Factors affecting Construction Productivity: Labor Related Factors: o Physical Ability: ( ) is the physical ability of worker, as the physical

al ability of Worker Increase the Productivity of Worker will increase as worker will be physically able to perform more work in a given time. o Mental Ability: ( ) is the mental ability of worker, as the mental ability of Worker Increase the Productivity of Worker will increase as worker will have high concentration and attention levels so fewer accidents will occur and also worker will be able to deal with more efficiently with problems making him more productive. o Skill: ( )is the ability of the worker to efficiently perform a certain task saving energy and/or time, as the skill of Worker Increase the Productivity of Worker will increase as worker will be more efficient in performing the task in hand so he will perform the task better, faster and more production. o Experience: ( )is time spent by the worker in his field/Profession, as the Experience of Worker Increase the Productivity of Worker will increase as worker will have obtained better more efficient ways by which he can perform the different tasks he is faced with. o Learning Curve: is the curve that represents how fast the worker learns a new given task , as the learning of Worker Become Better the Productivity of Worker will increase as worker will learn the task faster thus being more productive. o Motive: ( )is the way by which the workers are motivated, as the Motivation of Worker Becomes Better the Productivity of Worker will increase as worker will try to perform the task in hand as good as possible so he could receive the motivation he is promised with. o Overtime Schedule: is the extra working hour the workers are allowed to work over the normal working time, as the Overtime schedule of Worker Increase the Productivity of Worker will Increase at the beginning as overtime pays more so worker will be motivated to work then productivity will reach a limit then it will decrease as the more the worker works overtime the overexerted he will feel (Fatigue) thus being less productive. o Crew Size: ( ) is the number of workers who are allowed to work in one crew, as the Crew size Increase the Productivity will Increase at the beginning as more workers means more Output thus higher productivity then productivity will reach a limit then it will decrease as the work place may not be able to withstand the high number of workers, and the higher the number of workers in the crew the less coordinated they become thus decreasing their productivity. o Crew Composition: ( ) is the different professions/authorities of workers in one crew, as the Crew composition Becomes better the Productivity will Increase as the crew will be better lead and will be better coordinated and each worker will have his own task to do thus their overall productivity will increase. o Absenteeism:( ) is the degree by which the workers are absent from, as the Absenteeism Increase the Productivity will decrease as for each day the worker is absent the less output he will produce and also being absent may cause worker to forget the system of work that he was working with and thus decreasing his productivity (as worker will take time to remember the system he was working by). o Type of Employment:( ) is the Employment type by which the workers are employed in firm, if the employment type is fixed i.e. worker has a fixed end pay productivity may decrease as worker will feel that whatever his performance was he will get his fixed rate at the end of the employment period, if employment type is day to day this will make worker more motivated to do his best as has to prove that he is good enough to work day after day. o Wage Rate:( ) is the rate by which the worker gets paid i.e. daily (shorter period) or every week or every month or every 6 months (longer period) etc., the longer the period the lower the worker will be motivated thus the lower productive he will be, the shorter the period the better motivated the worker will be thus increasing his productivity. o Labor Turnover:( ) is the movement of workers to another firm, , as the Labor Turnover Increase the Productivity will decrease as workers working in the firm will feel that firm is not good enough(because of the high turnover) so their motivation to work will decrease and thus productivity will decrease. o Labor Unrest: is the amount of time that workers work with no rest, , as the Labor unrest Increase the Productivity will decrease as the more the worker works with no rest the overexerted he will feel (Fatigue) thus being less productive.

