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Research Proposal

Research Title: Novel Approach for Hybrid Renewable Energy Generation


Md. Shihanur Rahman Proposed Supervisor: Hemansu Roy Pota School of Information Technology & Electrical Engineering The University of NSW @ Australian Defence Force Academy

Overview:
More than two billion people worldwide have currently no access to grid electricity or other efficient energy supply. This is one third of humanity and the majority live in rural areas. The productivity and health of these people are reduced by dependence on traditional fuels and technologies. Energy is the key element to empower people and ensure water, food and fodder supply as well as rural development. Therefore access to energy should be treated as the fundamental right to everybody. Renewable energy has the potential to bring power, not only in the literal sense, to communities by transforming their prospects. Risks of development and use of pathological technologies and a consequent need for recovery and remediation have to be reduced by the appropriate knowledge distribution and implementation of environmental technologies: control, monitoring and avoidance. In order to facilitate sustainable development, it is necessary to further improve and increase energy efficiency and the use of renewable energy and material resources and related technologies (biomass, solar, hydrogen, geothermal, wind, and mini-hydraulic energy sources, waste recycling). There is urgent need for searching economic possibilities, appropriate policies and market incentives, for sustainable management of natural resources. The research will be based on analyses of the relationships between technical, ecological and social systems and focus on applying adequate technology in a socially and ecologically feasible way.

WorldwideRenewableEnergyUtilization:
About 18% of global final energy consumption came from renewable, with 13% coming from traditional biomass, such as wood-burning. Hydropower was the next largest renewable source, providing 3%, followed by hot water/heating, which contributed 1.3%. Modern technologies, such as geothermal, wind, solar, and ocean energy together provided some 0.8% of final energy consumption. The technical potential for their use is very large, exceeding all other readily available sources. Renewable energy technologies are sometimes criticized for being intermittent or unsightly, yet the market is growing for

many forms of renewable energy. Wind power is growing at the rate of 30 percent annually, with a worldwide installed capacity of over 100 GW, and is widely used in several European countries and the United States. Solar thermal power stations operate in the USA and Spain, and the largest of these is the 354 MW Solar Energy Generating Systems [SEGS] power plant in the Mojave Desert. The world's largest geothermal power installation is The Geysers in California, with a rated capacity of 750 MW. Brazil has one of the largest renewable energy programs in the world, involving production of ethanol fuel from sugar cane, and ethanol now provides 18 percent of the country's automotive fuel. Ethanol fuel is also widely available in the USA. While there are many large-scale renewable energy projects and production, renewable technologies are also suited to small off-grid applications, sometimes in rural and remote areas, where energy is often crucial in human development. Kenya has the world's highest household solar ownership rate with roughly 30,000 small (20100 watt) solar power systems sold per year. Climate change concerns coupled with high oil prices, peak oil and increasing government support are driving increasing renewable energy legislation, incentives and commercialization. European Union leaders reached an agreement in principle in March 2007 that 20 percent of their nations' energy should be produced from renewable fuels by 2020, as part of its drive to cut emissions of carbon dioxide, blamed in part for global warming.

SolarandWindasSourcesofRenewableEnergy
Solar Energy
Solar energy is all sources of energy, viz. coal, petroleum, natural gas, hydraulic power, wind etc. with the exception of nuclear power derive energy from the sun. The main advantages of solar energy are that it is absolutely pollution free, inexhaustible and especially suitable for deserts and isolated places where other sources are not available. With the product of suitable low cost collector materials, solar energy can play a significant role in the future. Lack of awareness at the ground level and absence of financing facilitators are the major handing factors against mass solarization. Besides, govt. Bureaucracy and detrimental cost consciousness of some development agencies are also responsible. The data of solar energy and related cost analysis have been analyzed using HOMER software, Economic model. Photovoltaic Cell Technology can be used to utilize the solar energy.

Photovoltaic Cell Technology: Photovoltaic is best known as a method for generating electric power
by using solar cells to convert energy from the sun into electricity. The photovoltaic effect refers to photons of light knocking electrons into a higher state of energy to create electricity. The term photovoltaic denotes the unbiased operating mode of a photodiode in which current through the device is entirely due to the transuded light energy. Virtually all photovoltaic devices are some type of photodiode.

