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2
 
Contents
 
1
 
Executive
 
Summary
 
.....................................................................................................
 
5
 
2
 
Introduction
 
................................................................................................................
 
8
 
3
 
Theories
 
of 
 
transparency,
 
accountability
 
and
 
participatory
 
initiatives
 
(TAIs)
 
..........
 
10
 
3.1
 
Transparency
 
initiatives:
 
Definitions
 
and
 
Assumptions
 
.....................................
 
10
 
3.2
 
Accountability
 
initiatives:
 
Definitions
 
and
 
Assumptions
 
....................................
 
12
 
3.3
 
Participatory
 
initiatives:
 
Definitions
 
and
 
Assumptions
 
......................................
 
13
 
3.4
 
Relationships
 
among
 
transparency,
 
accountability
 
and
 
participation
 
..............
 
14
 
4
 
Traditional
 
(non
/pre
ICT)
 
transparency
 
and
 
accountability
 
initiatives
 
...................
 
20
 
4.1
 
Making
 
government
 
information
 
transparent
 
...................................................
 
20
 
4.1.1
 
Right
 
to
 
information....................................................................................
 
20
 
4.1.2
 
Transparent
 
budget
 
information
 
................................................................
 
21
 
4.2
 
Auditing
 
government
 
information
 
and
 
services
 
................................................
 
23
 
4.2.1
 
Complaint
 
mechanisms
 
...............................................................................
 
23
 
4.2.2
 
Citizen
 
report
 
cards
 
and
 
community
 
scorecards
 
........................................
 
23
 
4.2.3
 
Community
 
Monitoring
 
..............................................................................
 
27
 
4.2.4
 
Public
 
hearings
 
and
 
social
 
audits
 
................................................................
 
28
 
4.2.5
 
Public
 
Expenditure
 
Monitoring
 
...................................................................
 
28
 
4.3
 
Public
 
participation
 
in
 
budget
 
............................................................................
 
29
 
4.3.1
 
Participatory
 
budgeting
 
..............................................................................
 
29
 
4.3.2
 
Gender
 
Budgeting
 
.......................................................................................
 
31
 
4.4
 
Dialogue
 
and
 
activism
 
........................................................................................
 
32
 
5
 
Technologies
 
for
 
transparency,
 
accountability
 
and
 
participation
 
............................
 
33
 
5.1
 
Websites
 
and
 
wikis
 
.............................................................................................
 
34
 
5.1.1
 
Public
 
Information
 
or
 
Transparency
 
Campaigns.........................................
 
34
 
 
3
 
5.1.2
 
Tracking
 
voting
 
records/politicians
 
.............................................................
 
35
 
5.1.3
 
Digital
 
budgeting
 
.........................................................................................
 
35
 
5.2
 
Social
 
media
 
.......................................................................................................
 
39
 
5.2.1
 
Publicizing
 
Information
 
and
 
Organizing
 
Crowds
 
.........................................
 
39
 
5.2.2
 
Deepening
 
Democracy
 
and
 
Long
Term
 
Impact
 
..........................................
 
40
 
5.3
 
Interactive
 
mapping
 
...........................................................................................
 
42
 
5.3.1
 
Mapping
 
Election
 
Results
 
............................................................................
 
42
 
5.3.2
 
Citizen
 
Reporting
 
issues
 
..............................................................................
 
42
 
5.3.3
 
Crime
 
Mapping
 
............................................................................................
 
44
 
5.3.4
 
Budgets
 
and
 
Financial
 
Transactions
 
............................................................
 
44
 
5.3.5
 
The
 
Case
 
of 
 
Sithi:
 
Mapping
 
Human
 
Rights
 
Violations
 
.................................
 
45
 
5.4
 
SMS
 
and
 
Voice
 
Based
 
Reporting
 
........................................................................
 
46
 
5.4.1
 
Citizen
 
Reporting
 
Issues
 
with
 
Service
 
Delivery
 
...........................................
 
46
 
5.4.2
 
The
 
Case
 
of 
 
CGNet
 
Swara:
 
localized
 
citizen
 
 journalism
 
..............................
 
46
 
5.5
 
Hybrid
 
and
 
"older"
 
technologies
 
........................................................................
 
48
 
6
 
Findings,
 
discussion
 
and
 
policy
 
recommendations
 
..................................................
 
49
 
6.1
 
The
 
value
 
of 
 
ICTs
 
................................................................................................
 
49
 
6.2
 
Research
 
and
 
policy
 
recommendations
 
.............................................................
 
52
 
6.2.1
 
Impact
 
on
 
the
 
poor
 
and
 
information
 
capabilities
 
.......................................
 
52
 
6.2.2
 
Online
 
or
 
offline
 
impact/
 
Measuring
 
social
 
impact
 
....................................
 
53
 
6.2.3
 
Comparison
 
between
 
ICT
 
and
 
non
ICT
 
enabled
 
initiatives
 
........................
 
54
 
6.2.4
 
A
 
comprehensive
 
database
 
.........................................................................
 
54
 
6.2.5
 
Changing
 
nature
 
of 
 
state
 
............................................................................
 
55
 
6.2.6
 
Research
 
methods
 
......................................................................................
 
55
 
6.2.7
 
Robustness
 
of 
 
data
 
.....................................................................................
 
56
 
6.2.8
 
Gender
 
and
 
participation
 
............................................................................
 
56
 
6.2.9
 
Regulation
 
and
 
Ethics
 
..................................................................................
 
57
 

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