Opportunities in Carbon Capture & Storage.

Pre-Combustion & Carbon Capture:

A Key Technology Solution for a Low Carbon Economy.

NAMTEC Conference - Harrogate UK

Terry Raddings May 25th 2010

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European Trends
Retirement of aging infrastructure
60% of hard coal plants >25 yr old 40% of thermal & nuclear >25 yr old

Financial Crisis Global

Not helpful but doesnt mean We should drop the ball !!

Energy security a growing concern

Reserve margins declining Coal & Nuclear renaissance

Renewables transforming European power systems CO2 expected to be significant driver Cluster Approach Smart Metering/Grids could drive consumer behaviour
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Diverse Portfolio - But Not Just About Electricity !

Fuels Conversion Delivery

Efficiency

Reliability

Oil Coal Nuclear Geothermal Biomass Hydro Wind Solar

Flexibility

Gas

Flexible, Affordable, Reliable & Environmentally Responsible

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Emissions

Affordable, secure, reliable flexible & environmentally responsible energy with multiple revenue streams

Increasing Demand for Fuel Gas Flexibility

110 100 90 Mod Wobbe Index@70F 80 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 0 0 5
O2 Blown Syngas NG/LNG Wide Wobbe LNG Field (High Inert) LNG Field (High C2)

C5H12 C4H10 C3H8 C2H6 CH4

NG
Refinery Offgas High H2

Segment conditions
Fuels of opportunity Emission requirements Climate change awareness
H2

GE response
Utilize 50+ years of experience in non-traditional fuels Extending low emissions technology Investing in technology for fuel flexibility

CO

Air Blown Syngas

BFG/COG

Source: GE internal data

10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50 55

Fuel Lower Heating Value, BTU/lb/1000

Source: GE

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Coal power gen landscape 2007-2016

East Europe & FSU West Europe North America 29 30 Total Capacity Additions (GW) Middle East & Africa 17 India 77 472
10 Year Ave Annual Cap Adds (GW) China 47 RO Asia 8 N. America 2 India 9 West EU 3 MEA 2 East EU 3 Ltn America 0.9 744 Total
Sources: DOE-EIA,GEE PGV Forecast 11apr2006
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25

China RO Asia

IGCC Drivers

94 High/volatile natural gas prices uncertainty of supply (LNG) Energy security/independence with large coal reserves Stringent environmental regulations: NOx, SO2, PM10, Hg , water consumption Monetized value of emissions Potential of a carbon constrained world

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IGCC possibilities Bridging The Gap !

Combine Lignite with petcoke or hardcoal Reduce Industry dependency from Nat Gas
CO2 Capture

Create integrated Refinery solutions

- Hydrogen - Fischer Tropsch Liquids - Methanol - Carbon Monoxide - Higher Alcohols

Combined Cycle Power Block 209FB

Oxygen

Syngas
Mercury & Sulfur Removal

Gasifier Sulfur Removal

Marketable Build Nat Gas fired Combined Cycle as IGCC ready Byproducts
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prior written permission of the copyright owner.

Gasification Solutions Multiple Revenue Streams

Petroleum Coke Asphalt Heavy Oil Vacuum Residue Others

Substitute Natural Gas SNG

Copyright 2008 General Electric Company. All Rights Reserved. This material may not be copied or distributed in whole or in part, without prior written permission of the copyright owner.

Integrated Gasification Combined Cycle

CO2

Coal

Gasification

Syngas Cooling

Syngas Cleanup Heat Cleaned Fuel

Sulfur Hg

Slag

O2
Air Separation System

Air

Air/N2

Combined Cycle System

Electricity

Five Basic Process Steps all commercial proven

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GEs Gasifier Configurations

Quench
Hot syngas immediately quenched by direct water contact Syngas is warm and saturated with water ideal for sour CO shift 12 to 86 barg commercial application Lower capital cost than RSC Quench Shorter construction cycles than RSC Proven gasifier sizes up to nominal 900ft3 Typical applications: chemicals, hydrogen, refinery polygen
Images not to scale
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RSC
Gasifier Chamber Hot syngas first cooled by radiant cooling before quenching Generates high pressure steam to ~135 barg Gasifier pressures to ~45barg Better efficiency than Quench Construction cycle more complex than Quench Proven up to nominal 1800ft3 Typical applications: power generation, refinery polygen

