THE SIMPLE PRESENT TENSE- AFFIRMATIVE STATEMENTS Simple present is used to talk about repeated actions and general

or permanent situations. Adverbs and expressions of frequency such as the following often appear with this tense: always, every day, in general, never, often, rarely, sometimes, usually. Grammatical Rules Subject + Verb I You We work twenty hours a week. They Subject + Verb (spelling rules for third person) He She works twenty hours a week. It The North American Family We have many different kinds of families in North America. There are large families and small families. Some children live in single-parent homes, like Joseph Jones. He lives with his mother Rita. In today families, the parents and children help around the house. Everyone does different chores like vacuuming, washing clothes, or taking out the garbage. SIMPLE PRESENT TENSE- NEGATIVE STATEMENTS Grammatical Rules Subject + Don't + Verb I You We don't interview the staff. They Subject + Doesn't + Verb He She doesn't interview the staff. It

ADVERBS OF FREQUENCY 100% always 90% usually/generally 75% often 50% sometimes 10% seldom/rarely 0% never Subject + Adverb + Verb Examples: We always get up early. She sometimes gets up early. You never ask for information. Bill often asks for information.

Questions Yes/No Questions and Short Answers Do you have an interview? Do they have an interview? Does she have an interview?

Possible answers Yes, I do . No, I don't. Yes, they do. No, they don't. Yes, she does. No, she doesn't.

Health Benjamin doesn't have a very healthy diet. His diet isn't healthy because he eats a lot of butter and cheese every day. Extra weight is bad for your health. Also Benjamin doesn't eat enough fruits and vegetables, they contain vitamins. If you don't get enough vitamins you can get sick. Exercise 1. Complete the sentences using these words. don't go / don't have / starts / has / listens / 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. She __________ breakfast at 8 o'clock. You __________ a bath at half past six. I __________ to work at 8:30. Peter __________ to the radio. Meg __________ work at 9 o'clock.

Exercise 2. Complete the dialogue using the prompts. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. When do you get up? /seven o'clock / ____I get up at 7 o'clock___________________ What time does Lulu have brakfast? / 9:30 / __________________________________ What does she do then? /go to work / _______________________________________ When do you finish work? / 5 p.m / ________________________________________ When does Mike go to bed? /11 p.m / _______________________________________ What do you do then? / watch T.V. / ________________________________________

SPELLING RULES FOR THIRD PERSON ( HE, SHE, IT) 1. Verbs ending in consonant + y = ies Examples: cry = cries study = studies try = tries 2. Verbs ending in ch, sh, ss, x, z, o = es Examples: watch = watches wash = washes kiss = kisses go = goes do = does 3. Other endings = s Examples: rob = robs need = needs come = comes call = calls Some irregular verbs: have / has She has an apartment on the other side of town. They have an apartment on the other side of town.

PRESENT CONTINUOUS TENSE- AFFIRMATIVE STATEMENTS The present continuous tense, express an action that is happening now. Time expressions often used with the present continuous tense include now, right now, at the moment, today, this week (month, year), these days, currently, nowadays. Grammatical Rules Subject + Be + Verb + ing I'm working in a research project this month.

He's She's working in a research project this month. It's We're You're working in a research project this month. They're PRESENT CONTINUOUS TENSE- NEGATIVE STATEMENTS Grammatical Rules Subject + Be + Not + Verb + ing I'm not watching the news program now.

He's She's not watching the news program now. It's We're You're not watching the news program now. They're

Questions Yes/No Questions and Short Answers Are you watching the news program right now? Are they watching the news program right now? Is she watching the news program right now?

Possible Answers Yes, I am No, I'm not.

Yes, they are. No, they're not. Yes, she is. No she's not.

Exercise1. Complete the dialogue using these words. going / drinking / waiting / wearing / talking / going Pete: Hello, Jane what are you __________ here? Jane: Oh, hi Pete! I' __________ for my boyfriend. Wow! What' the occasion? Why are you __________ a suit? P: Well, it's my birthday today and I __________ to a restaurant with some friends. J: Happy Birthday! Come on. I've got some money. What are you __________? P: A coke, please. Er... Jane, who's that __________ to that girl? J: Right! That's it! Sorry Pete, but I __________ home right now. Good bye! P: Yes, cheerio then!

