Resource Allocation and

Reuse in LTE
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ontents
Introduction
History of Resource Reuse
Proposals and Specification for LTE
nter-cell nterference
Soft Frequency Reuse
onclusion
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ntroduction
Resource reuse to enhance capacity
- use expensive spectrum acquired by providers most
efficiently
- minimize number of BS but maximize number of users
- leads to interference limited systems
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ontents
ntroduction
History of Resource Reuse
Proposals and Specification for LTE
nter-cell nterference
Soft Frequency Reuse
onclusion
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History of Resource Reuse
GSM
- digital because higher SR supported
- clusters of cells
- frequency reuse factor between 3 and 9
- not very efficient
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History of Resource Reuse
UMTS
- real freq reuse 1 through spreading and scrambling
- no more freq planning
- Macro diversity => connections to 1 or more BS
ScrambIing
A
Spreading
1,2,3
ScrambIing
B
Spreading
1,2,3
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ontents
ntroduction
History of Resource Reuse
ProposaIs and Specification for LTE
nter-cell nterference
Soft Frequency Reuse
onclusion
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Proposals and Specifications
no specifications defined jet ( necessary? )
frequency reuse 1 proposed
hard handover, no macro diversity
many proposals to combat (3GPP TR 25.814)
cancellation
co-ordination
randomization
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ontents
ntroduction
History of Resource Reuse
Proposals and Specification for LTE
Inter-ceII Interference
Soft Frequency Reuse
onclusion
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nter-cell nterference
cancellation
multiple antennas can be used to suppress interferer
- demodulation and subtraction (Blast)
- R (nterference rejection combining) instead of MR (Maximum ratio
combining)
- optimum combining
- uplink: multiple BS can be seen as giant MMO system
drawback: extremely high complexity
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nter-cell nterference
randomization
similar to the method used in UMTS
- cell specific scrambling
- cell specific interleaving (DMA) (interleave-division multiple access)
the UE can identify the transmitting BS via different
patterns, interference is spread over multiple channels
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nter-cell nterference
co-ordination
most promising methods for LTE
- soft frequency reuse (SFR)
reuse 1 -> cell-centre users (U)
reuse 3 -> cell-edge users (EU)
- co-ordination between BSs
TLA (two level allocation scheme) (see graphic)
UFR (universal frequency reuse) -> static
DMA (dynamic major-group allocation scheme)
-> dynamic
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nter-cell nterference
adaptive modulation and coding (AM)
users with different SR get different modulation and coding
schemes assigned
- modulation schemes up to 64-QAM
- Turbo coding with different code rates
drawback: wasting of resources
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nter-cell nterference
beam forming at eNodeB
BSs track their active subscribers with the antenna beam
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nter-cell nterference
Muting
-> UE tracks the scheduling information of neighboring cells
-> UE recognizes when co-channel interferer are active
-> in this case the UE is 'mute', doesn't transmit
drawback: wasting of resources
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ontents
ntroduction
History of Resource Reuse
Proposals and Specification for LTE
nter-cell nterference
Soft Frequency Reuse
onclusion
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Soft Frequency Reuse
TLA (two level allocation scheme)
RA (cell-level resource allocation)
- static, major- & minor-group
URA (user-level resource allocation)
- division in EU (high priority)
and U by geometry factor
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Soft Frequency Reuse
benefits:
- Q (channel quality information) has to be available at BS
anyway, can be used for partitioning users
- low complexity
- better cell-edge performance
drawbacks:
- signaling overhead
- reuse partitioning is suboptimal from information
theoretical point of view
- overall loss of throughput (see next slides)
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Soft Frequency Reuse
mpact of on capacity, reuse 1
y-axis
ell Throughput:
whole cell
[bits/second]
x-axis
arrival rate:
poisson distriubuted
[erlang / number of
servers]
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Soft Frequency Reuse
mpact of on capacity: reuse 1/3
Throughput per cell-edge user Throughput of the whole cell
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Soft Frequency Reuse
Types of traffic
Narrow-band services (calls)
will perform better than
wide-band services (FTP)
reason: narrow-band
services allow more
flexibility in resource
allocation
Served traffic of user X
circles mark the link utilization factor:
0.2 / 0.4 / 0.6 / 0.8 / 1
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Soft Frequency Reuse
UFR (Ki Tae Kim, 2007)
(universal frequency reuse)
- special patterns (sequences)
for frequency allocation
coordinated with neighboring
cells
- lower interference for small
LF (loading factor)
- static configuration, low
complexity
Loading factor
three different
algorithms for
three different
cells 0, 1, 2
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Soft Frequency Reuse
DMA (Fan, Qian, Zheng, Wang,
2007)
(dynamic major-group allocation scheme)
dynamic allocation of major
group sub carriers depending
on the number of EU
(sectors per site)
- benefits depending on major-
to minor-group power-ratio
- high complexity
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ontents
ntroduction
History of Resource Reuse
Proposals and Specification for LTE
nter-cell nterference
Soft Frequency Reuse
ConcIusion
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onclusion
Specifications / Suggestions:
- reuse 1
- no macro-diversity
- hard handover
overcoming:
- cancellation: too complex
- mitigation / coordination: will be supported in LTE
- randomization: no real improvement
- beam forming at eNodeB: will be supported in LTE
- AM (adaptive modulation and coding): will be supported in LTE
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onclusion
Soft Frequency Reuse:
- also called reuse 1/3
- partitioning of users in EU and U through geometry factor
- good performance for EU
- low complexity
- overall loss of throughput
- further improvements through different scheduling / resource
assignment methods possible (UFR, DMA)
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The End
Thank you,
Questions ?
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Appendix
References, Specifications:
- 3GPP TR 25.892, Feasibility Study for OFDM for UTRAN
enhancement, 2004-06
- 3GPP TR 25.814, Physical layer aspects for eUTRA, 2006-09
- 3GPP R1-050764, Ericsson, nter-cell nterference Handling for
eUTRA, 2005-08-29, London
- 3GPP R1-050763, Ericsson, Muting Further Discussion and
Results, 2005-08-29, London
- 3GPP R1-060864, Texas nstruments, Overview of Resource
Management Techniques for nterference Mitigation in eUTRA,
2006-03-27, Athens
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Appendix
References, Papers:
- Bin Fan, A Dynamic Resource Allocation Scheme Based on Soft
Frequency Reuse for OFDMA Systems, 2007
- Elayoubi, On frequency allocation in 3G LTE systems, 2006
- Fan, An nter-ell nterference oordination Technique Based on
User's Ratio and Multi-Level Frequency Allocations, 2007
- Jorguseski, Downlink Resource Allocation in Beyond 3G OFDMA
ellular Systems, 2007
- Ki Tae Kim, A Universal Frequency Reuse System in Mobile ellular
Environment, 2007
- Simonsson, Frequency Reuse and nter-cell nterference o-
ordination in eUTRA, 2007
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Appendix
References, Books:
- Dahlman, Parkvall, Skld, Beming, 3G Evolution HSPA and LTE
for Mobile Broadband, Academic Press, 2007
- Molisch, Wireless ommunications, Wiley & Sons, 2005