2
Contents
1
Executive
Summary
.....................................................................................................
5
2
Introduction
................................................................................................................
8
3
Theories
of
transparency,
accountability
and
participatory
initiatives
(TAIs)
..........
10
3.1
Transparency
initiatives:
Definitions
and
Assumptions
.....................................
10
3.2
Accountability
initiatives:
Definitions
and
Assumptions
....................................
12
3.3
Participatory
initiatives:
Definitions
and
Assumptions
......................................
13
3.4
Relationships
among
transparency,
accountability
and
participation
..............
14
4
Traditional
(non
‐
/pre
‐
ICT)
transparency
and
accountability
initiatives
...................
20
4.1
Making
government
information
transparent
...................................................
20
4.1.1
Right
to
information....................................................................................
20
4.1.2
Transparent
budget
information
................................................................
21
4.2
Auditing
government
information
and
services
................................................
23
4.2.1
Complaint
mechanisms
...............................................................................
23
4.2.2
Citizen
report
cards
and
community
scorecards
........................................
23
4.2.3
Community
Monitoring
..............................................................................
27
4.2.4
Public
hearings
and
social
audits
................................................................
28
4.2.5
Public
Expenditure
Monitoring
...................................................................
28
4.3
Public
participation
in
budget
............................................................................
29
4.3.1
Participatory
budgeting
..............................................................................
29
4.3.2
Gender
Budgeting
.......................................................................................
31
4.4
Dialogue
and
activism
........................................................................................
32
5
Technologies
for
transparency,
accountability
and
participation
............................
33
5.1
Websites
and
wikis
.............................................................................................
34
5.1.1
Public
Information
or
Transparency
Campaigns.........................................
34
3
5.1.2
Tracking
voting
records/politicians
.............................................................
35
5.1.3
Digital
budgeting
.........................................................................................
35
5.2
Social
media
.......................................................................................................
39
5.2.1
Publicizing
Information
and
Organizing
Crowds
.........................................
39
5.2.2
Deepening
Democracy
and
Long
‐
Term
Impact
..........................................
40
5.3
Interactive
mapping
...........................................................................................
42
5.3.1
Mapping
Election
Results
............................................................................
42
5.3.2
Citizen
Reporting
issues
..............................................................................
42
5.3.3
Crime
Mapping
............................................................................................
44
5.3.4
Budgets
and
Financial
Transactions
............................................................
44
5.3.5
The
Case
of
Sithi:
Mapping
Human
Rights
Violations
.................................
45
5.4
SMS
and
Voice
Based
Reporting
........................................................................
46
5.4.1
Citizen
Reporting
Issues
with
Service
Delivery
...........................................
46
5.4.2
The
Case
of
CGNet
Swara:
localized
citizen
journalism
..............................
46
5.5
Hybrid
and
"older"
technologies
........................................................................
48
6
Findings,
discussion
and
policy
recommendations
..................................................
49
6.1
The
value
of
ICTs
................................................................................................
49
6.2
Research
and
policy
recommendations
.............................................................
52
6.2.1
Impact
on
the
poor
and
information
capabilities
.......................................
52
6.2.2
Online
or
offline
impact/
Measuring
social
impact
....................................
53
6.2.3
Comparison
between
ICT
and
non
‐
ICT
enabled
initiatives
........................
54
6.2.4
A
comprehensive
database
.........................................................................
54
6.2.5
Changing
nature
of
state
............................................................................
55
6.2.6
Research
methods
......................................................................................
55
6.2.7
Robustness
of
data
.....................................................................................
56
6.2.8
Gender
and
participation
............................................................................
56
6.2.9
Regulation
and
Ethics
..................................................................................
57
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