Solar cells produce direct current electricity from light, which can be used to power equipment or to recharge a battery. The first practical application of photovoltaic was to power orbiting satellites and other spacecraft, but today the majority of photovoltaic modules are used for grid connected power generation. In this case an inverter is required to convert the DC to AC. There is a smaller market for off grid power for remote dwellings, roadside emergency telephones, remote sensing, and cathodic protection of pipelines. Cells require protection from the environment and are usually packaged tightly behind a glass sheet. When more power is required than a single cell can deliver, cells are electrically connected together to form photovoltaic modules, or solar panels. A single module is enough to power an emergency telephone, but for a house or a power plant the modules must be arranged in multiples as arrays. Although the selling price of modules is still too high to compete with grid electricity in most places. Perhaps not unexpectedly, a significant market has emerged in off-grid locations for solar-power-charged storagebattery based solutions. These often provide the only electricity available. The EPIA/Greenpeace Advanced Scenario shows that by the year 2030, PV systems could be generating approximately 1,864 GW of electricity around the world.

Wind Energy
Wind power is used for driving flower mills in many parts of the world. For many years wind power was harnessed for driving the ships that were sailing around the world. Because of the increasing fuel cost, interest has once again been generated for the improvement in the design of wind mills, especially for the areas where higher wind velocity is available for a considerable period of time. Energy from wind is proportional to its velocity. So, large amount of energy can be extracted from wind. Wind energy is fastgrowing renewable energy sector that is beginning to show tremendous potential that is already recognized by many countries and each year there is significant number of newly built wind turbines. As popularity of this sector grows, so does its research and the cost of wind energy has already been significantly reduced, and is becoming more and more competitive to traditional fossil fuels, resulting in orientation of many countries that are making significant efforts by building new wind turbines and increasing the total percentage of energy generated from wind. The data of wind energy has been analyzed using Windographer.

Wind-Turbine-Generator Technology: In this technology a Wind-Turbine-Generator Power Plant is


used where a large wind turbine with three blades, horizontal axis, installed on nacelle on a tall tower. The wind turbine-gears-rotate generate shaft. In this case several Wind-Turbine-Generator units are installed in one wind farm and the wind farms are located in the sea-shore, shallow sea water, and windy areas.

ConceptofHybridPowerGeneration
Hybrid power systems are combinations of two or more energy conversion devices (e.g. electricity generators or storage devices), or two or more fuels for the same device, that when integrated, overcome limitations that may be inherent in either. Hybrid systems can produce synergistic benefits in which the "whole is greater than the sum of its parts". System efficiencies are typically higher than that of the individual technologies used separately, and higher reliability can be accomplished with redundant technologies and/or energy storage. Some hybrid systems include both, which can simultaneously improve the quality and availability of power. Few examples of hybrid power systems include: _ Wind generation combined with diesel generation _ Photovoltaic generation combined with battery storage or diesel generation _ Fuel cell generation combined with micro turbine generation. In the case of wind power intermittency is one of the frequently cited disadvantages. Because the wind doesn't blow all the time, wind projects can't produce a steady stream of energy for 24 hours; hence they are regarded as "intermittent" power sources. Here the solution is the hybrid project, teaming wind up with a steadier source of base load power than can come on line when the wind's not blowing. Combined offshore wind and solar projects, also known as hybrid PV and Wind system hold great commercial potential down the line when wind and PV technologies have become more established. At that point, solar energy production might compensate for the intermittency of offshore wind, while economies of scale developed from offshore wind and solar could both accelerate cost reduction for regular components of power generations. Energy displacement plants may operate in liaison with a conventional diesel electric plant and battery-energy storage to form hybrid solution. Hybrid power plants introduced commercially are _Solar-Battery-Diesel and _Wind- Battery-Diesel. During favorable conditions of sun/wind, the storage batteries are charged i.e., primary energy from renewable source converted to electrical energy. During unfavorable natural conditions the battery-back supplies energy via a suitable power conditioning unit (DC to AC) only when the batteries are fully charged, and when the battery charge exhausted then the Diesel-Generator gives power. The use of diesel generator and kerosene lamps make the island environmentally fragile and threatened to ecosystem. Renewable Energy could be an effective alternative to fulfill the electricity demand in the region. Main advantage of wind-solar hybrid is that, when sunshine is more wind speed is low and vice-versa it is effective. Even at night considerable amount of power is produced from wind turbines. So power generation from PV module and wind turbine is stored in a battery bank. It is then converted to AC power and supplied to the compound through underground cable line.

Limitations
How the use of renewable energy resources in the smart grid or micro grid can be implemented is the core question in this research. Different constraints at technological, financial, social and political level will be analyzed to answer this question. Based on this analysis, recommendations will be developed for stakeholders to increase the application of renewable technologies. The recommendations will also be compatible with the conventional technologies and existing energy supply system. The lack of human and financial capital is the most important obstacles in reaching an increase in renewable energy in the region.