Gasifier Chamber

Quench

Radiant cooler for heat recovery

7F & 9F Syngas turbine

Performance: Simple cycle: 7F - *232MWe, 9F *310MWe 207F Syngas: *680MW 209F Syngas: *920MW Key features: Air extraction available to support to process island and plant operations Ability to operate on syngas as a high H2 fuel Combustion system with extensive field validation Increased mass flow for higher output Proven syngas hot gas path materials Natural gas and co-fire operation available
* Variable depending on project specifics

Launch units shipping in 2010

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Nat Gas Fired CCGT in 1st Phase but key components IGCC Ready
HRSG Built for process integration Generators - Built for IGCC duty Steam turbine Built for IGCC operating envelope

9F Syngas Features
Combustion System: Proven IGCC MNQC Mark VIe Mark VIe Control Control System System
Cold End Drive Axial Exhaust

Enhanced Increased Area S1N

9FA+e HGP

= Main Difference

FA Compressor Blading with FA+e Aero

FA Compressor & Turbine

Leveraging >1000 F Class Gas Turbine Fleet >32M Fired Hours Experience 197 x 9FA Units in Service >8M hours
11 / AEIC2004.ppt
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GE Syngas Experience by Application

Type COD MW Coal IGCC Experience
IGCC IGCC IGCC IGCC IGCC Refinery Refinery Refinery Refinery Refinery Refinery Refinery Steel Steel Steel Steel Steel 1984 1996 1996 1996 1996 1996 1997 2000 2000 2000 2009 2009 1996 2001 2003 2008 2008 120 350 70 250 250 40 120 550 180 173 160 253 520 180 50 450 174

Power Block
107E 209E 6B 107FA 107FA 6B 206B 3x109E 2-6FA 2-6FA 2-7EA 2-9E 3x109E 1x109E 106B 9x106B 1x109E

Application
Power Cogen Cogen/ MeOH Power Power Cogen Cogen/H2 Cogen Cogen Cogen Cogen Cogen Cogen Cogen Cogen Power Cogen

Integration
Steam Steam Steam Steam Steam/N2 Steam/Air/N2 Steam Steam Steam/N2 None Steam N2 None None None None None

Gasifier
GE ZVU GSP E-Gas GE GE Shell/Lurgi GE GE GE Shell Shell Steel Mill Steel Mill Steel Mill Steel Mill Steel Mill

Fuel
Coal Coal Coal Pet Coke Coal-Pet Coke Pet Coke Oil Visbreaker Tar Pet Coke Oil Asphaltene Oil BFG/COG/LDG BFG/COG/LDG BFG/COG BFG/COG COREX

Refinery IGCC Experience

Steel Experience

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GE High Hydrogen Experience

Project / Site Antwerpen, Belguim Puertollano, Spain La Coruna, Spain Rotterdam, NL Schwarze Pumpe, GER Milazzo, ITA Ref., India Paulsboro, US NUP Donges, France Refinery, Jordon GT Model MS6000B MS6000B MS6000B MS6000B MS6000B MS5001P MS5001P MS5001P MS3002J GE10 PGT10 No. Units 1 2 1 1 1 1 1 2 1 1 1 Fuel Gas RFG RFG RFG RFG IGCC RFG RFG RFG TG RFG RFG Features 78% H2 Up to 60% H2 Up to 52% H2 59% H2 62% H2 30% to 50% H2 50% H2 20% to 60% H2 ~60% H2 76% H2 82% H2

MS9001E
GT Model MS7001EA MS9001E MS9001E MS6001B MS6001B MS6001B MS5001P MS3002J MS6001B MS6000B MS6000B No. Units 3 2 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 2 Fuel Gas Blend IGCC RFG PG RFG PG RFG PG RFG RFG RFG Features Methane+50% H2 46.8% H2 ~50% H2 Up to 80% H2 12% to 50% H2 up to 95% H2 60% H2, propane 60% H2 ~70% H2 66% H2 70% H2

