info http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plasma_speaker http://www.instructables.com/id/A-reliable-plasmaspeaker/ http://www.instructables.com/id/Build-A-Plasma-Speaker/
Team, Prajwal, Ravikiran, Varun, Vivek, Sharyl
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REFLECTION SEISMOLOGY
(i.e., seeing through the rocks!!) By K.Abhishek Shenoy V SEM EEE
The method requires a controlled seismic source of energy, such as a seismic vibrator or dynamite like gun, which in principle is similar to SONAR and echolocation.
Earth, our planet. We walk, we run, we think, we act, we eat, we sleep and do other innumerable things, in most cases, by laying our two feet firmly on the ground. Have we ever wondered what lies beneath our feet? What manifests in the millions of unimaginable volumes of mass that profoundly exists below us?
Seismic technology is used by geologists in the oil industry and geophysicists who interpret the data to map structural traps that could potentially contain hydrocarbons. Although We have been listening to many of our geography teachers, the technology of exploration activities has improved expoin our good old school days make a mention of the crust, nentially in the past 20 years, the basic principles for acquirmantle and the core. The three basic elements that the vast ing seismic data have remained the same. portion of the earth below the surface can be classified into..! But wait, have we ever thought of ways in which the WHAT DOES IT INVOLVE? subsurface and its natural resources can be studied and exploited judiciously for the billions of little beings existing In simple terms and for all the exploration environments, on this planet?? the general principle is to send sound energy waves into the Earth, where the different layers within the Earth's crust Its exactly here that I would like to make a mention of, (or reflect back this energy. These reflected energy waves are rather remind about!) the hydrocarbon and natural re- recorded over a predetermined time period (called the recsources existing beneath, waiting and wanting to be extract- ord length) by using hydrophones in water and geophones ed from the sublime, shallow geographic terrains. We have on land. The reflected signals are output onto a storage meto be completely, or almost sure of the quantity and the dium, which is usually magnetic tape. The general principle position of the hydrocarbons that needs to be extracted, so is similar to recording voice data using a microphone onto a that we do not hastily put our turbo-machines into use by tape recorder for a set period of time. Once the data is recgetting them to do the job of deep digging for usand re- orded onto tape, it can then be processed using specialist turn with no clue of any oil! How do we do it, is the ques- software which will result in processed seismic profiles betion. ing produced. These profiles or data sets can then be interpreted for possible hydrocarbon reserves. Digital Signal Processing (DSP) has the answer for this. It has been an answer for all the questions that we engineers, HOW ARE THESE SOUND WAVES GENERATED? doctors, scientists, space-explorers, military organizations, astrophysicists, geophysicists and a wide class of research Reflection seismology uses man-made sources to create professionals have been asking, since the early 19th century. sound waves. The sources can range from sledgehammers Well yes, DSP has not only made things looks easy, but also striking metal plates to several thousand pound chemical interestingly easy for the billions of us who use it. explosions. Sources in the water are typically airguns: large metal canisters filled with compressed air that is suddenly With Reflection Seismology, the difficulty in geo-seismic released like the popping of a balloon. Environmentally seninteraction and oil exploration has been reduced to a great sitive Vibrator trucks can shake the ground very powerfully extent. What does this term mean exactly?? to produce sound waves. Reflection seismology (or seismic reflection) is a method of exploration geophysics that uses the principles of seismology to estimate the properties of the earths subsurface from reflected seismic waves. (Concisely, it means seeing through the rocks!).
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"Victory goes to the player who makes the next-to-last mistake." - Grigorievitch Tartakower

HOW IS IT PERFORMED? First, a reflection experiment is carried out by initiating a seismic source (such as a dynamite explosion) and recording the reflected waves using one or more seismometer- a recording instrument. On land, the typical seismometer used in a reflection experiment is a small, portable instrument known as a geophone, which converts ground motion into an analog electrical signal. ANDTHE RESULTS?? The time it takes for a reflection from a particular boundary to arrive at the geophone is called the travel time. If the seismic wave velocity in the rock is known, then the travel time may be used to estimate the depth to the reflector. For a simple vertically traveling wave, the travel time t from the surface to the reflector and back is called the Two-Way Time (TWT) and is given by the formula, T= 2d/V
A geophone (In water, hydrophones, which convert pressure changes into electrical signals, are used). As the seismometers detect the arrival of the seismic waves, the signals are converted to digital form and recorded; early systems recorded the analog signals directly onto magnetic tape, photographic film, or paper. The signals may then be displayed by a computer as seismograms for interpretation by a seismologist. Typically, the recorded signals are subjected to significant amounts of signal processing and various imaging processes before they are ready to be interpreted. In general, the more complex the geology of the area under study, the more sophisticated are the techniques required to perform the data processing. In principle, when a seismic wave encounters a boundary between two materials with different impedances, some of the energy in the wave will be reflected at the boundary, while some of the energy will continue through the boundary. The amplitude of the reflected wave is predicted by multiplying the amplitude of the incoming wave to the seismic reflection coefficient, which is determined by the impedance contrast between the two materials. (Where d is the depth of the reflector and V is the wave velocity in the rock) A typical reflection data after seismology With this method of reflection seismology, oil exploration has got a great new dimension!
Reference: en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ Reflection_seismology Www.trip.caam.rice.edu
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PLASMA ANTENNAS
-Raghavendra Rao P VII SEM EEE
occurs. An electromagnetic field from another source induces an alternating current in the elements and a corresponding voltage at the antennas terminals. Some receiving antennas (such as parabolic and horn types) incorporate shaped reflective surfaces to collect the radio waves striking them, and direct these waves onto the actual conductive elements. The words antenna and aerial are used interchangeably, but usually a rigid metallic structure is termed an antenna and a wire format is called an aerial, integral part of virtually every communication and radar application. Technology has advanced to provide unique antenna designs for applications ranging from general broadcast of radio frequency Transmission and reception of electromagnetic waves have signals for public use to complex weapon systems. become an integral part of the present day civilization. Antenna is an essential device for this process. It is a transduc- In its most common form, an antenna represents a coner that transmits or receives electromagnetic waves. In oth- ducting metal surface that is sized to emit radiations at one er words, antennas convert electromagnetic radiation into or more selected frequencies. Antennas must be efficient so electric current, or vice versa. Antennas are used in systems the maximum amount of signal strength is expended in the such as radio and television broadcasting, point-to-point propagated wave and not wasted in antenna reflection. radio communication, wireless LAN, cell phones, radar, and spacecraft communication. Antennas are most commonly There is a long list of antenna designs with their suitability, employed in air or outer space, but can also be operated advantages and limitations. There are many antenna types underwater or even through soil and rock at certain fre- and many ways of categorizing them. Antenna types can be quencies for short distances. used to differentiate antennas for radios, televisions and radar systems. Because antennas can be built for transmisGrowing need for speed of communication network along sion of different frequencies, another way to categorize anwith data handling capacity are the major forces helping to tenna types is by their frequency. explore new vistas of transmission and reception. With the wireless generations moving from 2G to 3G, 4G and so on, For radio antennas, its important to know whether these the real benefit of upgrading the Wi-Fi networks is to get are built for, say, frequency modulation (FM) broadcasting them to run faster. Wi-Fi usually can manage 54 megabits of at 88-108 MHz or amplitude modulation (AM) broadcasting data per second. The fancied Wi-Fig (a graphical user inter- at 535-1605 kHz. face for configuring wireless connection) would handle up to 7 gigabits per second. This would mean downloading a TV For television antennas, one distinguishes between ultrashow in a matter of seconds. Advances in antenna technolo- high frequency (UHF) antennas and very high frequency gy are expected to play a great role in the desired speed and (VHF) antennas, or antennas that pick up both. capacity handling capabilities of communication networks. Antenna technology: Physically, an antenna is an arrangement of one or more conductors, usually called elements. In transmission, an alternating current is created in the elements by applying a voltage at the antenna terminals, causing the elements to radiate an electromagnetic field. In reception, the inverse Plasma Antennas: Important to antenna technology, plasmas are conductive assemblies of charged and neutral particles and fields that exhibit collective effects. Plasmas carry electrical currents and generate magnetic fields.
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"The fundamental cause of trouble in the world is that the stupid are cocksure while the intelligent are full of doubt." -Bertrand Russell

A plasma antenna is a type of antenna in which the metalconducting elements of a conventional antenna are replaced by plasma. These are radio frequency antennas that employ plasma as the guiding medium for electromagnetic radiation. The plasma antennas are essentially a cluster of thousands of diodes on a silicon chip that produces a tiny cloud of electrons when charged. These tiny, dense clouds can reflect high-frequency waves like mirrors, focusing the beams by selectively activating particular diodes. The beam -forming capability could allow ultra-fast transmission of high data loads like those needed to seamlessly stream a TV show to an untethered tablet creating an attractive option for the next generation of supercharged wireless transmitters. large antennas stacked over each other instead of several small antennas placed next to each other. When a plasma element is not energized it is difficult to detect it by radar. Even when it is energized, it is transparent to the transmissions above the plasma frequency, which falls in the microwave region. Plasma elements can be energized and de-energized in seconds, which prevents signal degradation. When a particular plasma element is not energized, its radiation does not affect nearby elements. Plasma antenna can focus high frequency radio waves that would dissipate quickly if beamed by conventional arrays.
Many types of plasma antennas can be constructed, including dipole, loop and reflector antennas. Plasma antennas are interpreted as various devices in which plasma with Plasma antennas boost wireless speeds. Such antennas electric conductivity serves as an emitting element. In gas could enable next-generation Wi-Fi that allows for suplasma antenna the concept is to use plasma discharge per-fast wireless data transfers. tubes as the antenna elements. When the tubes are energized, these turn into conductors, and can transmit and Limitations: receive radio signals. When de-energized, these revert to The current hardware uses a wider range of frequennon-conducting elements and do not reflect probing radio cies so its impractically massive to be used for mobile signals. environments. The fact that the emitting element is formed over the interval needed for the emission of an electromagnetic pulse is an important advantage of plasma antennas. In the passive state (in the absence of plasma in the discharge tube), such a device does not exhibit electric conductivity. A plasma stream flowing from a jet into the ambient space, the plasma trace of a body moving at an ultrasonic velocity in the atmosphere, and alternative plasma objects have been studied as possible antenna elements. Solid-state plasma antenna uses beam forming technology and the same manufacturing process that is currently used for silicon chips. That makes it small enough to fit into Smart phones. Advantages: An important advantage of plasma antenna over a conventional antenna is that the former is much lighter. Based on a set of patented beam-forming technologies, these high-performance electronically-steerable antennas are extremely lightweight and compact. Free from mechanical parts, these maintenance-free plasma antennas are ideally suited for a wide range of wireless communications and sensing applications. When one plasma antenna is de-energized, the antenna reverts to a dielectric tube, and a second antenna can transmit through it. This allows using several Plasma antennas are expensive and hard to manufacture. High-frequency signals mean that antennas operating at higher frequencies couldnt penetrate walls like conventional Wi-Fi, so signals would have to be reflected throughout the buildings.
Conclusion: The future of high-frequency, high-speed wireless communications could very well be plasma antennas capable of transmitting focused radio waves that would quickly dissipate using conventional antennas.
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MYSTIFY
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"You can avoid reality, but you cannot avoid the consequences of avoiding reality." -Ayn Rand
DIGITAL WORLD
-Chaithra Shetty , Alumni
With a great impact of digital technology in our day to day life, it is not surprising that the course in digital concepts and design is a standard requirement for major in computer, electronics & electrical engineering which would provide the basic foundation to engineers. minds to assimilate as technology wealth and not nearly as qualifying factors to move ahead. It is also a imaginative leading action nacked with clarity of concepts for lasting retention in young minds as result it will fascinate direction for our next generation.
Once the basic concepts of hardware are mastered, the The philosophy lies in our pedagogical approach towards utilization of design software becomes more meaningful the exponential expansion of new knowledge requirement and allows the usage of software more effectively. in causing of cognitive overload in technical educators, short-circuiting their ability to sustain perspectives about It is well established that new & difficult concepts usually in prerequisites to advanced topics in sustained and emerging science & technology are best assimilated through the spirit technology experienced in recent past shows that we are of inquisitiveness in matter related to science, which natu- learning more and more about less and less and that causes rally arise from curious mind as we interact with the world a progressive loss of capacity for synthesis and ability to around us. think about the larger implication of applied technology. This new trend will surely grow because it is an ever exHowever in case of technology it is helpful to lead readers panding technical knowledge base. symmetrically with carefully framed questions from single concepts to practical applications covering some analysis & Today the world, largely through the electronic device be it design. consumer products, computational device, advanced space or nuclear programmer prepare very carefully a backDeveloped Techniques will lead to believe the technical ground of each topic with essential illustrations and practieducation beyond the sky so that importance of respective cal example, the exact and clear representation of complex disciplines will increase. Newcomers, to understand the diagram of instrument & phasor diagram is the feature of technology would realize that hardly any prior knowledge is evaluations of each topic in the technology is treated in a required to read and understand the education compared systematic and logical manner. to traditional education. Never before has there been greater need to present technical education to a vast heterogeneous readership. Basics in technical education dominated the conversion especially on how to manage the context & present content for young
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E-Core: Vol II, Issue I A RADIO OVER THE YEARS From being a jukebox to being sizezero
-Abhishek Shenoy V SEM EEE
One fine day, during my summer holidays, I volunteered myself to clean my room. I started out with my cleaning kit, comprising of nothing more than a few dust-buster brushes, some paper bags and an old cloth. As intended, I laid hands on a wooden trunk, which to an extent I could recall, consisted of some of my old books, notes, some junk stuff like my old toys, unused and unusable handbags etc.. With great excitement, I pulled out its lid, only to find myself gaze at one all-black and greyish, microwave oven sized device weighing no less than a few pounds. I just began wondering how this thing could be still here, something long-gone out of our world and phased out! But once I started recalling some of the fond memories of what this electronic marvel has brought about into my life in all forms, I just seemed to be saying to myself-This thing might well have been long gone out of our world, but not out of our lives. My room-cleaning expedition had come to a halt. The very next moment, I was all ears to my mom who shared with me some of the memories of the good old days when this radio used to play an integral and inseparable part of her life. It was indeed, very true, but very hard to believe as I took out the pocket sized radio I purchased in 2003 and placed it on my palm and a few moments later, almost gave my cellphone a polished feel, amazed at how the electronic technology had changed our lives in just over two decades. Enter 1980s and the radio found itself entering into a higher level. The All India Radio (AIR) began to air more entertainment and music programs, air concerts and interview of eminent personalities, and sooner the radio would be available in relatively less shapes and sizes. With the Ceylon Radio and broadcasts from radio stations of China, modern electronics, communication systems and entertainment were hand-in-hand. Yes, the 1983 cricket world cup and who would be foolish enough not to associate it with the radio?! Indian citizens, regardless of their age had their ears glued to the 6x6 size speakers of their radio sets, to stay updated on Kapil Dev and his teams heroics on the English soil. During this time, the little radio had given a lot of anxious moments every evening whenever there was a World Cup match being played. And one fine day, came the big moment. Kapils heroes taking on the two-time champs from the Carribean (and the restI say...is history) Some 10 good months later, came another historic moment. The first Indian man in space. In a famous conversation( which later went on air), he was asked by the Prime Minister Indira Gandhi how India looked from the space and he replied, Saare Jahan Se Achcha, (better than the whole world). Rakesh Sharma had just made us proud. But for a regular radio listener, this excitement seemed to be short lived. The very radio had aired one of the most shocking news beyond ones capacity to digest. Our Prime minister, Smt. Indira Gandhiji had been assassinated and was no more..
# 15
"People demand freedom of speech to make up for the freedom of thought which they avoid." Soren Aabye Kierkegaard