Project Related Factors: o Location: ( )is the place in which the project is undertaken; as the location of project becomes more organized and systematic the Productivity will increase as having a good well organized location will speed up different processes occurring in site so increasing productivity. o Type of Project: ( ) is the type project (residential, industrial, infrastructures, etc); as the type of project becomes more traditional (example: residential projects) the Productivity will increase because traditional projects are usually simple and more systematic so productivity is high in these types of projects, as the type of project becomes less traditional the productivity will decrease as the project will be new in nature so each step should be carefully studied thus more time taken so less productive the work will be. o Project Size: ( ) is the size of project; as the size of project increases the Productivity will increase because larger projects are usually managed in a more efficient way than small projects, so the more efficient the management process the higher the productivity will be. o Job Size: ( ) is the size of work or task in hand; as the size of job increases the Productivity will increase because larger jobs are managed in a more efficient way than small jobs, so the more efficient the management process the higher the productivity will be (same a project size). o Working hours: ( ) is the number of hours the workers work; as the working hours increases the more output the workers will produce thus Productivity will increase till reaching a limit where working hours will reach the limit of over excreting the workers (Fatigue) i.e. productivity will decrease. o Working days: ( ) is the number of days the workers work; as the working days increases the more output the workers will produce thus Productivity will increase till reaching a limit where working days will reach the limit of over excreting the workers (Fatigue) i.e. productivity will decrease (same a working hour). o Legal Problems: ( ) legal problems occurring in project; as the legal problems increases the Productivity will decrease as legal problems may delay several activities thus decreasing productivity. o Foundation Conditions: is the primary condition of site before construction, as the Foundation Conditions becomes better the higher the productivity will be. o Physical Elements: are the physical elements in the project; as the physical becomes more organized and systematic the Productivity will increase as having a good well organized system will speed up different processes occurring in site so increasing productivity.

Industrial Related Factors: o Investment availability: ( ) is availability of projects that the contractor can work in; as the Investment availability Increases the Productivity will increase as contractor will be more motivated to finish current projects to work in other projects i.e. increase productivity. o Economic activity level: ( ) is how high or low the country's economy is; as the Economic activity level Increases the Productivity will increase as the better the economy the more projects will be available to work in so more motivation to finish current projects to work in other projects i.e. increase productivity. o Regulatory requirements: ( ) are the requirements required by each country to allow execution of project; as regulatory requirements becomes more complex the Productivity will decrease as the simpler the requirements the higher the productivity will be as the requirements will be easy obtained/executed. o Government Policy: ( ) are the set of rules placed by government to govern the construction industry; as Government policies becomes more complex the Productivity will decrease as the simpler the government polices the higher the productivity will be as the policies will be easily achievable. o Building Codes: are the set of rules placed by country to govern the construction industry; as Building Codes becomes more Accurate and better the Productivity will increase as the stronger the building codes the more efficient the project will be executed by . o Specification: ( )are the set of rules placed by owner/consultant that determine the quaility of work; as the Specifications becomes more accurate the Productivity will Increase as the more accurate the specifications are the better quaility the project will be turn out to be. o Research and development: is the department in the organization concerned with the development of processes in firm making these processes more efficient; the stronger the research and development department is the better researches and studies it will come up with and thus resulting in increasing Productivity . o Climate: ( )is the weather condition surrounding the project; the better the climate is the better the environment will be so workers will be more productive and thus resulting in increasing Productivity. o Supply-demand Characteristics of industry: the higher the demand, the higher the supply will be, if the supply is high then the productivity will become increase as there is more demand (people want more so productivity will increase). o Marketing: ( )is the way by which the projects are marketed for buyers; better marketing process will result in higher sales higher sales will result in increase in productivity. o Union problems: ( ) are the problems that come up from labor unions or other unions; as the Union Problems Increases the Productivity will decrease because these problems will cause delays and these delays will decrease productivity.