SPELLING RULES WITH -ING ending Consonant and e drive make use One vowel and one consonant get shop sit Onther endings fix try pay rest -ing spelling Drop the -e and add -ing driving making using Doble the final consonant and add -ing getting shopping sitting Add -ing fixing trying paying resting

SIMPLE PAST TENSE- AFFIRMATIVE STATEMENTS Use simple past tense to talk about things that happened and ended in the past. There are two forms of the simple past: regular and irregular. Time expressions often used with this tense include yesterady, last week, (month, year, Moday, weekend, etc.), a week (month, etc,) ago. Grammatical Rules Subject + verb (in past) Exaple: My assesor attended my graduation last week. (regular verb) To form the simple past for most verbs,add -ed to the present form of the verb. Example: We spoke with my boss yesterday. (irregular verb) Irregular verbs do not follow this pattern. Some irregular verbs are the following: be was, were go went speak spoke take took have had come came do did SIMPLE PAST TENSE- NEGATIVE STATEMENTS Grammatical Rules Subject + didn't + verb ( in infinitive) My assesor didn't attend my graduation last week. We didn't speak with my boss yesterday.

Questions Yes/No Questions and Short Answers Did you take math last year? Did they take math last year? Did he take math last year?

Possible Answers Yes, I did. Yes, they did. Yes, he did. No, I didn't. No, they didn't. No, he didn't.

Example: Many years ago, Jame's friend Rafael wanted to worked in hotel management. During much time he didn't move to another city. With the time he had to live in Columbus. There, he knew James. Both took busssines curses at Anderson Technical School. They worked part-time at the Hinton Hotel since they started school Anderson after years they became great managers.

Exercise 1. Complete the paragraph. Use the verbs in parenthesis. People in Busssines When he ________ (be) a young man. Yvon Chouinard ________ (become) a rock climber. He ________ (not/like) the rock-climbing equipment in stores, so he ________ (start) to make his own equipment. He ________ (use)it himself, and many of his rock-climbing friends ________ (begin) to buy it from him, too. That ________ (be) the beginning of his sport clothing bussiness, Lost Arrow Corporation. Today, Lost Arrow is a $92 million company.

THE FUTURE WITH BE GOING TO- AFFIRMATIVE STATEMENTS Be going to + verb express specific future plans or intentions. It is very common in conversation.Future time expressons such as later, this afternoon (evening, weekend), tomorrow, next week, etc. are often used with be going to. Grammatical Rules Subject + Be + Going + Verb Long Form I am going to have a work interview. Contraction I'm going to have a work interview. He's She's going to have a work interview. It's We're You're going to have a work interview. They're

He She is going to have a work interview. It We You are going to have a work interview. They

THE FUTURE WITH BE GOING TO- NEGATIVE STATEMENTS Grammatical Rules Subject + Be + Not + Going + Verb Long Form I am not going to have a work interview. Contraction I'm not going to have a work interview. He's She's not going to have a work interview. It's We're You're not going to have a work interview. They're

He She is not going to have a work interview. It We You are not going to have a work interview. They

Questions Yes/No Questions and Short Answers

Possible Answers

Are you going to have a work Yes, I am No, I'm not. interview tomorrow? Are you going to have a work Yes, they are. No, they're not. interview next week? Is he going to have a work Yes, he is. No, he's not. interview on Monday? Making Plans: Imagine you are the winner of the lottery jackpot! What things are you going to do and not going do anymore? Example: I'm going to buy an expensive car and I'm going to travel around the world. Then, I'm going to buy a big house in a beautigul city, where I can see the sea, but I'm not going to work anymore and I'm not going to do housework either. Finally, I'm going to give money to a charity. Your Example:

Exercise: Answer the following questions: 1. What are you going to do now? 2. Where are you going to be this weekend? 3. Are you going to be at home this night? . 4. Are you going to see a movie soon? 5. What are you going to see? THE SIMPLE FUTURE TENSE WILL AFFIRMATIVE STATEMENTS Like be going to, the simple future tense espresses future intentions. In some cases, will, and be going to, are interchangeable. However, will (not going to) is normally used to express offers, predictions, promises, and requests. In spoken English, the contracted forms are common. Specific time expressions such as at 3:00 (noon), at that time, at this time, tomorrow, (next week), the day after tomorrow, a week (month) from today often appear with this tense

Subject + Will + Verb Long Form I will find some books for you Mary will get a better grade by estudying more. Miguel will do a better job next time! Contraction I 'll find some books for you She 'll get a better grade by estudying more. He 'll do a better job next time!

They will help you!

They 'll help you!

THE SIMPLE FUTURE TENSE WILL NEGATIVE STATEMENTS Subject + Will + Not + Verb Long Form I will not find some books for you Mary will not get a better grade by estudying more. Miguel will not do a better job next time! They will not help you! Contraction I 'll not find some books for you She 'll not get a better grade by estudying more. He 'll not do a better job next time! They 'll not help you!