In 1990s, the radio changed forever! By 1994, there were around 85 FM stations and 73 short wave stations that linked the whole nation. The broadcasting technology in India is basically indigenous and reaches far and wide to various listeners like farmers who require various updated information on agriculture. Between 1970 and 1994, the amount of radio receivers increased manifold, almost five times. From the initial 14 million, the number increased to a staggering 65 million. The broadcast services from foreign countries are provided by the External Services Division of All India Radio. Almost 70 hours of news, entertainment programs were broadcasted in 1994 in various languages with the help of 32 shortwave transmitters. (Soon, we could be listening to our favorite radio show while travelling in our cars!) missions is outdated and has to go. Now radio is facing a technological transformation from both above and below, as stations begin to move from analog transmissions toward the new digital medium, and as companies and consumers apply high-tech tools to capture broadcasts in their current non-digital form. This, in turn has had an effect on the radio sets which were being marketed in the present form. Promisingly, things are just getting more exciting and wonderful. That night, I pondered over and over again. I just could not take the black-greyish old radio out of my mind, as I got busy slipping my fingers off and around, fixing the headphones and switching radio stations. In resonating myself with the tunes of Zindagi ke safar mein guzar jaate hai jo makaam, vo phir nahi aate, I concluded. Technology had changed our lives for the better, and, more importantly, st As India leaped into the 21 century, with the rise of mini- forever. gadgets like the iPod, digital television, TiVo and other high -tech entertainment devices, its painfully clear to many Reference: en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ that traditional radio's continued reliance on analog trans-
Arts_and_entertainment_in_India
DID YOU KNOW??
111,111,111 x 111,111,111 = 12,345,678,987,654,321
Goldfish can see both infrared and ultraviolet light
# 16
By Ashwini Thanthri V SEM EEE

In 1838, Sir Charles Wheatstone first described the process of stereopsis: the process by which humans perceive three dimensions from two highly similar, overlaid images.3D technology has come a long way since Wheatstone developed his stereoscope, then used to view static images and eventually pictures. Now we get to wear Wayfarer knockoffs and enjoy 3D films, television shows and video games. Stereoscopy 3D, or stereoscopy, refers to how your eyes and brain create the impression of a third dimension. Human eyes are approximately 50 mm to 75 mm apart accordingly, each eye sees a slightly different part of the world. The image on either side should be pretty similar but slightly offset. These two slightly different images enter the brain, at which point it does some high-powered geometry to make up for the disparity between the two images. This disparity is 3D - essentially, your brain making up for the fact that youre getting two different perspectives of the same thing. This is also, essentially, what modern 3D technology is trying to replicate. It is pretty easy for your brain to figure out the disparity between the two images. Your brain can automatically figure out all the angles and math and geometry to sync the images. The hard part is getting a camera to do the same thing, and to get those individual images to your individual eyes without butchering the whole effect. What We Watch Films Anaglyph is a fancy way of referring to the red-and-blue glasses we used to wear. By projecting a film in those colours - one in red, one in blue - each eye would get an individual perspective and your brain would put the 3D effect together. Other colours could be used, provided they were distinct enough to be separated on screen. This technique, however, didnt allow for a full range of colour and had a tendency to ghost, or have the once-distinct images blend into one another. Much more common is the use of polarized glasses, which take advantage of the fact that light can be polarized, or given different orientations. For example, one image can be projected in a horizontal direction while the second can be projected in a vertical direction. The corresponding glasses would allow horizontal polarization in one eye and vertical polarization in the other. The problem is that this kind of 3D requires you to keep your head still. Tilting your head can distort how the waves get to your eyes, messing with the colour and 3D effect. This is the tricky part. To counteract this, 3D now uses rotational polarity, meaning the film being projected actually has two different spins to it. The glasses then pick up those opposite rotations clockwise in one eye, counter clockwise in another eye - to separate the image. Now you can tilt your head and still be able to watch the movie. Television
Its possible to use the same techniques in film projectors for home theatres. Films use special silver-coated screens Film has been one of the pioneers of 3D. There are largely that are much better at reflecting light back to the viewing two ways 3D has been achieved in motion pictures: ana- audience. Television, unfortunately, is not silver-coated. glyph and polarized glasses. There are, however, two ways to get 3D at home: active and passive.
#17
"A lie gets halfway around the world before the truth has a chance to get its pants on." Winston Churchill

The most common, active 3D, involves wearing those electronic Robo Cop glasses. The glasses are synced up to the television and actively open and close shutters in front of the eyes, allowing only one eye to see the screen at a time. This sounds like a recipe for a stroke, but the shutters move so quickly that theyre hardly noticeable. These shutter lenses are made possible because of the refresh rate on televisions. 3D-enabled televisions have high image refresh rates, meaning the actual image on screen is quickly loaded and reloaded. Through the glasses, one constant image instead of a flicker is received. the mirror (including scratches, dirt or warping), the closeup will be filmed in 3D. Computer Graphics
There is a difference between creating three-dimensional graphics and images that appear to be 3D in the theatre. To get a movie, animators create two versions of each frame, one from the perspective of each eye. Because computer-generated movies dont need cameras, its much easier to get perfectly synced images and to finetune any mistakes in post-production. The downside is Passive systems are less common but run much like 3D that this technique requires a lot of time and elbow grease film. These televisions have a thin, lenticular screen over to get perfect. the standard display. A lenticular screen is made up of a series of incredibly thin magnifying strips that show a Its possible to create a 3D video game using the same slightly different perspective of the screen to each eye, as technique; however, games add their own complications. illustrated above. While this technology doesnt require Films and shows are largely pre-recorded and all have a bulky, expensive glasses, it can limit the image quality. fixed perspective you cant move the cameras focus or Essentially, each eye only sees one half of the screen at orientation when youre watching a film. Video games any given time. For example, if a screen had 100 pixels, 50 allow you to change the perspective by moving your onpixels would be magnified and sent to the left eye and the screen character. This creates a labour-intensive problem other 50 pixels would be magnified and sent to the right since animators need to create objects that can be seen in eye. In practice, the brain is actually able to put the two 3D from a variety of angles depending on where the user is images together and retain the entire 100 pixel fidelity. looking and moving. How its Made Cameras To get a 3D image, you essentially need two versions of the same scene filmed from the precisely correct angle as if your eyes were seeing the same scene. Filmmakers need to triangulate the distance between the two cameras and make sure they are focused on the same object. They also need to zoom and track, or move, at the same speed, otherwise the images wont sync up. In modern film rigs, these two cameras are bolted into place preventing any unwanted jostling or disparity. The Future
One of the toughest problems to solve with 3D technology is the fundamental halving of any image. Lenticular screens send half the image to each eye, shutter lens glasses physically blocks one eye from seeing the image, and polarized glasses only send half the displayed light to each eye. The human eye needs approximately 50 frames per second in order to see film as one continuous image. 3D effectively halves that so each eye would only see 25 frames per second and get some nauseating flicker. Modern technology has been able to significantly up that frame Close-ups, a staple of modern film, are hard to capture in rate (or refresh rate in televisions) so that we can achieve 3D because the cameras need to be extraordinarily close the illusion of 3D. together to mimic the angle of your eyes. To solve this, filmmakers sometimes use mirror rigs. Mirror rigs film Advances in computing and memory have also made 3D through one lens, and that image is then bounced by a tiny possible in a number of handheld and consumer products. internal mirror to another camera where a second image There are already prototypes for 3D laptops, cameras, can be recorded. Providing there are no imperfections on camcorders, and a variety of other technology.
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In the coming years, keep a look out for technology that uses auto stereoscopy, or 3D that doesnt require glasses in any way. The Nintendo 3DS, Nintendos newest portable 3D gaming device, is one such device. One of its tricks is syncing a lenticular display with its forward-facing camera. By using eye recognition, it can track where the users face is and shift the display to accurately display 3D no matter how the user views the screens. Look for auto stereoscopy to test the waters on handheld devices before it heads to large format screens. Were just at the start of what 3D can offer, with a lot more successes and failures to occur in the meantime. Let us know in the comments what you hope to see for the future of 3D, or what 3D-enabled tech youre looking to scoop up.
Reference: http://mashable.com www.3d-display-info.com
If you sneeze too hard, you can fracture a rib..!!
Do you know the names of the three wise monkeys? They are: Mizaru (See no evil), Mikazaru (Hear no evil), and Mazaru (Say no evil ).
The "sixth sick sheik's sixth sheep's sick" is said to be the toughest tongue twister in the English language.
#19
"The artist is nothing without the gift, but the gift is nothing without work." -Emile Zola
THE TESLA COILTending towards a world without wires !