Management Related Factors (Contractor Point Of View): o Site Layout: is the way the site is organized; the Better the site layout, the more organized the site is, the Higher the Productivity will be, as having a good well organized site will speed up different processes occurring in site so increasing productivity. o Site Organization: is the way the site is organized; the Better the site Organization, the more organized the site is, the Higher the Productivity will be, as having a good well organized site will speed up different processes occurring in site so increasing productivity. o Method of Statement: is the method by which different activities are executed; as the method of statement becomes more traditional the Productivity will increase because traditional methods are usually simple and familiar to contractor so they are executed faster. o Planning and scheduling: is the process of planning and scheduling different activities in project; the more efficient the planning process is, the higher the productivity will be as activities will be better organized. o Management Control: is the process of managing different activities in project; the more efficient the management control process is, the higher the productivity will be as project will be better controlled. o Quaility of Supervision: is the process of supervising the different activities in project; the more efficient the supervision process is, the higher the productivity will be as activities will be in continuous monitor thus allowing less chances of errors occurring thus productivity is increased . o Authority distribution: is the process of distribution different authorities among different members in the project; the Better this distribution is, the higher the productivity will be, as each member will know his authorities so decreasing conflicts and thus increasing productivity. o Communication: is the process of communicating among different members in the project; the Better the communication, the higher the productivity will be, as good communications ensures that the problems that are faced in the project are solved as fast as possible so increasing productivity. o Decision making process: is the process of making decisions in the project; the faster the process is, the higher the productivity will be, as there is not much time spend waiting for decision to be made so increasing productivity. o Material Availability: is the availability of material in the project; the more available the material is, the higher the productivity will be, as there is no interruption of activities due to insufficient material and there is no waiting time for re-ordering of material so productivity is increased if material is available. o Tool Availability: is the availability of tools in the project; the more available the tools are, the higher the productivity will be, as there is no interruption of activities due to absence of tools and so productivity is increased if tools are available. o Space Congestion: it is how crowded the site is; the more organized is, the higher the productivity will be, as having a well spaced site will speed up different processes occurring in site so increasing productivity. o Interference with other crews: how much do different crews interfere with one another; the more the interference is, the lower the productivity will be, as interference usually causes delay that will decrease productivity. o Worker Motivation System: is the way by which the workers are motivated, as the Motivation of Worker Becomes Better the Productivity of Worker will increase as worker will try to perform the task in hand as good as possible so he could receive the motivation he is promised with. o Financial Incentive System: is the way by which the contractor is motivated to finish the project within a given period, as the Motivation of contractor Becomes Better the Productivity of contractor will increase as contractor will try finish project as fast as possible so he could receive the incentive he was promised with.

Management Related Factors (Consultant and Client Point Of View): o Consultant Efficiency: is how efficient the consult is in judging work, the higher the efficiency, the Higher the Productivity will be, as consultant will not allow any decrease/slag in the productivity. o Discipline of Consultant: is how efficient the consult is in disciplining behavior, the better the discipline, the Higher the Productivity will be, as consultant will not allow any decrease/slag in the productivity. o Inspection Schedule: is how often the project is inspected, the regular the inspection process, the Higher the Productivity will be, as inspection ensures that all activities are executed at the planned time by the planned production rate. o Drawing Approval Schedule: is how long does it take for the drawings to be approved, the faster the process, the Higher the Productivity will be, as it will not include any time lost waiting for the approval. o Design Change and rework: is how much design changes/change orders/reworks are made in the project, the more the changes are, the lower the Productivity will be, as the is much time lost in re-doing the task all over again. o Decision making process: is the process of making decisions in the project; the faster the process is, the higher the productivity will be, as there is not much time spend waiting for decision to be made so increasing productivity. o Liquidity: is the amount of money in hand or it is the amount of current asset that can be spent on project; the Higher the liquidity, the higher the productivity will be, as there will not be any financial problems that may cause delays in the project. o Cash flow: is the net amount of cash that is spent on project and gotten from project; if the cash flow is Positive, the higher the productivity will be, as there will not be any financial problems that may cause delays in the project. o Contract Type: is the type of contract used in project; if the contract has too much time restrictions, the higher the productivity will be, as the contractor will try to finis project as fast as possible so not to pay any penalties.