Mechanics of Solids

Civil Engineering

Semester 1, 2011

Tutorial #2 (Pressure Vessels, Stress and Strain Transformation, Failure) 1. Determine the thickness of a steel plate required for a 2-m diameter cylindrical boiler with hemispherical ends if the tensile and shear stresses in the plate are not to exceed 85 MPa and 40 MPa, respectively, when the internal pressure in the boiler is 1.5 MPa. (Higdon, et al) A thick cylinder has a length of 0.25 m and internal and external diameters of 0.1 m and 0.0.1414 m, respectively. a. Working from first principles, determine the circumferential and longitudinal stress at the inner surface when the cylinder is filled with water under a pressure of 10 MN/m2. How much more water does the cylinder contain than that required to fill it at atmospheric pressure?

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Take E for steel = 200 GN/m2, for steel = 0.3 and volumetric strain on water at 10 MPa = -0.003. (Ans: 30 MPa, 10 MPa, 10.4510-6 m3. Stephens 3. A thick-walled cylinder, 0.2 internal diameter, is to contain fluid at a pressure of 50 MN/m2. a. b. Find the necessary thickness if the maximum shearing stress is not to exceed 100 MN/m2. What then will be the greatest and least values of the hoop stress in the material?

(Ans: 0.0414 m, 150 MPa, 100 MPa) Stephens 4. A thin cylindrical tube 75 mm internal diameter, 5 mm thick, is closed at the ends and subjected to an internal pressure of 5.5 MN/m2. A torque of 500 Nm is also applied to the tube. Determine the maximum and minimum principal stresses and the maximum shearing stress (U. L. - Stephens) Ans: 68 and -6.2 MN/m2, 37.1 MN/m2. Ryder 5. A water tank 10 m in diameter and 16 m high is made of 12 mm steel plate. Determine the maximum normal stress in the tank when it is filled to a level of 13 m. Assume the density of water = 1000 kg/m3. (Higdon, et al)

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A thick-walled steel cylinder having an inside diameter of 150 mm is to be subjected to an internal pressure of 40 MN/m2. a. b. Find to the nearest mm the outside diameter required if the hoop stress in the cylinder wall is not to exceed 125 MN/m2. Calculate the hoop stresses at the inner and outer surfaces of the cylinder.

Ans; 210 mm; 124 MN/m2, 83.5 MN/m2. Ryder 7. The average normal strains measured by a strain rosette at angles of 15o, 45o, and 120o counterclockwise from the horizontal x axis at a point on the free surface of a stressed body are +600, -200, and +100, respectively. a. b. Calculate the strain components x, y, and xy at the point. Use Mohrs circle to determine the principal strains, the maximum shearing strain at the point, and the angle (relative to the vertical plane) at which the maximum principal strain acts. Ans: p1 = 955 , p2 = -648 , p3 = -93.4 , max = p2 = 1426 , =22.8o (2-42 Higdon et al) 8. The strain rosette shown in Figure 1 was used to obtain the following normal strains at a point on the free surface of a stressed body: a = +450, b = +300, and c = +850. Determine: a. b. c. The strain components x, y, and xy at the point. The principal strains and maximum shearing strain at the point. Show the principal strain deformations and the maximum shearing strain on sketch.

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At a point in a structural member the normal stresses are 160 MPa T on a vertical plane and 40 MPa C on a horizontal plane. A negative shearing stress of 50 MPa acts on the vertical plane at the point. Determine and show on a sketch: a. The stresses on a plane 30o clockwise from the vertical plane through the point. b. The principal and maximum shearing stresses at the point. Ans: n = +153.3 MPa, nt = 61.6 MPa; p1 = +171.8 MPa, p2 = -51.8 MPa, p3 = 0, p = max = 111.8 MPa, p = -13.29o. (1-89 Higdon et al)

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At a point in a stressed body, the normal stresses are +160 MPa on a vertical plane and 240 MPa on a horizontal plane. An unknown negative shearing stress acts on the vertical plane. The maximum shearing stress at the point has a magnitude of 250 MPa. Determine the principal stresses at the point and the shearing stress on the vertical plane. (Higdon, et al) At a point on the surface of a stressed region, measured strains reduce to the following: x = +800, y = -200, and xy = -200. The material on which the strains were measured has the following properties: E = 70 GPa and G = 26 GPa. Determine and show on a sketch: a. The stresses x, y, and xy at the point. b. The principal stresses and the maximum shearing stress at the point. An empirical expression for the rate of steady- state creep at constant stress is = A exp(-Q/RT). If a boiler tube material strains at a steady-state creep of = 10-12/sec and R = 1.987 cal/mol K at a temperature of 862 K for a particular stress value, estimate the strain rate at 1293 K if Q = 6900 cal/mol K. Ans: 3.83 x 10-12/sec A steel bolt clamping two rigid plates together is held at a temperature of 1000 oC. If n is 3.0 and = 0.6 x 10-9/hr at 30 MPa, calculate the stress remaining in the bolt after 10,000 hours if the bolt is initially tightened to a stress of 75 MPa. Ans: 61.2 MPa. The following secondary creep rate were obtained when samples of lead were subjected to a constant stress of 1.3 MN/m2. Temperature (oC) 33 29 27 Min. Creep rate (s-1) 8.71 x 10-5 4.98 x 10-5 3.42 x 10-5

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Assuming the material complies with Arrhenius equation calculate the activation energy for creep of lead. R = 8.314 J/mol K. Ans: 117.3 kJ/mol K 15. A shaft is subjected to a cyclic bending moment of 1200 Nm. Using a safety factor of 2.5, determine a suitable diameter for the shaft for infinite fatigue life. The fatigue limit of the shaft is 175 MN/m2. Ans: 55.9 mm A tensile member 100 mm by 25 mm in cross section with a central hole of 6 mm diameter is made of steel with a yield strength of 420 MPa and a fatigue strength of 315 MPa for 106 cycles. If it is subjected to a fluctuating axial load varying from P/2 to P, what value of P will cause fatigue failure in 106 cycles. (Safety = 2.8. Use Soderberg relation). Ans: 342 kN

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