Saiman Shetty V Sem EEE
The goal was to make the world wireless. A spark of imagination in the mind of Nikola Tesla, whom I regard as the greatest inventor with respect to Electrical Engineering till date had created a wave of excitement and fascination which is still a topic of research for modern day scientists and technologists. also to air vehicles. However the project couldn't be completed as the funds inflow stopped due to business economy considerations of the project. It was later destroyed due to wartime security reasons. A direct analogy to this is the radio, wherein we use the concept of resonance in a capacitor-inductor circuit to tune to a particular station. So, the Tesla Coil is basically an air-core resonating Transformer.
Before going into what the idea really is, let us see who Tesla actually was! Practically, the setup sequence, as shown above requires a transformer to step up the voltage to a few thousand volts, th Born on July 10 , 1856 in the Croatian Military Frontier of a capacitor setup, a primary coil a secondary winding setup the Austrian Empire, he was an inventor, a mechanical engi- and spark gaps. neer and an electrical engineer. Being a prodigy of imaginative thinking, he had the power to design things mentally Let's have a peek into how exactly this "resonance" hapwith appropriate dimensions, not using paper in the pro- pens here. cess. Tesla's contribution is evident in the birth and development of commercial electricity. He advocated AC trans- The transformer steps up the voltage to a few thousand mission to be more efficient than DC, which Edison had proposed. It is due to him that ideas such as the polyphase transmission system had come up. He is the true architect of the induction motor, thus playing a very crucial role in the Second Industrial Revolution. A life-long bachelor, his eccentric behaviour and his dedication towards innovation in science and technology made people refer to him as a "mad scientist". The ever famous "War of Currents" fought between Tesla and Edison was ultimately and obviously won by Tesla. Besides these, he had philosophical interests too and is well known for his quotes. He would eventually die on 9th January, 1943. His social interest and intention was to make the entire world wirelessly connected, both in terms of information and power. The Tesla Coil was actually designed as a setup for broadcasting Electric power wirelessly. A mass level implementation was planned by Tesla when he began constructing the Wardenclyffe tower with the help of J.P. Morgan in 1899 at Colorado Springs. The basic aim was to broadcast power and communication signals to miles across the Atlantic and volts and limits the current to a very low value, in the order of milli amperes. The capacitor setup and the primary coil in series with the spark gap come in parallel with this transformer. The alternating waves of voltage at the output of the secondary terminal charges the capacitor.
# 20
Upon reaching an optimum value of voltage decided by the distance between the spark gap terminals, an oscillating wave of energy gets transferred into the primary coil, which produces flux linking with the secondary coil. The secondary coil and the topload act as the L*C circuits respectively. Repeated charging and discharging of the capacitor causes repeated energizing of the secondary coil and hence accumulation of charges on top load. This causes the voltage on the top load to get built up to the order of hundreds of kilovolts. At a particular voltage, the charges attempt to discharge through air into the ground. This causes fascinating sparks to come out of the top load. In this process, there is a high value of energy in the form of electromagnetic waves pumped into the vicinity of the secondary coil.
tapping to a desired value. Resonance occurs when the L-C values of the primary and secondary setup equal each other. When at the time of discharge, resonance having occurred, maximum energy is transferred between the coils, which is the very principle of the Tesla Coil. The Tesla Coil, despite being an invention of the 19th Century, is still under research and has a long way to go in terms of radius covered and efficiency. If Tesla's dream of a setup which can broadcast electricity wirelessly to any point in the world and to the atmosphere comes true, it will be the most dazzling and influential invention of all times and years to come.
Nevertheless, the human mind is built to never settle for This causes any light source like a bulb or a florescent lamp anything but the best, and the 'best' is always definable to a to light up wirelessly when bought into this field for there is still higher level. a potential difference developed across the terminals. The greatest efficiency of the setup can be attained by properly tuning the spark gap distance and the primary coil
"I do not think there is any thrill that can go through the human heart like that felt by the inventor as he sees some creation of the brain unfolding to success... such emotions make a man forget food, sleep, friends, love, everything." -Nikola Tesla
References: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nikola_Tesla "My Inventions", An Autobiography Nikola Tesla http://www.tb3.com/tesla/theory.html
# 21
E-Core: Vol The Tesla Coil: In Its Making

Gopinath Rao V Sem EEE
22nd October 2011, 7:00 pm, Power Electronics Lab: After a list of exhaustive trial and error sequences with the primary winding, the top load, the spark gap switch and the capacitors, not being satisfied with the half inch spark we got from the top load, we decided to take the ultimate risk. i.e. Connect all the salt water capacitors in parallel, an act which subjected each bottle to 30000 volts. Initially sceptical, but later being reinforced with courage, it was powered up. The spark gap fired with a vigour like never before and when the earth wire was taken close to the top load, Zaap!.... there it was, a beautiful violet stream of light jumping the air into the wire from a distance of 6 inches! We were literally celebrating Diwali just by looking at the sheer beauty of the spark. It's almost a 500% improvement on what we tried out in the morning the same day. When the Fluorescent tube was brought near it, it glowed brighter than ever before and this was it We knew we were going in the right direction. A bit of playing around with the capacitor and inductor values will help us get towards our ultimate aim quite soon. And you bet we knew this thing big time! It's very fascinating to see when a device works flawlessly for the first time. But we almost tend to not think of the tens of people who have worked for hundreds of manhours for this cause. We, the members of Team Tesla have described our adventure with the Tesla Coil in this article.
It all got conceived during the Crash course on MatLab, which we had during our vacations in July. By then, we had started thinking and collecting input on what to take up as a project for the fifth sem. We were initially determined to take up a DSP one since it will be quite challenging and the results would also be fascinating and interactive. But I think destiny had something else in store for us. It so happened that one fine afternoon, after lunch, when we were casually having a chat regarding wireless electricity, paralelly surfing the net, we came across the "Tesla Coil". Hey this is something interesting could we try that out??? But I didnt know what a Tesla Coil even was. In fact, I was least interested in High Voltage Engineering. Upon hearing figures as "low" as 15000 volts, and we being second year students, I was damn sure that we couldnt do it!!! But then Saiman, who was one of us, had something else in mind. He asked us two days of time and that he will get back to us on this. In this two days span, he sat day in and day out at college and home, spoiling the bandwidth, searching for whatever he could in this regard. So much so that we three video conferenced on Skype on the possibility of taking this up! And then he was back, after all his "research", with about a gigabyte of data, which included videos, webpages, e-books, pdfs and what not.
# 22

Me, Nithish and Saiman sat together and watched the videos. We were almost thrilled to see the sparks coming out of the top load and greater still, the sight of the fluorescent tube lighting up wirelessly enthralled us. After reading the articles and watching the videos, I was convinced that we can build one and it made us all determined to try that out. was another option, but we felt it was nonsense to pay $100 as shipping charges for a transformer worth $50!!!
Nothing happened for the next fortnight as we were simply sending e mails to various transformer manufacturers around the world!!! Some replied saying it was not available, some demanded a minimum order of 100 pieces to be The circuit of the Tesla Coil was very simple or it seemed so supplied, and some were too costly for us to afford. to me. It just had a transformer, a capacitor, a spark gap, a primary winding and a secondary winding. Thats it! I Then one day we learnt from Saiman that it was easily thought"Man! This is easy and can be done in a day or available in Doha, Qatar and that his father could get it two. It was only when we started procuring the compo- from there. Again after a lot of discussion on the trade-offs nents that we came to know that our perception was between economy, risk and probability of success, we fiwrong. Even though the circuit contained well known basic nally decided to get it from there. The cost price was electrical components, it made life horrible for us due to Rs.2600, which was quite reasonable and another Rs.1500 their ratings of thousands of volts. Yes, that was our prob- was required for getting it to India. We thought this was lem and we struggled a lot for every component especially our best possible option and we must give it a "go". We the transformer and the capacitors. must thank Saiman's father who gave us the transformer at its cost price itself and took care of the shipping on his own. High voltage capacitors are extremely costly and we need Uff! So finally, we got the transformer for Rs.2600! We then several of those. This made us think twice before acting moved to the third part i.e. the secondary winding, the next. Again, the internet was of help to us. We got to know "tower"!!! Now, how do we decide the number of turns??? that capacitors for high ratings can be made using salt filled By now, we have all the components required But we are beer bottles wrapped with aluminium foil. It was quite easy blind! We are like a car without a driver! We had procured to build and we decided to make one and test it. That was almost everything but we did not know how much of each the place where we made our first mistake. Me, Nithish to use. We did not have a plan of action. and Saiman toiled to charge it with 230V and expected it to store charge! We wasted lots of time and energy in this Now, again, Saiman sat for a day, working with the softregard, and our morale came down. But then, there was ware, compromising a trade-off between the values of secvery little that we could do too. We did not have the re- ondary, primary turns and the capacitors, lots of phone quired apparatus to step the voltages up to a few thousand calls between us three regarding the possibilities, working volts. Now all that we could do is sit , wait and think pa- togetherand then making a final decision. The next day, tiently. And we did the same big time! Now, when we look we had the entire design report ready, and we decided to back on that, we begin laughing thinking that we tried to use that as a backbone for approximation in our construccharge it with 230 volts, and all those shocks we underwent tion process. Now, that loophole of design was fixed, our in that process. next aim was to wind the wire on the PVC pipe for the secondary winding all 1297 turns of them as per design calHaving not tasted success in any of what we did so far, we culations! We were all new to winding We ran our brains blindly turned towards the procurement of the transform- over who has a prior experience over winding in our class er. We required a Neon Sign transformer rated at and the name that flashed onto our minds was Prajwal 230/15000 volts. We could see the one required one on the Nayak. We remembered that he had experience winding internet and we searched for dealers nearby, who could quite a few turns for the speaker he made last sem. When supply it. Unfortunately, we failed again. We searched in we approached him, he took the responsibility of the secMangalore and found an electronic transformer with the ondary windings without a second thought. same rating, costing Rs.5000, but we felt it too risky to buy it since it was not the one we required. Moreover, the dealer refused to put it under warranty cover. Buying it online
#23
"In the End, we will remember not the words of our enemies, but the silence of our friends." -Martin Luther King Jr.

We gave him the wire roll and the pipe. The next day, he had brought it with all the 1297 turns wound perfectly without a single flaw. Great work indeed! And we are really thankful to him. And then the sessionals came up and needless to say, another fortnight or so was literally wasted! We decided to do a spark gap test with the capacitors. I made a spark gap with a PVC pipe section and since the salt water capacitors had failed under LV, we didnt dare to test it with HV. We decided to make Multi Mini Capacitor bank (MMC) and we got 15 such capacitors rated at 1kV each. Handling the Transformer for the first time, we applied 15000 volts, perhaps working with such high voltage for the first time in our lives and here we were The input read 50, 100, 150, 200, 230 volts.still not a single spark crossed the junction. The test was a failure and I was deeply frustrated. We hadn't seen a single sign of success in our entire ordeal till now. We started thinking of other alternate projects. My frustration almost made me think that we must drop the project. I did not know what was up with him, but Saiman still thought we could use beer bottles and he was quite cool even then. Moreover, we soon learnt that salt water caps work under HV. Having very little hope, we tried to attempt that as a last option. The next afternoon, we rushed to Forever and got 25 beer bottles to make the capacitors. That evening, Madan C K joined us and Nithish and Madan worked a great deal in wrapping thee bottles with foil and filling the bottles with salt water, while I and Saiman worked at the other circuit connections. We all slogged as a team to get it right this time. It was about 6pm that day. The circuit for the test for saltwater caps was done and we got a "go" for powering it up! As Saiman increased the voltage step by step, reading the values when they reached a round figure, and the three of us standing by eagerly waiting for the precious spark to cross the gap, the atmosphere was like that of a NASA Launch Control or something!... 50, 100,150,200,230 volts and then zaap! There it was! The spark we all anticipated for 2 long months! The atmosphere was jubilant and all of us heaved a sigh of relief over that. Now I was confident that we can do something..and from then on for Team Tesla, there was no looking back! We were far from over. In fact it was just the beginning. Over the next few days, we tried different materials for the primary coil and the top load, and watched the results. We brought thick gauge multistring wire from the HV lab and tried it out for the primary. Adjusting all the variables, we tried to get sparks out of the top load, but we failed in it. But we were quite high on hopes since we saw the fluorescent lamp lighting up wirelessly when we brought it close to the setup. The goal of Wireless Transmission of electricity was fulfilled, but we still didnt get the spark from the top load. One thing was clear. We need to make the system more efficient. Then again, the second internals came and the project hibernated for about a week or two. Immediately after the internals, we accelerated the work big time and we 4 toiled in the lab till about 8:30 pm for 3 days on this ambitious project, desperately to see sparks flying from the top load. On Sunday, 22nd October, 2011, I and Saiman came to the lab at 9 in the morning fully determined to get some results of sparks from the top load! Working with some foolishly crazy looking models of top loads like crumbled toroid made from aluminium foil, we fired the circuit. But there was very little result. We got sparks in the order of millimetres. A bit frustrated, we sat for a while and thought of what else is there that we can change. After some speculation, we observed that we had modified everything except the capacitor till now. We thought of giving it a shot varying the capacitance and seeing the tendency of changes. We increased the capacitance initially, and saw that the sparks disappeared! One fact was clear to us the capacitance needed to be increased, for which we needed more saltwater to fill all the unused bottles we had. Post lunch, we brought some salt and made a few more salt water caps. Putting 2 in series and several such sets in parallel, we made a setup and fired it. To our joy, the spark from the top load had increased to about half an inch. The time being around 5:00 pm and the both of us totally us totally exhausted, we considered the idea of putting all the bottles in parallel, which would double the capacitance. But this was not a casual one. We knew that each bottle would sustain 10000volts, but connecting all in parallel would imply we are subjecting them to 15000 volts. And explosion of a capacitor in the lab would be catastrophic indeed. We could only guess and hope that it sustains all the 15kV we apply to it. I was again a bit sceptical about whether we must be taking the risk, but after a couple of words be-
#24