Objectivesoftheresearch
The aim of the research is to analyze the solar and wind characteristics in different region and selecting a suitable location where both solar and wind energy are strong enough for hybrid power generation and choosing suitable PV module and wind turbine for this purpose. The data analysis using HOMER and Windographer software, design and analysis of a Hybrid PV and Wind system and analysis using Economic model are significant in this research. So there is an analysis will be made for a hybrid power plant considering many sites. From this analysis the generation of hybrid power plant is dependent of many factors like atmospheric conditions (mostly on solar radiation and wind speed). To design a wind power plant, it is necessary to require the power curves of the wind turbines to detect the output power at a speed which normally exists at the location at which the plant would be installed. There is another important point to be considered and that is cost. Since most of the countries are developing country, so there is lack of capital to invest. So it is also necessary to design a plant that is cost effective. Now considering all these factors stated above, the combination with lowest PV capacity provides us with the best cost effective solution. So it is preferable to consider the optimum design of the MW/kW hybrid power plant for a smart grid or micro grid system.

ResearchPlan
In my post graduate research, first and foremost, a preparation phase will involve a study detailed about the background literature of renewable energy sources like solar energy, and wind energy and also about the concept of hybrid renewable power generation. After that a few months will be dedicated to an analysis of different prospects related to the renewable hybrid power generations, during which I will analyze different outcomes of the research papers studied, communication with peer researchers at ADFA power system research group. Then I will start my main research work on hybrid renewable energy generation. I will develop new models and methodologies to analyze the hybrid power generation by identifying the shortcomings of the

previous research outcomes. To do this I will have to design a Wind-Solar Hybrid Power Station by considering the concept of Renewable Energy and develop a MATLAB program to analyze the system data to make the optimum design of the system with low cost, less environmental pollution and high efficiency. This research will focus on the social, financial and environmental barriers and how these can be reduced to successfully develop and exploit renewable energy in specific areas like in a smart grid or a micro grid system. This will further ensure the quality of life now and for coming generations. Following aims are focused throughout the research: 1. To evaluate the socio-economic-ecological potential to implement the renewable energy technologies. 2. Based on above mentioned evaluation, to identify the most energy efficient, most cost effective and least polluting technologies option from a system perspective. 3. To identify the different actors, their role and participation in policy and decision making process in renewable energy sector. 4. To develop life cycle assessment for different renewable energy technologies and options in terms of energy recovery, the environmental impacts and economy. My main research aim is to consider an adequate energy output, low-maintenance, social-economical benefits, and low environmental impact that will constitute the main guidelines when evaluating the potential for introduction of suitable energy systems. The development of appropriate systems modeling tools will together with environmental assessment methods at different scales (ecological risk assessment and strategic environmental assessment) and social science methods for studying institutional aspects and innovation systems contribute to reaching the target of assessing the feasibility of a successful implementation. Therefore, at the end of my research, I will expect to come out with a set of evaluated results to be shown in seminars and conferences, and also develop some packages that may be utilized in further research project on related domains.

References
[1] http://www.app.com.pk/en/index.php. [2] http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Renewable_energy. [3] http://www.nature.com/news/2008/080220/full/451877a.html.

[4] V. Dalal, Environment: Energy and the Need for New Technology, Energy Conversion Conference, Vol .13, pp 85-94, 2004. [5] M. R. Starr and W. Palz, Photovoltaic Power for Europe, Solar Energy R & D in the European Community, Series C, Vol. 2, Photovoltaic Power Generation, D. Reidel [6] Backus, C. E., solar Cells, IEEE Press, The IEEE, Inc. Ne4w York, 2007. [7] S. W. Angrist, Direct Energy Conversion, #rd Edn, Allyn & Bacon, Boston, 2005. [8] M. A. Green, Solar Cells-Operating Principles, Technology, and System Applications, PrenticeHall, Inc., Englewood Cliffs, N. J. 07632, 2008. [9]Danish Wind Turbine Manufacturers Association, 2007, Wind Power Notes. 2, Publishing Co., 2007.

http://www.esru.strath.ac.uk/Documents/MSc_2002/oliveira,pdf. URL accessed 2009. [10] A thesis Paper on Hybrid Power Generation using Wind and Solar Energy, BUET.

September

[11] A research proposal on Novel Approach for Analyzing Interconnected Power System Network Dynamics, A. B. M. Nasiruzzaman. [12] https://www.confmanager.com/main.cfm?cid=680&nid=5585. [13] Battelle Memorial Institute, Beijing Energy Efficiency Center and Energy Research Institute of China, Advanced International Studies Unit (1998) Chinas Electric Power Options: An Analysis of Economic and Environmental Costs, Final Draft. [14] Sunil S. Rao, Switchgear Protection and Power Systems, 11th Edition, ISBN No. 81-7409-029-0, 2005.

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