Project / Site Georgia Gulf, US Vresova, CZ Fawley, UK Geismer, US Refinery, US Petro Chem., Korea Refinery, Inter. Reutgerswerke, GER Tenerife, Spain Cartagena, Spain San Roque, Spain

MS6001B

IGCC=Syngas Gas; RFG=Refinery Gas; PG=Process Gas; TG=Tail gas

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F-Class Hydrogen Experience

PSI Wabash
Turbine H2 (% vol) CO CH 4 CO2 N 2+Ar H 2O LHV BTU/ft kJ/m Tfuel F/C H 2/CO Ratio Diluent Equiv BTU/ft 3 kJ/m
3 3 3

Tampa Polk
7FA 37.2 46.6 0.1 13.3 2.5 0.3 253 9,962 700/ 371 0.80 N2 118 4,649

Exxon Singapore
2x6FA 44.5 35.4 0.5 17.9 1.4 0.1 241 9,477 350/ 177 1.26 Steam 116 4,600

Valaro Delaware
2x6FA 32.0 49.5 0.1 15.8 2.2 0.4 248 9,768 570/ 299 0.65 H 2O/ N 2 150 5,910

7FA 24.8 39.5 1.5 9.3 2.3 22.7 209 8,224 570/ 300 0.63 Steam 150 5,910

14 / AEIC2004.ppt

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Carbon footprints of fossil power

Existing coal 33% U.S. average New coal 45% IGCC or PC IGCC with CCS CC% 90% 65% 50% GTSC (FA) GTCC (FA) 0 0 500 250 1000 500

40%

Coal Natural gas Thermal efficiency indicated (xx%) CC = Carbon Capture %

1500 750

2000 1000

2500

CO2 Emission rate (lbs/MW-hr) CO2 Emission rate (kg/MW-hr)

References: DOE NETL; EIA; IEA and GE Internal Data

15 / AEIC2004.ppt

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Hydrogen Fuel Experience

800 700 BTU/scf of Fuel 600 500 400 300 200 100 0 0 10 20 30 40 50

Process Gases

IGCC Gases MNQC H2 Testing

60 70 80 90 100

Percent Hydrogen

Diffusion-flame MNQC Modeling

16 / AEIC2004.ppt
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Reference: GE Internal data

Full Scale Syngas Combustor

N2/Steam

Air Extraction

MNQC Syngas Combustor

Fuel Nozzle

Syngas

Air from Compressor

Natural Gas/ Syngas

Liner Flow Sleeve Transition Piece

To Turbine Nozzles

Diluent SG

Detailed CFD Models of IGCC MNQC Nozzle

NG
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17 / AEIC2004.ppt

Simplified Extended Turndown System

% Load 100% Syngas Allowed

100

100% NG Allowed

Mix Permitted (Allowable Splits)

40

Shaded: Mix Not Permitted 0 10 90 40 60 25 60 40 70 30

% Split
100 % Natural Gas 0 25
% Syngas NOx (ppmbv)

100 25

Indicative only
18 / AEIC2004.ppt
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Combustion development
Development Lab Testing Greenville, SC
Full pressure, temperature, and flow Fuel blending capability for H2, N2, CO, CO2, CH4, and H2O Identical combustor hardware to engine Dynamics, emissions, ignition, full and part load characterization Full combustor characterization prior to field start-up
MNQC Syngas Combustor Development

MNQC Syngas Test Stand

19 / AEIC2004.ppt

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MNQC H2 combustion testing

1000.0

Equivalent Heating Value = Heating Value of Equivalent Heating Value = Heating Value of Mixture of Syngas and and Injected Mixture of Syngas Injected Steam Steam

NOx @15% O2 ppmvd

100.0

Video capture of flame structure - 85-90% H2

10.0

1.0 100 150 200 250 300

LHVeq, Btu/SCF* LHV, kJ/m 3* 50 - 95% H 2 By Volume, Bal. N 2 , N 50 2

2

+ H 20
Reference: GE Internal data

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H2- Syngas MNQC Emissions Mapping