We varied the variac slowly and the voltage built up at 230V input, the spark gap fired and this time, it was different!... It was with awesome vigour and sound, which made us feel we have got something right this time. When I held the earthed wire to the top load, yes indeed we got it right! An arc of about 6 inches jumped across the air! That was it. We toiled hard from 9 to 9 only to see this! And at the end of the day, we had it! All the sleepless nights we spent on this is proving to tend towards success. Our ultimate aim is to get 3 foot arcs without holding the earth wire close to the top load. We must express our gratitude to Madan C K, Sunil Kumar, Prajwal Nayak, Manjunath, Varun Rao, Madhusudan, Vijay Lamani, Sikandar Mirza and all others who had played a very supporting role in bringing this project to its present state of completion. We thank Surya Sir for his untiring support, throughout our project. Arul Sir had also been very supportive in our work especially with the capacitors. Thank you! This success is really an inspiration for us to continue with what we are doing. But it is definitely our duty to look back at how far we have come to get there, how many rivers we had to cross to hit the right thing. We extend our most sincere thanks to the tens of people who have played a role in any minute way in helping us realize this dream. See you at Elixir Winter 2011!
Team Tesla
#25

Quantum Suicide....
-John Johan III SEM EEE
A man sits down before a gun, which is pointed at his head. This is no ordinary gun; i-t's rigged to a machine that measures the spin of a quantum particle. Each time the trigger is pulled, the spin of the quantum particle -- or quark -- is measured. Depending on the measurement, the gun will either fire, or it won't. If the quantum particle is measured as spinning in a clockwise motion, the gun will fire. If the quark is spinning counterclockwise, the gun won't go off. There'll only be a click. Nervously, the man takes a breath and pulls the trigger. The gun clicks. He pulls the trigger again. Click. And again: click. The man will continue to pull the trigger again and again with the same result: The gun won't fire. Although it's functioning properly and loaded with bullets, no matter how many times he pulls the trigger, the gun will never fire. He'll continue this process for eternity, becoming immortal.Go back in time to the beginning of the experiment. The man pulls the trigger for the very first time, and
the quark is now measured as spinning clockwise. The gun fires. The man is dead. But, wait. The man already pulled the trigger the first time -- and an infinite amount of times following that -and we already know the gun didn't fire. How can the man be dead? The man is unaware, but he's both alive and dead. Each time he pulls the trigger, the universe is split in two. It will continue to split, again and again, each time the trigger is pulled. This thought experiment is called quantum suicide.
Reference: howstuffswork.com
# 26

Memristor
-Sanjay R Pai VII SEM,EEE
What is a memristor? Memristors are basically a fourth class of electrical circuit, joining the resistor, the capacitor and the inductor that exhibit their unique properties primarily at the nanoscale. Theoretically, Memristors, a concatenation of memory resistors, are a type of passive circuit elements that maintain a relationship between the time integrals of current and voltage across a two terminal element. Thus memristors resistance varies according to a devices memristance function, allowing, via tiny read charges, access to a history of applied voltage. The material implementation of memristive effects can be determined in part by the presence of hysteresis (an accelerating rate of change as an object moves from one state to another) which, like many other non-linear anomalies in contemporary circuit theory, turns out to be less an anomaly than a fundamental property of passive circuitry. Until recently, when HP Labs under Stanley Williams developed the first stable prototype, memristance as a property of a known material was nearly nonexistent. The memristance effect at non-nanoscale distances is dwarfed by other electronic and field effects, until scales and materials that are nanometers in size are utilized. At the nanoscale, such properties have even been observed in action prior to the HP Lab prototypes. But beyond the physics of electrical engineering, they are a conceptualizing of passive electronic circuit theory first proposed in 1971 by the nonlinear circuit theorist Leon Chua. What Leon Chua, a UC Berkeley Professor, contended in his 1971 paper Transactions on Circuit Theory, is that the fundamental relationship in passive circuitry was not between voltage and charge as assumed, but between changes-in-voltage, or flux, and charge. Chua has stated: The situation is analogous to what is called Aristotles Law of Motion, which was wrong, because he said that force must be proportional to velocity. That misled people for 2000 years until Newton came along and pointed out
that Aristotle was using the wrong variables. Newton said that force is proportional to accelerationthe change in velocity. This is exactly the situation with electronic circuit theory today. All electronic textbooks have been teaching using the wrong variablesvoltage and chargeexplaining away inaccuracies as anomalies. What they should have been teaching is the relationship between changes in voltage, or flux, and charge. As memristors develop its going to come down to in part who can come up with the best material implementation. Currently IBM, Hewlett Packard, HRL, Samsung and many other research labs seem to be hovering around the titanium dioxide memristor, but there are quite a few other types of memristors with vectors of inquiry. What Memristive applications are on the horizon, and how close are they to reality? We look at a survey of memristor applications and technology, starting from what the first devices will look like, and where they might go. This reference page will be updated as advances in each of the areas are made. - Non-volatile memory applications: Memristors can retain memory states, and data, in poweroff modes. Non-volatile random access memory, or NVRAM, is pretty much the first to-market memristor application well be seeing. There are already 3nm Memristors in fabrication now. Crossbar latch memory (see below) developed by Hewlett Packard is reportedly currently about one-tenth the speed of DRAM. The fab prototypes resistance is read with alternating current, so that the stored value remains unaffected. Rosy colored industry analysts state there is industry concurrence that these flash memory or solid state drives (ssd) competitors could start showing up in the consumer market within 2 years.
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"There are no facts, only interpretations." -Friedrich Nietzsche

- Low-power and remote sensing applications: tube computers could provide. Memristor applications will now allow us to revisit a lot of the analog science that was Coupled with memcapacitors and meminductors, the com- abandoned in the mid 1960s. plementary circuits to the memristor which allow for the storage of charge, memristors can possibly allow for nano- - Circuits which mimic Neuromorphic and biological sysscale low power memory and distributed state storage, as tems (Learning Circuits) : a further extension of NVRAM capabilities. These are currently all hypothetical in terms of time to market. This is a very large area of research, in part because a large part of the analog science detailed above has to do - Crossbar Latches as Transistor Replacements or with advances in cognitive psychology, artificial intelliAugmentors: gence modeling, machine learning and recent neurology advances. The ability to map peoples brain activities under The hungry power consumption of transistors has been a MRI, CAT, and EEG scans is leading to a treasure trove of barrier to both miniaturization and microprocessor con- information about how our brains work. But modeling a troller development. Solid-state memristors can be com- brain using ratiocinated mathematics is like using linear bined into devices called crossbar latches, which could algebra to model calculus. Simple electronic circuits based replace transistors in future computers, taking up a much on an LC network and memristors have been built, and smaller area. There are difficulties in this area though, alt- used recently to model experiments on adaptive behavior hough the benefits these could bring are focusing on a lot of unicellular organisms. The experiments show that the of money in their development. So perhaps the where electronic circuit, subjected to a train of periodic pulses, theres a will, or a dollar, theres a way adage will get the- learns and anticipates the next pulse to come, similar to se developed. Unless a competition war amongst industry the behavior of the slime mold Physarum polycephalum giants becomes one of those patent showdowns where periodic timing as it is subjected to periodic changes of companies buy out technological advances to bury them. environment. The recent memristor cat brain is also Remember 3G? Well, someone bought out 4G back in getting a lot of mention. These types of learning circuits 2004, before 3G even came to market, and has been sitting find applications anywhere from pattern recognition to on it ever since. And have profited greatly. Neural Networks. No more neural pattern algorithm training on stock market data for the pop-sic investor: now, you - Analog computation and circuit Applications: can grow your own neural network! Just add two drops of memristor. Not anywhere close to reality, FYI, even in the There was a track of electrical/mathematic engineering 30 years range, but very realistic in terms of helping adwhich was largely abandoned to stasis in the 1960s, as vance the science itself, if not the consumer market for digital mathematics and computers rose to dominance. intelligent brains-in-a-jar. Analog computations embodied a whole area of research which, unfortunately, were not as scalable, reproducible, - Programmable Logic and Signal Processing: or dependable (or politically expedient in some cases) as digital solutions. However, there still exist some very im- and a variety of Control System memristor patents are out portant areas of engineering and modeling problems there, waiting for the microchips to fall where they may. which require extremely complex and difficult worka- The memristive applications in these areas will remain relrounds to synthesize digitally: in part, because they map atively the same, because it will only be a change in the economically onto analog models. (See neuromorphic and underlying physical architecture, allowing their capabilities learning circuits below) The early work of Norbert Wiener to expand, however, to the point where their applications has already started to be revisited, after the analog/digital will most likely be unrecognizable as related. split between him and John Von Neumann. Analog was References: great, but required management for scalability beyond http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ what even the extremely complex initial digital vacuum
Memistor
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THE TRAGIC BIRTH OF FM RADIO
E-Core: Vol
-Arati III SEM,EEE

In 1934, much of the world was in the grip of the Great Depression. Unemployment was an epidemic, and many businesses struggled desperately to survive. One notable exception to these economic troubles, however, was the radio industry. Broadcasters in the US were making upwards of two billion dollars a year, and they owed much of their success to the innovations of a brilliant man named Edwin Armstrong. The first of Armstrongs technology troubles began in 1922 when he lost a patent lawsuit for the rights to the regenerative circuit. A man named Lee De Forest had patented the same invention in 1916 two years after Armstrongs patent was granted and sold the rights to AT&T .a long and bitter legal dispute followed, which progressed all the way to the US Supreme Court. Utterly failing to grasp the
Twenty years earlier he had significantly improved the sensitivity and quality of radio receivers with his invention of the regenerative circuit in his junior year of college, and he went on to further improve them with his Super Regenerative circuit and Super Heterodyne receiver. These laid the foundation for the success of radio broadcasting in fact, almost any radio you buy today will still incorporate these innovations. But in 1933, Armstrong brought about an even more revolutionary change in the broadcasting business: FM radio
technical facts in question, the Supreme Court ruled in favor of De Forest, and stripped Armstrong of his patent. Despite the scientific communitys certainty that Armstrong was the inventor of the regenerative circuit, Armstrong lost the patent battle which spanned twenty-one years, thirteen court rulings, and thirty judges. In the meantime, between court appearances and legal meetings, Armstrong continued to innovate. He started to work on the static problem which plagued early radios, despite some colleagues assertion that static could never be eliminated. At the time, radio was transmitted via AmARMSTRONG's regenerative receiver prototype 191 plitude Modulation (AM), which varied the amplitude of the radio waves. This gave the signal a much wider reach, In spite of these brilliant technical achievements, Arm- but resulted in poor-quality sound. Armstrong sought to strong saw little financial benefit from his inventions. improve the signal quality by instead varying the radio Many of his ideas were plundered by corrupt people, a waves frequency, creating Frequency Modulation radio trend which ultimately led to Armstrongs tragic and prem- (FM). ature death.
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He won a patent for FM radio in 1933, and the following year he did his first field test when he broadcast an organ recital in AM and FM signals from the top of the Empire State Building. The AM broadcast was static-filled and the FM broadcast was clean and rich. Listeners were shocked by the difference. Later, in experiment after experiment he proved the on-air differences and improvements in sound. Just before World War 2, Armstrong successfully lobbied the FCC to create an FM broadcast spectrum between 42 and 50 MHzs He built an experimental station and 410foot tower at a cost of $300,000 in Alpine, New Jersey. He started a small network of high-powered FM stations in New England called the Yankee Network, and began manufacturing receivers to pick up the broadcasts. To all who heard the fledgling network, its quality was amazing. The broadcasts could deliver the entire range of human hearing between 50 and 15,000 cycles while AM delivered only 5,000 cycle. A club for FM radio enthusiasts started in prewar New York, and launched its own magazine called FM. Armstrong was trying as hard as he could to prove the superiority of FM broadcasts all people had to do was listen. Armstrong went on to prove that FM was capable of dualchannel transmissions, allowing for stereo sound. This capability of FM could also be used to send two separate
non-stereo programs or a duplicate and telegraph message simultaneously in a process called multiplexing. He even successfully bounced a FM signal off the moon, something not possible with AM signals. On February 1, 1954, Armstrongs body was discovered on the roof of a three-story wing of his apartment building. In despair, he had thrown himself out the window of his thirteenth-floor New York City apartment sometime during the night. He died believing he was a failure, and that FM radio would never become accepted. Through the years Armstrongs widow would bring twenty-one patent infringement suits against many companies, including RCA. She eventually won a little over $10 million in damages. But it would take further decades for FM radio to reach its potential. Following Armstrongs death, televisions emerging popularity ended radios golden years. Edwin Armstrongs innovations clearly changed the world; had he not taken his own life, it is likely he would have lived long enough to watch his dream come to fulfillment.
References: www.damnintresting.com
DID YOU KNOW ?? Right-handed people live, on average, nine years longer than lefthanded people.
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"Try to learn something about everything and everything about something." -Thomas Henry Huxley