Questions Yes/No Questions and Short Answers Will you make a good job? Will Mary get a better grade? Will they help you?

Possible Answers Yes, I will No, I won't. Yes, she will. No, she won't. Yes, they will. No, they, won't.

Example: Fortune Telling: Client: Where will I be living in five years from now? Fortune Teller: Five years from now you will be living in Paris, France. Client: Will I be married? Fortune Teller: You'll be married to a man from Morocco, but you won't have any children yet. Exercise: Fill in the blanks that follow with will or be going to. In some cases, both are correct. Use contractions when possible. Robert: I got a D on the last text exam. Do you have time to talk to me about it? Teacher: I ____________ (be) in my office on Wendnesday afternoon from 1:00 to 4:00. Come by then, and I _____________ (go over) your test with you. Okay? Robert: Thanks. I ______________ (be) there around 1:30. Later.... Robert: I dont understand what is wrong with my answer to question number 2. _________ you _________(explain) it to me? Teacher: Yes, the question says to tell what happened and list the reasons. You didn't talk about the reasons. Robert: I see. Well, on the next test I _____________ (read) the questions more carefully. And the next time I ______________ (not start) sutying at 11:00 o'clock at night before the test.

READING COMPREHENSION Find Pronoun Referents In the reading comprehension section you will sometimes be asked to determine which noun or pronoun refers to. In this type of question it is important to understand that a noun is generally used frist in a passage, and the pronoun that refers to it comes after. Whenerver you are asked which noun a pronoun refers to, you should look before the pronoun to find the noun. Example The passage: Carnivourous plants, such as the sundew and the Venus-Flytrap, are generally found in humid areas where there is an inadequate supply of nitrogen in the oil. In order to survive, these plants have developed mechanisms to trap insects whitin their foliage. They have digestive fluids to obtain the necessary nitrogen from the insects. These plants trap the insects in a variety of ways. The sundew has sticky hairs on its leaves; when an insects lands on these leaves, it gets caught up in the sticky hairs. And the leaf wraps itself around the insect. The leaves of the Venus-Flytrap function more like a trap, snapping suddenly and forcefully shut around an insect. The questions: 1. The pronoun they in line 4 refers to (A) humid areas (B) these plants (C) insects (D) digestive fluids 2. The pronoun it in line 7 refers to (A) a variety (B) the sundew (C) an insect (D) the leaf

1. To answer the first question, you should look before the pronoun they for plural nouns that the pronoun could refer to. Humid areas, and these plants come before the pronoun, so they are possible answers; digestive fluids comes after the pronoun, it is not probably the correct answer. Then, you should try the three possible answers in the sentences in place of the pronoun. You should understand from the context that these plants have digestive fluids to obtain the necessary nitrogen from the insects, so the best answer to this question is (B). 2. To answer the secon question, you should look the pronoun it for singular nouns that the pronoun could refer to. A variety, the sundew, and an insect come before the noun, so they are possible answers; the leaf comes after the pronoun, so it is not probably the correct answer. Next you should try the three possible answers in the sentence in place of the pronoun. An insect gets caught up in the sticky hairs, rather than a variety or the sundew, so the best answer to this question is answer (C).

DETERMINE MEANINGS FROM WORD PARTS When you are asked to determine the meaning of a long word that you do not know in the reading comprehension section , it is sometimes possible to determine the meaning of the word by studying the word parts. Example The passage: Ring Lardner himself was born into a wealthy, educated, and cultured family. For the bulk of his career, he worked as a reporter for newspapers in South Bend, Boston, St. Louis, and Chicago. However, it is for his short stories of lower middle-class Americans that Ring Lardner is perhaps best known. In these stories Lardner vividly creates the language and ambiance of this lower class, often using the misspelled words, grammatical errors, and incorrect diction that typified the language of the lower middle class. The questions: 1. The word vividlyin line 4 isis closest in meaning to (A) in a cultured way (B) in acorrect way (C) in a lifelike way (D) in abrief way 2. The word misspelled in line 5 is closest in meaning to (A) highly improper (B) vulgar (C) incorreclty written (D) slang 3. The word diction in line 5 is closest in meaning to (A) writing (B) sentence structure (C) form (D) speech

In the first question, the word vividly contains the word part viv, which means life, so the correct answer is answer (C). In the second question, the word misspelled contains the word part mis, which means error or incorrect, so the best answer is answer (C). In the third question, the word adiction contains the word part dic, which means speak, so the best answer is answer (D).