Reference: GE Internal data

21 / AEIC2004.ppt

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Fuel Characteristics
Combustion Products H 2O % Vol 16.94 12.30 -6.01 8.30

Fuel 100% H2
[1]

Typical Fuel Properties Mass LHV Ratio LHV Density Btu/lb Btu/scf lb/scf N2/Fuel 51,495 3,457 4,671 1,776 20,500 273.5 137.0 249.3 114.6 900.0 0.0053 0.0396 0.0534 0.0645 0.0472 --13.90 -1.63 --

50% H 2/50% N2 Typical IGCC Syngas Syngas Post-Dilution (N2 to 15ppm NOx) NG DLN
[1]

Hypothetical only -- would not be fired at 100% H 2

22 / AEIC2004.ppt

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Maintaining GT Output on Syngas Fuels

Un-shifted Syngas
Air - 6% Syngas 12% Diluent SG Exhaust 20% 126%

Gas Turbine Output vs. Ambient Temperature

Air - 100%

Syngas + Diluent

SG Gas Turbine

Output

Gen

7FB Torque Limit 7FA Torque Limit Additional IGCC Output

7FA Natu

Hi H2-Low C Shifted Syngas

Air - 0% Hydrogen Diluent SG Exhaust 2% 22% 124%

ral Ga s

20

40 60 Ambient Temp. (Deg. F) 0 10 20 Ambient Temp. (Deg. C)

80

100

Air - 100%

-20

-10

30

40

Gen H2 Gas Turbine

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IGCC & CCS combustion landscape

Objective Approach
Today IGCC with Carbon capture Future Advanced Separation & Gasification Technology
Advanced pre-mix combustion ITM Membranes O2, CO2, H2 DOE program
Pre-mix combustion

Capability

Cleaner energy from coal

High-H2 GT fleet Successful operation Diffusion flame Diluent for NOx

GE PG7321FB-H2

24 / AEIC2004.ppt

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Global research footprint

4 global research centers
Highlights 2,600 research employees (nearly 1,000 PhDs)
Niskayuna, New York Munich, Germany

27,000 GE technologists worldwide $5.7B technology spend 1,400+ patents issued in 2006

Shanghai, China

Bangalore, India

Global research driving advanced power generation solutions

25 / AEIC2004.ppt
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GE and Schlumberger
May 28: alliance agreement announced To accelerate the use of cleaner coal technology GE: Experience in IGCC, carbon capture Schlumberger: Geologic storage expertise and capabilities for site selection, characterization & qualification Technical & commercial certainty for moving forward with coal-based power generation

26 / AEIC2004.ppt

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GE Energys Technology Enablers

Redefining our Energy Portfolio around Cleaner Energy Solutions.

Cleaner
Reduced Fossil Emissions
Commercial Efficient CCGT Gas Reciprocating Engines Environmental Services Efficient Steam Turbine IGCC on its own CO2 Capture on its own Integrated solutions for Clean Coal Technology ( IGCC) +CCS+EOR

Greener
Zero Emissions
Nuclear Large Hydro

Renewables
On/Offshore Wind Small Hydro / Refurbishment Biomass Geothermal Larger Offshore Wind Photovoltaics Hydro Standard Plant Waste Gasification Fuel Cells Hydrogen Biofuels Ocean Energy

Emerging

Greener Buildings Energy Culture

Integration Cleaner with Greener

Next Gen Reactor Nuclear waste Energy Storage Grid Integration & Mini-Grids

Next Gen

27 / AEIC2004.ppt

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Summary

Shifting Generation Mix & Fuel Landscape Gas Turbines and IGCC enablement Bridge the gap IGCC Ready H2 and Syngas Experience Polygeneration Carbon Capture Capability Ongoing R&D - DOE H2 Turbine Program etc Future of IGCC and CCS capabilities Team up Infrastructure- Cluster Approach
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