MAGNETIC RESONANCE IMAGING
-Sindhu Bhat V SEM EEE
Dr. Raymond Damadian, a physician and scientist, toiled for years trying to produce a machine that could noninvasively scan the body with the use of magnets. Along with some graduate students, he constructed a superconducting magnet and fashioned a coil of antenna wires. On July 3, 1977, the first MRI exam was performed on a human being. It took almost five hours to produce one image, and that original machine, named the "Indomitable," is now owned by the Smithsonian Institution. That may be little comfort to you when you're getting ready for an MRI exam. You are stripped of your jewelry and credit cards and asked detailed questions about all the metallic instruments you might have inside of you. You are put on a tiny slab and pushed into a hole that hardly seems large enough for a person. You are subjected to loud noises, and you have to lie perfectly still, or they are going to do this to you all over again. MRI scanners vary in size and shape, and some newer models have a greater degree of openness around the sides. Still, the basic design is the same, and the patient is pushed into a tube that's only about 24 inches (60 centimeters) in diameter. The biggest and most important component of an MRI system is the magnet. There is a horizontal tube -- the same one the patient enters -- running through the magnet from
front to back. This tube is known as the bore. Most MRI systems use a superconducting magnet, which consists of many coils or windings of wire through which a current of electricity is passed, creating a magnetic field of up to 2.0 tesla. Two other magnets used in MRI systems to a much lesser extent are Resistive magnets and Permanent magnets. There are also three gradient magnets inside the MRI machine. These magnets are much lower strength compared to the main magnetic field. While the main magnet creates an intense, stable magnetic field around the patient, the gradient magnets create a variable field, which allows different parts of the body to be scanned. Another part of the MRI system is a set of coils that transmit radiofrequency waves into the patient's body. There are different coils for different parts of the body: knees, shoulders, wrists, heads, necks and so on. Other parts of the machine include a very powerful computer system and a patient table, which slides the patient into the bore. When patients slide into an MRI machine, they take with them the billions of atoms that make up the human body. For the purposes of an MRI scan, we're only concerned with the hydrogen atom, which is abundant since the body is mostly made up of water and fat. These atoms are randomly spinning and all of the atoms are going in various directions, but when placed in a magnetic field, the atoms line up in the direction of the field. These hydrogen atoms have a strong magnetic moment, which means that in a magnetic field, they line up in the direction of the field.
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Since the magnetic field runs straight down the center of the machine, the hydrogen protons line up so that they are pointing to either the patient's feet or the head. About half of them go each way, so that the vast majority of the protons cancel each other out -- that is, for each atom lined up toward the feet, one is lined up toward the head. Only a couple of protons out of every million aren't canceled out. This doesn't sound like much, but the sheer number of hydrogen atoms in the body is enough to create extremely detailed images. It's these unmatched atoms that we're concerned with now. Next, the MRI machine applies a radio frequency (RF) pulse that is specific only to hydrogen. The system directs the pulse toward the area of the body we want to examine. When the pulse is applied, the unmatched protons absorb the energy and spin again in a different direction. This is the "resonance" part of MRI. The RF pulse forces them to spin at a particular frequency, in a particular direction. The specific frequency of resonance is called the Larmour frequency and is calculated based on the particular tissue being imaged and the strength of the main magnetic field.
The computer receives the signal from the spinning protons as mathematical data; the data is converted into a picture. That is the "imaging" part of MRI.
The MRI system uses injectable contrast, or dyes, to alter the local magnetic field in the tissue being examined. Normal and abnormal tissue respond differently to this slight alteration, giving us differing signals. After the MRI scanning is completed, the computer generates visual images At approximately the same time, the three gradient magof the area of the body that was scanned. These images nets jump into the act. They are arranged in such a mancan be transferred to film (hard copy). ner inside the main magnet that when they're turned on and off rapidly in a specific manner, they alter the main magnetic field on a local level. What this means is that we can pick exactly which area we want a picture of; this area is referred to as the "slice." When the RF pulse is turned off, the hydrogen protons slowly return to their natural alignment within the magnetic field and release the energy absorbed from the RF pulses. When they do this, they give off a signal that the coils pick up and send to the computer system. The MRI scanner can pick out a very small point inside the patient's body and ask it, essentially, "What type of tissue are you?" The system goes through the patient's body point by point, building up a map of tissue types. It then integrates all of this information to create 2-D images or 3D models using the Fourier transform.
Doctors examine the contrasts on an MRI scan
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"Never interrupt your enemy when he is making a mistake." -Napoleon Bonaparte

MRI Safety Concerns Most facilities prefer not to image pregnant women, due to limited research of the biological effects of magnetic fields on a developing fetus. However, the MRI suite can be a very dangerous place if strict precautions are not observed. Credit cards or anything else with magnetic encoding will be erased. Metal objects can become dangerous projectiles if they are taken into the scan room. For example, paperclips, pens, keys, scissors, jewelry, stethoscopes and any other small objects can be pulled out of pockets and off the body without warning, at which point they fly toward the opening of the magnet at very high speeds. Most modern surgical implants, including staples, artificial joints and stents are made of non-magnetic materials, and even if they are not, they may be approved for scanning. But let your doctor know about these, as some orthopedic hardware in the area of a scan can cause distortions in the image.
References: www.howstuffworks.com
Art by, Manoj,VII SEM(EEE)
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E-Core: Vol II,

TRANSISTOR REVOLUTION
By Adithya Kamath III SEM EEE
Transistors are considered to be the building blocks of modern electronics hardware. Natures technology has been evolving over millions of years and similarly hardware technology has also been evolving since man first invented the wheel. Transistors have come a long way since they were used for the first time in the 1940s. Although the basic principle behind them has remained the same is that they all exploit the same property of semiconductors, the materials used to make them and their sizes have improved dramatically to register a corresponding improvement in contemporary electronics. Bell Labs Transistor Team Impact
While it is impossible to estimate how life would have been without the transistor, we can get an idea by looking at how life has changed since the transistor was invented. The invention of the transistor had a profound effect on the whole electronics industry in particular and the world in general. The very first use of a transistor was in telephone equipment. Today any point on the globe is linked to any other point via communications satellites that use the services of many millions of transistors in the form of Their development over the years has evolved so that they integrated circuits. have metaphorically taken on one of the properties of air they are all around us. From the most common electrical Today, the number of transistors on a single chip runs in appliances to industry level machinery, they all depend on the millions with the Pentium4 chip leading at 55 million transistors to perform their respective tasks. There is a transistors. The use of transistors in computers and the seemingly never-ending list of electrical devices that make subsequent advances in transistor technology has brought use of transistors. Some that we tend to take for granted the once building sized computer to the palms of many in our everyday lives are our digital alarm clocks, desktop people. The change in size is matched by an increase in computers, wristwatches, television remote controls and performance. The first transistorized computer is not even the television sets that they control. a shadow of current super computers. The first point contact transistor made by the Shockley team at Bell Labs in 1947
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"Some cause happiness wherever they go; others, whenever they go." -Oscar Wilde

The introduction of transistorized radios in 1954 was what popularized transistors amongst the masses. The portability of these radios was much appreciated. Today devices like cell phones and pagers, which use millions of transistors and which are much more complex than the first transistor radios, are common place. BASIC APPLICATIONS:The Transistor as an Amplifier Transistor takes the input signal and influences the supply voltage in such a way that the input signal is replicated in the stronger supply voltage and thus the signal is amplified. The Transistor as a Switch The transistor uses the property of the semiconductors to make a switch. The supply voltage is used to change the condition of the semiconductor to allow the flow of current or to restrict it. It has been well over five decades since the transistor was invented. While new innovations have ensured a bright future for them, be assured that there is some engineer or group of engineers somewhere in this world trying to come up with an alternative to transistors. Until they succeed, transistors will remain the building blocks of modern electronics.
References: www.cs.mnsu.edu/../Reza04.pdf
DID YOU KNOW??

Our eyes are always the same size from birth, but our nose and ears never stop growing.
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NIGHT VISION
By Divya Naik III SEM EEE

"You may or may not know about night vision, but it makes you sense a thing which cannot be seen through naked eye" This topic gives an in depth account on the basis & its utilization in the field of electrical engineering .
When considering remote or non-contact diagnostic But let me tell you exactly what it is; it is infrared thermog- testing of electrical equipment, raphy. Infrared thermography is considered to be most powerful INFRARED THERMOGRAPHY of all diagnostic tools currently available. Infrared thermography has evolved into one of the most valuable diagnostic tools for predictive maintenance of electrical equipment from reliability and safety point of view . By detecting anomalies often invisible to the naked eye, thermography allows corrective action to be taken before costly system failures occur or where safety of man and machine are at stake. By utilizing thermography to inspect electrical system & components under load, the faulty components can be identified and thus heavy loss of health &wealth is avoided. Infrared cameras have become compact systems that look just like a normal video camera is easy to use and generate a real time high resolution image. Numerous industries worldwide have discovered the advantage of incorporating infrared cameras in their predictive maintenance schedule. Of all causes of electrical failures, connection problems are number one. The key method chosen to identify these problems is infrared thermography. An infrared thermography survey should be performed annually in commercial buildings as well as manufacturing plants. All cable runs, bus ducts, distribution panels, motor control centers etc. should be checked to hotspots or heat imbalances. This can identify loose connections, overloads, unbalanced loads, & high neutral currents that need to be corrected.
References: en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Night_vision
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"Facts are the enemy of truth." -Don Quixote

NANOGENERATORS
By Sikandar Mirza M K V SEM EEE
Ever since Thomas Alva Edison developed the electric light bulb, scientists have looked for better ways to power it. This search has led to major development in two key areas of technology: energy and electronics. The search for everbetter power sources has led to large-scale electric utility services, rechargeable batteries, and devices for harnessing renewable energy from the world around us, such as wind turbines and solar panels. In electronics, developers are continousy on the quest for cheaper yet more powerful devices that use less energy than their predecessor technologies.
owires can be packed side by side in a space less than the width of a human hair. At that scale, and with the combined flexibility of the nanogenerator's components, even the slightest movement can generate current.
What if we could produce electricity from the power we generate just by being alive?!!! Imagine if you could keep your iPod charged just by tapping your fingers to the beat of the music or by wearing a hoodie with a tiny embedded circuit board that senses your pulse. Though it might sound Besides being incredibly small and responsive, nanogeneralike science fiction, nano-generators are bringing such powtors are increasingly powerful. In March 2011, researchers er sources into reality. measured the output of five nanogenerators stacked together. This tiny stack produced a current of about one miNanogenerator is the term researchers use to describe a small electronic chip that can use mechanical movements of croampere, which produced three volts of energy, about the body, such as a gentle finger pinch, to generate electric- the same as two AA batteries . ity. The chip has an integrated circuit etched onto a flexible surface, similar to components on the circuit boards inside "When you walk, you generate 67 watts. Your finger moveyour computer. As the "nano-" prefix implies, these genera- ment is 0.1 watt. Your breathing is one watt. If you can contors are a piece of nanotechnology, or technology so small vert a fraction of that, you can power a device. its size is measured by the nanometer (one billionth of a meter). So, even the most complex and powerful nanogen- Zinc oxide nanowires will show a powerful piezoelectric erators in existence today are small enough to be held beeffect, which is the production of electricity in response to mechanical pressure. Ordinarily the positive and negative tween two fingers. charges of zinc and oxygen ions in these crystalline nanThe key components inside a nanogenerator are nanowires owires cancel each other out. But when the wires, which or a similar structure made from a piezoelectric ceramic are chemically grown to stand on end on top of an elecmaterial. Piezoelectric materials can generate an electric trode, bend in response to, say, a vibration, the ions are current just by being bent or stressed. Hundreds of nandisplaced.
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This unbalances the charges and creates an electric field that produces a current when the nanowire is connected to a circuit. force by the moving tip, the deformation occurs throughout the structure.
The piezoelectric effect will create the electrical field inside Although each nanowire alone produces very little power, the nanostructure; the stretched part with the positive with simultaneous output from many nanowires, we can strain will exhibit the positive electrical potential, whereas generate high power enough to run a small medical implant. the compressed part with the negative strain will show the negative electrical potential. This is due to the relative disBecause the chemical process by which the wires can be placement of cations with respect to anions in its crystalline grown is inexpensive, at some point it may be practical to structure. As a result, the tip of the nanowire will have an produce large arrays that are capable of providing enough electrical potential distribution on its surface, while the power for consumer electronics. "We can grow these on bottom of the nanowire is neutralized since it is grounded. polymer substrates at very low cost . The maximum voltage generated in the nanowire can be calculated by the following equation: Before any devices powered by nanowires can be developed, though, researchers will need to find ways to connect all the nanowires to circuits. Indeed, Zhong Lin Wang's group at Georgia Tech leading researcher on Nano Generator estimates that based on his current progress, prototype where 0 is the permittivity in vacuum, is the dielectric devices will be working within five years!! constant, e33, e15 and e31 are the piezoelectric coefficients, is the Poisson ratio, a is the radius of the nanowire, l is the length of the nanowire and max is the maximum deflection of the nanowire's tip. The electrical contact plays an important role to pump out charges in the surface of the tip. The schottky contact must be formed between the counter electrode and the tip of the nanowire since the ohmic contact will neutralize the electrical field generated at the tip. By constructing the schottky contact the electrons will pass to the counter electrode from the surface of the tip when the counter electrode is in contact with the regions of the negative potential, whereas no current will be generated when it is in contact with the regions of the positive potential, in the case of n-type semiconductive nanostructure (ptype semiconductive structure will exhibit the reversed phenomenon since the hole is mobile in this case). The formation of the schottky contact also contributes to the generation of direct current output signal consequently.For the second case, a model with a vertically grown nanowire stacked between the ohmic contact at its bottom and the schottky contact at its top is considered. When the force is applied toward the tip of the nanowire, the uniaxial compressive is generated in the nanowire. Due to the piezoelectric effect, the tip of the nanowire will have a negative piezoelectric potential, increasing the Fermi level at the tip.
Working Principle The working principle of nanogenerator will be explained for 2 different cases: the force exerted perpendicular and parallel to the axis of the nanowire. The working principle for the first case is explained by a vertically grown nanowire subjected to the laterally moving tip. When a piezoelectric structure is subjected to the external
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"When you do the common things in life in an uncommon way, you will command the attention of the world." George Washington

Since the electrons will then flow from the tip to the bottom through the external circuit as a result, the positive electrical potential will be generated at the tip. The schottky contact will barricade the electrons being transported through the interface, therefore maintaining the potential at the tip. As the force is removed, the piezoelectric effect diminishes, and the electrons will be flowing back to the top in order to neutralize the positive potential at the tip. The second case will generate alternating current output signal. Materials Among various piezoelectric materials studied for the nanogenerator, many of the researches have been focused on the materials with wurtzite structure such as ZnO, CdS] and GaN.] The greatest advantage of theses material arises from the facile and cost-effective fabrication technique, hydrothermal synthesis. Since the hydrothermal synthesis can be conducted in a low temperature environment under 100C in addition to vertical and crystalline growth , these materials can be integrated in various substrates with reduced concern for its physical characteristics such as melting temperature Comparison of the reported materials by 2010 is given in the table . Applications Nanogenerator is expected to be applied for various applications where the periodic kinetic energy exists, such as wind and ocean waves in a large scale to the muscle movement by the beat of a heart or inhalation of lung in a small scale. The further feasible applications are as follows. Self-powered nano/micro devices
GaN Wurtzite
UV sensor integrated VING with an output voltage of 20~40 mV onto the sensor. Still, the converted electrical energy is relatively small for operating nano/micro devices; therefore the range of its application is still bounded as a supplementary energy source to the battery. The breakthrough is being sought by combining the nanogenerator with the other types of energy harvesting devices, such as solar cell or biochemical energy harvester.
ReOutput Output Synthesearche voltage power sis d at VP=~9 ~0.5 pW CVD, mV @ per cycle hydro- Georgia R=500M (estimat thermal Tech. ed) process VP=50~9 0 mV @ R=500M VP=~6 mV @ R=500M Vavg=~20 mV,Vmax =~0.35 V@ R=500M VP=~3 mV 5~16.2 pW per CVD cycle (calculat Georgia Tech.
Material Type
ZnO(ntype)
Wurtzite
ZnO(ptype)
Wurtzite
Wurtzite (Heteros ZnO-ZnS tructure )
~0.1 pW Thermal per cycle evapo- Georgia (calculat ration Tech. ed) and ~0.8 pW per cycle (average CVD , calculated)
Georgia Tech.
CdS
Wurtzite
Not stated
PVD, Georgia HydroTech. thermal
BaTiO3
Pervoskite
VP=~25 High ~0.3 aJ mV @ temperper cycle UIUC R=100M ature (stated) chemical 2.5 pW~90 VP=5~30 pW per Electro UC mV cycle spinning Berkely (calculat ed)
One of the feasible applications of nanogenerator is an independent or a supplementary energy source to nano/ micro devices consuming relatively low amount of energy in a condition where the kinetic energy is supplied continu- PVDF ously. One of example has been introduced by Professor Zhong Lin Wangs group in 2010 by the self-powered pH or
Polymer
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This approach is expected to contribute to the development of the energy source suitable for the application where the independent operation is crucial, such as Smartdust. Smart Wearable Systems The outfit integrated or made of the textiles with the piezoelectric fibre is one of the feasible applications of the nanogenerator. The kinetic energy from the human body is converted to the electrical energy through the piezoelectric fibres, and it can be possibly applied to supply the portable electronic devices such as health-monitoring system attached with the Smart Wearable Systems. overall. The implantable device integrated with the nanogenerator can be operated by receiving the external ultrasonic vibration outside the human body, which is converted to the electrical energy by the piezoelectric nanostructure.A side benefit of using nanogenerators is their potential positive impact on the environment. Nanogenerators use a renewable resource: kinetic energy from body movement.They're created from more environmentally friendly materials than batteries, and they have the potential to reduce the waste associated with battery production and disposal. Still, the impact is small, literally, due to the size and limited power of nanogenerators. Time will tell if the nanogenerators will be viable in powering larger devices such as laptops.
The nanogenerator such as VING can be also easily integrated in the shoe employing the walking motion of human Nanogenerators probably won't replace batteries, at least body. not in the near future. You still need battery backups for devices with which you're not in regular physical contact, Another similar application is a power-generating artificial such as alarm clocks. You also want to ensure that some skin. Professor Zhong Lin Wangs group has shown the pos- devices continue to run idly even when you're not using or sibility by generating AC voltage of up to 100 mV from the touching them, such as your smartphone. Perhaps in the flexible SWG attached to the running hamster. future, manufacturers will pair nanogenerators with some type of rechargeable battery system to create a dependable Transparent and Flexible Devices power source with reduced environmental impact. Some of the piezoelectric nanostructure can be formed in various kinds of substrates, such as flexible and transparent organic substrate. The research groups in SKKU (Professor Sang-Woo Kims group) and SAIT (Dr. Jae-Young Chois group) have developed the transparent and flexible nanogenerator which can be possibly used for self-powered tactile sensor and anticipated that the development may be extended to the energy-efficient touch screen devices. Their research focus is being extended to enhance the transparency of the device and the cost-effectiveness by substituting Indium-Tin-Oxide (ITO) electrode with a graphene layer. Implantable Telemetric Energy Receiver The nanogenerator based on ZnO nanowire can be applied for implantable devices since ZnO not only is biocompatible but also can be synthesized upon the organic substrate, rendering the nanogenerator bio-compatible in
References: Textbook titled Nanogenerator for self powered devices and systems by Zhong Lin Wang
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The optimist proclaims that we live in the best of all possible worlds, and the pessimist fears this is true." -James Branch Cabell

THE BLOOM BOX An energy magic box
By Rakshitha Salian, III SEM
Every now and then, there comes something that makes you turn you head, that demands your attention regardless if you are ready or not. Is the world ready for green energy to take over the day-today life? The chatter is getting louder, about the possible next BIG thing. California Silicone Valley is buzzing with the new venture. Backed by the same powerful venture capitalist that once supported the start-ups like Netscape, Amazon and Google, the discussions about alternate power source that is the BLOOM BOX.
the reactor to generate electricity) he could change the way people generated and consumed energy. Sridhars invention appears to provide a way to capture and store energy from any source: clean or fossil-based. One of the biggest challenges for the renewable energy industry is storing power when the energy source isnt available. For wind power, its for when the wind stops blowing; for solar energy, its for when its cloudy or the Sun goes down at night. The Bloom Box uses energy when its available to store it as hydrogen and oxygen. When the energy source is no longer available, the Bloom Box reverses and starts generating electricity from the hydrogen and oxygen.
If successful, the new energy source can replace the big WORKING OF THE BOX power plants and eventually transmission line grid over time. Moreover, it is green energy, completely environ- Basically, in simplistic terms, the Bloom box invention is a ment friendly, as there is no burning or combustion. solid oxide fuel cell, a very skinny battery that always runs; that is always on .The ceramic disks that form the core of K.R. Sridhar, the CEO of Bloom Box, is the man behind the the Box are painted with special inks green on one side concept. The ambitious undertaking is already being trialed and black on the other. The disk acts as an electrode so that by EBay headquarters and many other corporations, as an at high temperatures, a hydrocarbon fuel - ethanol, bioalternate to the conventional energy. diesel, methane, or natural gas - on one side of the cell attracts oxygen ions from the other. As the ions are pulled The Bloom Box. What is it? through the solid core, the resulting electrochemical reaction creates electricity. These tiny wafers or skinny slates In order to understand the Bloom Box, you need to under- are stacked up to compound the energy production. stand more about the man behind the technology: K.R. Sridhar. While working as the director of the Space Technolo- WHY BLOOM BOX BETTER THAN OTHER FUEL CELL gies Laboratory at the University of Arizona, the Indian-born co-founder of Bloom Energy was asked by NASA to come up Unlike many hydrogen fuel cells that require expensive with a way to make life sustainable on Mars. The result of precious metal, the Bloom box fuel cell is built from an exhis initial project was a device that would use solar energy tremely cheap ceramic material sand, which is available in and Martian water to power a reactor that generate oxygen plenty. to breathe and hydrogen to power machinery and vehicles. After reflecting on his research, he realized that by reversing the reaction (i.e. feeding oxygen and hydrogen back into
# 41
"Be nice to people on your way up because you meet them on your way down." -Jimmy Durante

Although the process consumes hydrocarbons, it emits According to the company, a single cell (one only about half the greenhouse gases of conventional ener- 100 100 mm metal alloy plate between two ceramic laygy sources because it doesn't involve carbon-releasing com- ers) generates 25 wattsBloom's device generates electricity bustion; its merely an electrochemical process. at 50% to 55% conversion efficiency. In comparison, solar generally produces power at between 10% to 15% efficien And because one of the byproducts of the Bloom Box is cy. hydrogen, it could be used to create fuel for the next generation of hydrogen fuel cell powered vehicles and in the To me, it sounds like a much better way to get clean energy meantime it can generate electricity to power hybrid and than dirty coal, and may even be better than solar, given electric vehicles., the device could be used to create fuel the energy and environmental costs of making solar photofor cars. And even if hydrogen vehicles don't materialize for voltaic cells along with all the batteries needed for nightdecades, Bloom boxes could generate electricity for hybrid time power. Wind power too intermittent to be used by or electric cars. Either way, the system would allow people itself and mating it to a fuel system is a good idea. Nuclear power still scares people. So maybe it is time to put a fuel to sidestep traditional gas stations. cell in everyones basement charge up your electric vehi This type of fuel cell can withstand temperatures of up cle directly from your own fuel cell or fill your fuel-cell car to 1800F, which would cause many other types of fuel with hydrogen made in the basement! cells to breakdown or need maintenance, whereas Blooms Energy Servers simply recycle the heat within the cell, since References: the temperature generated by the reaction is almost exacten.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bloom_Energy_Server ly the heat needed for the reaction to happen and is highly advantageous for its smooth operation. Around 3-6% of electricity that is generated is lost in transmission, so local generation is already ahead in some respects compared to large-scale power generation. These fuel cells can also be installed in remote communities around the world, bringing electricity to places where it is too expensive to build electrical transmission grids.
# 42

THE IMPACT OF TELEVISION ON INDIA
Amma, A Raja must be punished for stealing our money, says my eight year old cousin and I am amazed at the level of awareness he has. My aunt takes her eyes off the television screen and questions him, "Who told you that Raja has stolen our money??.To that my cousin has a quick answer up his sleeve, he innocently retorts, "The man in the T.V said so". Such is the awareness created by the television. Even little kids know of the day-day to happenings brewing in our society, thanks to the television which has snuggled its way into every Indian household. Television has become the fourth basic necessity of life ,maybe in some cases even overtaking the need for shelter!. It has even managed to pitch itself in the Indian political scenario where political parties promise color television sets in exchange for votes. A luxury during the seventies and eighties in India ,one can comfortably say that every Indian child is born with a television in its mouth oops.. I mean house! Most discerning people have ,at one point or another, loosely condemned the television as fast food for the eyes, a cheap guilty pleasure. Instead of scoffing at the medium itself, it makes more sense to compare programs.
Television like all other things has its pros and cons. It is left to the viewer to choose from amongst the wide range of programmes available. On one hand it has broadened our horizons by bringing faraway places into our living rooms, revealing the diversity of science and nature and exposing us to sights and sounds beyond our local area, on the other it has reduced us to mere couch potatoes. Today channels telecast a wide mix of programmes which includes sitcoms, tv soaps, cartoons, religious channels, reality shows, sports ,so on and so forth. Some programmes are sensible and have a take away from them while most today are just timepass,particularly the television soaps and reality shows.Every channel in its race to gain TRPs are comprising on their ethics and morals. Morally rich and informative shows like Mahabharata, quiz shows, talk shows have become a thing of the past, but loose programmes like Bigboss, kyunki saas bhi kabhi bahu thi have flooded the Indian television market. When asked the channels have only one answerJo biktaa hai ,vahi thikta hai!!.
# 43 "The true measure of a man is how he treats someone who can do him absolutely no good." -Samuel Johnson

Even news channels add masala to the cant ignore it .Television has become such an news and present it in a manner appealing to the integral part of our lives.+ masses. The point is that the truth gets lost in the bargain. But inspite of all this, the television has been able to connect the masses and convert the globe into a village. A person living in Kerala can watch Barack Obama deliver his speech in the White House .Kids such as my eight year old cousin can grasp information on the happenings around the world. We can enjoy sporting events without having to be present at the venue. The recent anti-corruption campaign for the introduction of an effective Jan-lokpal bill was a big hit thanks to the media capturing Anna Hazares fast live.It prompted the people to join Anna in his crusade. From housewives, the aged to the children television is a source of entertainment to all. The current worth of the Indian television Industry is estimated at around $5.5 billion and is growing at an average annual rate of 16%.According to a recent report India has the highest number of news channels in the world. With over 119 million tv sets and the worlds third highest viewership base, it makes television the most effective mass communication medium. Some people may be not be in favour of the means by which the television market is growing today taking into account the moral odds at stake ,while some others may be in favour of it. But today, the market conditions are such ,as the popular advertisement jingle goes.. you may love it, you may hate it, but you just
By Priyanka Kamath V sem EEE
# 44
EWHAT DO YOU REMEMBER ?

By Kishori J. V Sem, EEE
Dont we always struggle to memorize formulae and scientific names? But how is it that we remember some random joke told by some friend on some random occasion? How is it that we can recall a childhood memory when we may not be able to recall what happened two days ago? We have short-term memories and long-term memories. There are some memories which cannot be expressed why is it like that? Then the question arises as to how these memories are formed in our brain. I became very curious. So I just googled it. This is the gist of what I found. A memory is created by the association of a number of neurons such that when one neuron fires; all the neurons in that group will fire, producing a specific pattern. After the stimulation that originally gave rise to this pattern has ceased, it remains encoded in the brain. Memories form when a pattern repeats frequently, or when circumstances encourage it to be encoded. This is because each time a group of neurons fires together, the tendency to do so again increases. Once the neuron cell triggers to fire, a chemical change takes place on its surface and the surface becomes more sensitive to stimulation from the same neuron. This process is called long-term potentiation (LTP). It will stay in this state of readiness for hours or maybe days. If the first cell fires again during this period, the neighbour may respond even if the firing rate of cell number one is relatively slow. A second firing makes it even more receptive. Eventually, repeated synchronous firing binds neurons together so that the slightest activity in one will trigger all those that have become associated with it to fire. Thus, a memory is created. Memories are classified in many ways. One of the common schemes of classification is declarative and non-declarative memory depending on whether the memory can be declared verbally or not. Memories are also classified as associative and non-associative memories based on its triggering, implicit and explicit memories based on their recollection, and as short-term and longterm memories depending on their availability. Declarative memory It covers the memory of facts such as events and names, which do not need to be repeated so that they could be remembered. Those experiences that are destined to be laid down as long-term memories are replayed from the hippocampus to the cortex. Much of the replay is thought to happen during sleep. Declarative memory is further classified as semantic memory and episodic memory. The knowledge of facts - numbers, addresses, language and concepts - which the brain files in categories, forms the semantic memory. It seems likely that the brain stores our semantic memories as modules that have some logical links to one another. An event in one's life and everything about it, including emotional reactions are usually remembered as an episode. These memories are called as episodic memories. Episodic memories are not very reliable.
# 45
"Life is pleasant. Death is peaceful. It's the transition that's troublesome." -Isaac Asimov

Non-declarative memory The skills that we learn, the habits and phobias that we have are considered are non-declarative memory. Experience changes the neural makeup and results in the formation of these memories. They cannot be explained with words. The classification of non-declarative memories is as follows Procedural memory- this contains the procedures that we learn, like riding a bicycle, swimming etc. Once learnt they are never forgotten. All the memories that are stored for a long time are called long-term memories and the memories that are lost within a short duration of time are called short-term memories. Apart from these classifications, there exist a Working Memory which allows you to comprehend what you are reading or to figure out the meaning of what has just been said to your in a conversation. Working memory can be thought of as a low capacity information reservoir that is always full, sensations flowing into it continuously at about the same rate that they are forgotten. It is like the RAM of a computer.
Classical conditioning- this means that the brain is conditioned for a particular event after repeated occurrence of that event at the same time. For example, I wake up 6 am even without an Now that we know how the brain stores the alarm since I am used to getting up at that time. information, we can say that recollection of that Fear memory- phobias or fear that comes after information depends on the situation in which the information was received. receiving a shock are stored in this form.
Habituation and sensitization- decreased respon- Moral of the story is: Pay more attention in class if you want to remember the concepts siveness to the stimulus is called habituation and the increased responsiveness is called as sensitiReference: www.universe-review.ca zation. This happens after repeated occurrence of the event. Remote memories- these represent the foundation memories on which the new memories are built.
# 46
ChAsE the MyTHz...

By Arun Pai G. , VII Sem EEE I FEEL LIKE THE PROVERBIAL FISH OUT OF WATER. BCOZ WRITING IS NOT MY FORTE. AND HERE I AM PENNING ONE OF MA CHILDHOOD STORIES SO KIND READER, PLS DONT BUZZ.. SNOOZE..SNORE!!
I was undoubtedly happy that day, since I

had written the last exam of 6 standard.And I was on my way back home dreaming about the crazy stuff I would do in the next three months. When the thoughts of watching wwe, shaktimaan, playing lagori, cricket etcetera were running in my internal memory, my mother crushed my motherboard by telling me that we would be going to my grannys place for the next 3 months.. O teri.. Guys, I am sure you would love continuous classes of the same subject as compared to my grannys place covered with dark forests, entertainment less!! located 25 kms from Puttur, a place called Ishwar-mangal. My mom heartlessly packed my clothes and also my sad face and parceled me to the village the very next day. I had to stay with my lovely granny who loved me more than her dentures. My mom and my brother left for home, leaving me alone. I was stuffed with all kinds of food, though eating, peeing ,sleeping was the only routine I followed there. The only thing I loved about the village was that irrespective of the caste, all the people believed in the idol of Lord Buddha . To what extent they believed??..go ahead.. read on. There was a time when the idol of the laughing Buddha used to cry and it was nowhere else,
th
but in my grannys village. I would go to Crying temple to worship the Crying Buddha along with my crying grandma with a crying face on a crying day along with all the crying villagers. It was said that the infants cried when they felt like worshipping the crying Buddha. Onions brought tears as they were considered to be the Crying Buddhas vegetable. The tears of the crying Buddha fell onto the earth as rain. During drought people prayed with the hope that the laughing Buddha would cry. For sacrifices the villagers cried out aloud in the temple. Imagine the whole village shouting and banging their heads and crying .Another interesting belief :seawater is salty because it was nothing but gods tears I was a naughty kid and used to play pranks all the time. The timetable of my village was simple. Every morning you wake up and perform a Cry Pooja; have a Crying bath and then go to work Crying. (As children we would be really happy because when parents and teachers beat us and we cried, the Gods were pleased with us and would punish the sadistic parents and teachers .
# 47
"Wise men make proverbs, but fools repeat them." -Samuel Palmer

There is a famous story that goes like thisA thief was caught and was taken to the police station. In the sub-inspectors room he started crying. Then from nowhere a typhoon blew and destroyed the police station. Only the thief escaped because he worshipped god by crying in his moment of distress. Since then the villagers never dared to stop the thieves. They came every night The house owner invited them with utmost respect and served them dinner. He even went out with his family members leaving the thief alone in his house so that he would steal peacefully because if the thief cried, the entire house would collapse. Also my granny told me that every year the was a festival in the village dedicated to the crying Buddha which was conducted for an entire week. The products that sold the most in the market during the festival were onion and tissue paper. Also during the fest, people walked in the procession crying and banging their head. It was a major tourist attraction since people from different parts of the world came, took videos, wrote stories, articles etc. of pleasing God by crying and when they left, they swore on their teardrops that they would spread this exotic, divine message of god in their place. Scientists also came to study and do research on the villagers scientific idea about drought, rain and its relation to the tears of god. It is always wondered as to why the end points of the lips of this God were inverted and bent downwards. One day it is so happened it was raining cats and dogs . Almost all the houses in the village including my grannys were half filled with the tears of God and the rooftops had been blown away. We were immediately called for a Panchayat meeting to find a solution to the problem. Finally the so-called saint of our Panchayat who cried the most, St. Basava proclaimed that the flood was because we had pleased the
God to such an extent that He was overwhelmed with joy. He told us that we should reduce worshipping the Buddha . The Panchayat honored him with the Panchayat Vibushan on the great proclamation. Immediately it was announced that all villagers should reduce their crying. No one was allowed to shed more than 500ml of tears a day. Anyone who violated this rule would be prosecuted. A squad was appointed for the same. A public campaign was launched. The sale of onion and tissue paper due to drought reduced. There was a famine. Even the number of tourists reduced. Then again, we were called for a Panchayat meeting .This time the final solution was given by the divine soul of the time( the person who cried the least after the rule was made) St. Manjulamma. She suggested that God was angry because we had reduced our worship and prayers, So we start crying full swing and with full spirit. People were happy and they decided to observe a three day fast during which they cried from morning till evening as a forgiveness for their sins. The municipality waste collection department was held up with onion leaves that were being thrown away during this penance. The tourism began to flourish again. The marriage ceremony involved crying in front of married couples. :p The favorite marriage gift was bottle filled with tears. The garland was made of onions. The main food item on the menu was onion pakoda .
# 48

It once so happened that we were playing ball in the temple premises. I kicked the ball hard and it flew in the direction of our age old idol. I got scared. The ball directly hit the face of the idol and the edges of the lips of the idol formed a rectangle. We found that this part of the face was detachable and could be fixed back. What we did that day to the idol astonished us. We turned the Crying Buddha into a Laughing Buddha. The story goes like this: the sculptor who made the idol of the Buddha made it in parts but he died before assembling them. Some amateurs assembled it and the crying face was due to faulty assembly. All the myths, beliefs and the festivals originated around this myth. Immediately a Panchayat was held and all this fact was accepted after two long hours of discussion.. AH! Finally now they have a Laughing Buddha. They always laugh and they never stopped laughing henceforth. All thanks to Chuck Norton. Hope even you are laughing now!!
MYSTIFY Solutions ACROSS:

1. SHORTCIRCUIT 3. CONDUCTOR 4. INSULATOR 6. THERMISTOR 7. RESISTOR 9. ORANGE 10. VARIABLE 13. CURRENT 14. PCB 17. VOLTS 18. BATTERY 19. OUTPUT 20. LDR 21. SWITCH
DOWN:
2. TRANSISTOR 3. CAPACITOR 5. DRYJOINT 8. RED 11. INPUT 12. PROCESS 15. GOLD 16. FLUX 19. OHMS 20. LED
# 49
"The mistakes are all waiting to be made." -Grigorievitch Tartakower
Sonali Dsouza,VIISem(EEE)
DID YOU KNOW??
People say "Bless you" when you sneeze because when you sneeze, your heart stops for a milli-second.
# 50
By Art by,Jason Philip By Jason Philip By ManojEEE VIIBy Jason Philip Semester, VII Semester, EEE Manoj,VII Sem(EEE) VII Semester, EEE(EEE) VII Semester
"The mistakes are all waiting to be made." -Grigorievitch Tartakower
Void Of Life
As daylight dies, I fall into painful slumber This misery, this sorrow Is this the void of life? Fireflies around me, the fog consumes everything The burden on my shoulders Is this the void of life? Weight of the earth Atlas, you bravest of titans How can you endure, this fate worse than hell? Greet the reaper with a smile, for he shall take thee to redemption Hope, a flickering flame in a sea of darkness The emptiness, the nothingness The void of life Floating in the darkness I find serenity Faces of people, lifeless faces, dead from within Life, a word without meaning, you exist only to cause pain As I fade away, as hope is crushed, as the void consumes all Salvation is all I can hope for
By Jason Philip VII Sem(EEE) # 52
Encounter With Crush
It was 10 minutes past 9am, as I parked my 80CC scooter in front of her house. I felt as if someone was watching me. I was nervous. Scared. I shifted my sight slowly on to her house, painted yellow with a maroon canopy-roof.
NITTE: 2Km I read the milestone painted yellow and white. At a distance, I could see a familiar looking back view of a female. She was as fat as a hippo! I slowed down my scooter right in front of her.
Beautiful, I thought, though it was stupid of me to find something attractive in whatever she is Hey hippo, want a li associated with. Slap-slap!! I was waiting for her to come out of her house. It Before I could complete my sentence, she plantwas then that I realized something vibrate inside ed two nasty slaps on my cheeks. I dont think I my pant. deserved that! Tweet-tweet Tweet-tweet SMS , my Nokia Oww! That hurts, hippo! 701 interrupted me. Slap! Where the hell r u?? Classes have started!! It I guess I deserved this one!! was Rahul. Did I not tell you to stop calling me that?! she Comin..10mins..got up late.., I replied. ordered. I had bunked the first hour to catch her sight. She Alright alright. Im sorry Miss-Snow-White., I made my day. gave up. Neha. B.E. II Year. My junior rather. Sweet as Hmmm much better! she smiled. pineapples. She was probably 20, but looked as though she was in her Sweet-16. Lovely and gor- Nancy. Miss-Snow-White of our class. She was as fair as a talcum powder which earned her that geous, just like champagne on ice! name. She was beautiful, but for her size!! I waited for a couple of minutes but found no She sat behind me. The tire compressed by an signs of her coming out. inch! I regretted asking her for a lift after she sat Drop it! Probably she has already left. I said to on my scooter. myself and zoomed to college in my 80CC scooter Lets go! she said. at 40 km/h.
# 53
"Everything has been figured out, except how to live." -Jean-Paul Sartre

80CC is not enough to pull a 170 pound hippo, I there??
thought. What?? she said, almost in a reflex.
As soon as I completed my sentence, the security smashed a flat No to my plea. He is a Hitler!
Did she read my mind?? I was expecting anoth- So where is your eye-candy?? Nancy started er slap. again. I hate her! She must be in here. I did not find her at her Then what are you waiting for? Go! she poked place. I replied without making eye contact. Dude, finding her here would be like Finding-Aon my head. Needle-In-A-Gold-Mine. she said. Right away! Huh saved!! What what?? Nothing! I replied nervously. The scooter refused to move in the beginning. But somehow I got it moving, but this time it was just 20 Km/h. I could literally hear my scooter crying unable to carry the weight! NITTE: 1Km Correction. Its Hay-Stack! I squinted. She thought for a while. Right. Finding-HayStack-In-A-Gold-Mine. I gave her a dirty look. Somebody please tell her that she is bad at proverbs!! I hate her!
So how is it that youre late today?? she broke Soon Rahul joined us. Dude, I saw your bundlethe silence. of-joy near the caf. Location 2-8-4 degrees, 12 Ah dont ask. I got up late as usual! I kept my meters out. He patted me and winked. Man! He ought to be in army! fingers crossed. Silence for a few seconds. Neha? Right? she giggled. We reached the caf in no time! I stepped close to her. Nancy and Rahul stood at a distance. I had never talked to her so far.
Yeah yeah. I was left with no other choice but Hey! I said. to give up. She looked at me. My body froze. I started to Whats cooking? she said and started laughing. sweat. My legs started shivering. Thoughts reNothing. I replied sounding ignorant. fused to change into words. I felt myself being Come on! Dont be shy. You can tell it to me. dragged into a virtual paralysis! Why me?? I thought! She giggled again. I started to boil. If I had an eject button on my scooter, like the ones in fighter planes which throws the pilot out of the plane when the plane is undone, for the seat on which Nancy was sitting, I swear I wouldve pressed in now!! Six seconds later, I found my voice. Neha?? I asked without being obvious. Yeah. she smiled. Trust me, I had absolutely no idea how to carry on!
I took a shot. Nice weather. I scouted her exCan I concentrate on driving? I raised my tone. pression. Damn I did not know what else to We reached college before she could pull my say!! legs a bit more. NO PARKING FOR STUDENTS. I The smile on her face disappeared. There was a read the board, probably for the hundredth long silence. Man! This is either really good or time. But I was too lazy to park it ahead. I went really bad! I thought. to the security and pleaded, Is there any chance that my tiny scooter could squeeze in
# 54

away. I opened my eyes only to find Nancy and I open my eyes and look at the wall-clock. Rahul standing and laughing. I hate them! I was 7:05am. dejected, sad, broken! Ah crap! Mom, Im bunking today!! All of a sudden, the buildings around me started to collapse. I could see Nancy and Rahul disappear. In the background I could hear a faint voiceBy Karthik U. Wake up! Youll be late to college! VII Sem EEE
Life
LIFE IS A PATH,ON WHICH EVERYONE HAS TO GO SOME PEOPLE FOLLOW IT FAST,SOME ARE SLOW THERE ARE MANY STAGES IN OUR LIFE IN EACH STAGE,IT IS DIFFICULT TO SURVIVE IT STARTS FROM BIRTH PEOPLE COME ON THE EARTH IN CHILDHOOD,THEY ARE LIKE BABY THEY PLAY MORE BUT ARE VERY LAZY WHEN THEY ARE YOUNG,THEY KNOW THEIR RESPOSIBILITY SOME DON'T UNDERSTAND IT AND SOME CARRY IT OUT CAREFULLY DEATH IS THE END LIKE THE BANK OF A RIVER EVERYTHING REMAINS HERE BUT THE SOUL IS CLEVER LIFE IS NOTHING WITHOUT AN AIM OTHERWISE,IT PLAYS WITH US LIKE A GAME LIFE IS STRANGE AND WE ARE STRANGER TO LIFE WALK ON THIS PATH PROPERLY,OTHERWISE IT WILL ROB US WITH THE HELP OF KNIFE.!!!!
By Ranjan Kumar VII Sem(EEE) # 55

"Friends may come and go, but enemies accumulate." -Thomas Jones
SUCCESS MUST BESTOW HUMILITY

What is that your proud of?? Your richness, looks, intelligence or your degree ? Seriously, take a moment and think which of these will make your life a complete one .What if you have all of these.??? What more do you want to become the most successful person and so what does success mean to you .??So ,now am here to pen down my thoughts into words . Before focusing your eyes on the road to success, lets discuss what success is!! Its a common observation that young generation wants instant success. But is there any sure shot formula for success in this world??No ..There is no WONDER DRUG which can turn failure into success .It can only be earned through your outstanding personality. In my perspective, SUCCESS is SATISFACTION!!! tell you ,to become successful both financially and in other areas of life both PERSONALITY and CHARACTER play an important role .One can fulfill his wants by grabbing the opportunities that come across him .But it Is not a piece of cake to make an impact on the society through ones outstanding personality . There are many successful people who believe that there is something beyond luxury and the materialistic world and aspired to become philanthropists. At a very young age, they were triggered with a thought to serve the nation or the society. Some of such humble people are Dr.APJ Abdul Kalam , Anna Hazare, an activist and Mother Teresa who lived a simple life but penetrated into millions of hearts through their humble and modest nature .
Now let me share something about my life story .In my college there was a feeble old lady who actly does this mean?? wandered through out the campus dragging her BESTOW is to shower .HUMILITY is a state of befeet with old and tattered clothes expecting either ing grounded and treating others with same resome food or money from people which could spect and dignity which you have for yourself. A fetch her a meal .She served the college as a successful person should always remember the sweeper and then retired from the job since she roots of his success and shower his love to the was no longer physically sound to earn her daily person responsible for his feet to be planted wages. I thought it would be better if I could help firm!! her in anyway.. But I had never seen anyone talkNOW, if we talk about the qualities like ethics and ing to her. One day when I was walking towards morals as prerequisites for success in all likelithe canteen I saw the lady sitting under a tree hood, people might say; look dude, lets not she looked all pale and had worn a brown old waste time talking about all these shit !! . torn saree. Well. . thats quite obvious reaction !!But let me
Success Must Bestow Humility !! What ex-
# 56

I thought to give her some money which could satisfy her hunger and switch on a smile on her face .I had dressed up very well on that day and I saw somebody pointing at me and whispering hey,, look at her! Shes really dressed to kill today!! I was very conscious of my status in the college. I then stepped back instead of moving ahead to talk to her due to the fear of ridicule .I thought that my friends would mock at me .But later after sometime I made an attempt to go ahead with a thought in my mind Feel that there is no one around you Sanjana and walk ahead and moved towards her .The Look on her face had hundreds of questions !!!! I greeted her saying namaskara ajji, encha ullar?? (which means, hello grandma how are u?) which brought an instant smile on her face. I was overwhelmed to see that I was responsible for switching on a smile on her face. Once I started talking to her and sharing laughter, people were surprised. I was extremely happy to share my thoughts with her and she blessed me whole heartedly .It was a great feeling of satisfaction!! Then, I placed a 20 rupee note on her palm which lighted up her eyes, imparted colour to her cheeks and brightened her face. She blessed me saying Dhever edde vidhye kordu porludha gunatha aan korad (which means, let God gift u good education and a good life partner ).I was like .. okay . Later, I saw people coming and talking to her and she was thankful to them. From this I learnt that, to do something good never put a curb on your thoughts and pull the plug on the work ,but go ahead and prove it right which will surely be appreciated .Never ever follow the wrong path but create a good path and people will follow it. In the above mentioned instance which I shared I would like to tell you that do what you feel is right and never stop doing good things because of the fear of people or the society .Because one day might come where we might be in the same situation as the old lady above .No one can expect ideal conditions throughout life because we are in a world of imperfections and adversities .JUST DO THE BEST YOU CAN !! That is why the Bhagavad Gita tells us: "do not worry about the results; keep doing your dharma. Whether it is work or a charity, real spirit lies in not thinking about the outcome but performing your task well .There is a saying by Hellen Keller that the best and most beautiful things in the world cannot be seen or even touched. They must be felt within the heart. In the example above, I didn't earn money or fame by helping the old lady and stretching a smile on her face but earned satisfaction. Hence the conclusion here is that gaining materialistic pleasure is not everything!! Showing GRATITUDE to the people, remaining humble even after reaching heights, earning goodwill and blessings, stretching smile on every face we are around is true success!! Then the life earns a real value!!!
ITS ALL A MATTER OF ATTITUDE WHEN YOU HAVE NOTHING AND WHEN YOU HAVE EVERYTHING !! By Sanjana K Shetty VII Sem,EEE
# 57
" The best way to predict the future is to invent it." -Alan Kay
ACROSS: 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. Device which stores charges Diode which emits light One of the basic gates One in two main parts of DC machine (moving part) It is the energy required to move a unit positive charge from infinity to the point
DOWN: 1. This signal is any continuous signal for which the time varying feature of the signal is a representation of some other time varying quantity 2. This is a component which opposes the flow of current 3. This is a type of diode which is used in regulators and it has narrow depletion region 4. This is a basic gate which gives the complement form of the input 5. It is a type of electronic test instrument that allows observation of constantly varying signal voltages (used in ACE labs). 6. Name of the scientist who invented a type of oscillator using the combination of inductor and capacitor in which the feedback signal is taken from a voltage divider made by two capacitors in series
# 58
ACROSS: 1.CAPACITOR, 2.LED, 3.ORGATE, 4.ROTOR, 5.VOLTAGE, DOWN: 1.ANALOG, 2.RESISTOR, 3. ZENWER, 4.NOTGATE, 5.CRO, 6.COLPITT
ANWERS:
Earth Allows You To Stand Let It Stand The Way It Is!!
How many of us really care about what were doing when we throw a plastic bag on the roadside? How large a carbon footprint we as human being are leaving ourselves? We all know how important it is to stay healthy personally. In the same way it is more important to keep earth healthy and it is actually not as daunting a task as it originally seems, provided each individual does his/her bit. And we all know how to contribute for it individually. But most of the time we forget to watch our footprint our carbon footprint and worsen the situation as it is easy to start going green but takes a lot more effort to stay green. Humanity may never actually be able to heal the world or correct all the damage we have already done to our ecosystem, but we can at least attempt to stop wrecking the situation further. We Elites are doing a bit by saving paper.. Are u doing your bit to save save yourself??....... this earth ? to

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