322

Chapter 10

Step 8.
a) Compute the cross-sectional area of
the steel reinforcement required in the
column and middle strips for negative
moments (computed in Step 6).
b) Compute the minimum reinforcement to
ensure structural integrity in the event
of shear failure as well as the corner
reinforcement, if applicable.
c) Select bar diameter and spacing, taking
into account minimum requirements and
paying particular attention to simplicity
of placement between strips (consider the
iron worker-rodmen and site inspector).

Draw up a computation table.

See Figure 9.6 (Chapter 9) for corner
reinforcement.
See Equation 10.39 for the minimum
area of reinforcement required for
structural integrity.
A s,min = 0.002Ag (Equation 10.38)
See Table 10.4 for the maximum
allowable spacing.
Use Figure 10.14 for curtailment of
top and bottom reinforcement as
well as bar anchoring.

Note. If slab thickness cannot be increased, drop panels or capitals can be economical
solutions. If transverse reinforcement proves necessary, refer to Section 10.3.6c.

10.5 Examples
Example 10.1 Design of a Two-Way Slab

on Non-Rigid Beams

Problem Statement

Consider a two-way slab supported on beams, as illustrated in Figure X10.1A. The clear
height between floors is 4 m. The columns are 300 mm 300 mm. All the beams are
300 mm (bw) by 550 mm (htotal). In addition to its self-weight, the slab supports a dead
load of 1 kPa and a live load of 4.8 kPa.
Design the slab along centreline B and centreline 2, including reinforcements and their
spacing.
Given: fc = 30 MPa; f y = 400 MPa; normal-density concrete (unit weight = 24 kN/m3;
bc(slab) = 25 mm.

Two-Way Slabs: Direct-Design Method

323

Figure X10.1A Example X10.1

Solution

Step 1.

Lb

a)

Determine whether the direct-design method can be used

La

1 =

b)

2 =

7500
5500
EI b 1
EI s 1

EI b 2
EI s 2

= 1 . 36 < 2.0 OK

Ib1
Is1

Ib 2
Is2

Since Ib1 = Ib2 , then:

1
2

1 l22

Therefore:

2 l12

Is2
Is1
=

l1 l22
l2 l12

l1
l2
=

7500 5500 2
5500 7500 2

= 0 . 73

324

Chapter 10

0.2 <

1 l22
2 l12

= 0 . 73 < 5 . 0 OK

c) Column offsets are not greater than 20% of the span.

d) The system has three spans in each direction.

e) Successive span lengths do not differ by more than one-third of the longer span.

f) Loads are due to gravity only and uniformly distributed.

hs can be approximated using am = 2.0; b = 7200/5200 = 1.38 andLn = 7500 300 = 7200 mm
hs =

Ln
30 + 4 m

= 175 mm

wLf = 1 . 5 4 . 8 = 7 . 2 kPa < 2 wDf = 13 . 3 kPa OK

Compute slab thickness to control deflection

Ln,max = 7500 300 = 7200 mm

30 + 4 1 . 38 2 . 0

wDf = 1 . 25 (1 + 24 0 . 18 ) = 6 . 65 kPa

7200

Use hs = 180 mm

Step 2.

hs =

7200
5200
Ib

= 1 . 38

Is

Ib and Is for the interior beam are defined in Figure 10.2.

T-beam dimensions

bw = 300 mm and h = 550 mm

beff = min bw + 2 ho; bw + 8 hs

beff = min 300 + 2 ( 550 180 ); 300 + ( 8 180 ) = 1040 mm

hs = 180 mm
I b = 7041 10 6 mm 4

Slab dimensions in the east-west direction

hs = 180 mm

bslab = l2 = 5500 mm (direction considered: east-west)

bslab = l1 = 7500 mm (direction considered: north-south)

Two-Way Slabs: Direct-Design Method

5500 180 3
= 2673 10 6 mm 4
I s 1 =

12

7500 180 3

=
= 3 645 10 6 mm 4
I
s
2

12

Ib
1 =
Is1

Ib

2 =
Is2

= 1 + 2
m
2

hs

7041
2673
7041

= 2 . 63

= 1 . 93
3675
2 . 63 + 1 . 93
m =
= 2 . 28 m = 2 . 0
2

30 + 4 m

hs

120 mm

400
7200 0 . 6 +

1000
30 + ( 4 1 . 38 2 . 0 )

= 17 5 mm

w f = wDf + wLf

2 =

fy
Ln 0 . 6 +

1000

hs = 180 mm

Step 3.

1 =

325

w f = 6 . 65 + 7 . 20 = 13 . 85 kPa

Check that the beams can resist the shear force

at the interior column

The total punching shear force at an interior column is given by Vf = wf tributary area.

At a distance d = 0 . 9 h = 0 . 9 550 = 495 mm, the tributary area is:

2
Tributary area = 7 . 5 5 . 5 ( 0 . 400 + 2 0 . 495 ) = 39 . 3 m 2

Vf = 13 . 85 39 . 3 = 544 kN

The four beams connected to the column must resist this force. The shear resistance
contributed by the concrete alone in these four beams is given by:

Vr = Vc = 4 c

fcbw dv

Vr = 4 0 . 18 0 . 65 30 300 0 . 9 495 10 3 = 343 kN

Consequently Vf = 1.58Vc, which is acceptable and can be resisted by the beams with stirrups.
The beam section measuring 300 mm 550 mm is therefore adequate.

326
Step 4.

Chapter 10

Subdivide the slab system into frames in the east-west

and north-south direction

Figure X10.1B Slab Subdivision

Two-Way Slabs: Direct-Design Method

Step 5.

327

Compute total factored moment, Mo,

then the moments at critical points

a) East-west direction (along centreline 2)

Mo =

w f l2 ln21
8

Mo =

13 . 85 5 . 5 7 . 2 2
8

= 493 . 6 kNm

Factored moment due to the self-weight of the cantilever portion of the beam (ho = h hs)
not included in the slab.

wDf = 1 . 25 ( 0 . 550 0 . 180 ) 0 . 300 24 = 3 . 33 kN/m

Mo, beam =

wDf L2n
8

3 . 33 7 . 2 2

Mo, beam =

= 21 . 6 kNm

Moments are distributed along centreline 2 as shown below (see Figure 10.6).
A2

Span

B2

Span

C2

Span

7200

7200

7200

Mo (kNm)

493.6

493.6

493.6

Distributed
moment

Ln (mm)
%Mo

0.16

0.59

0.70

0.65

0.35

0.65

0.70

0.59

0.16

Mf,design (kNm)

79

291

346

321

173

321

346

291

79

21.6

Beams
moment

Mo,beam (kNm)

Moments transferred to columns

Note:

21.6

21.6

% Mo

0.16

0.59

0.70

0.65

0.35

0.65

0.70

0.59

0.16

Mf,beam design

3.5

12.7

15.1

14.0

7.6

14.0

15.1

12.7

3.5

a) slab + beam

82.5

26.1(*)

26.1(*)

82.5

71.9(*)

71.9(*)

b) Equation 10.10

(*)

M f = 0 . 07 ( 6.65+0.5 7.2 ) 5.5 7.2 2 6.65 5.5 7.2

2 2 = 71.9 kNm

b) North-south direction (along centreline B)

Mo =

w f l1 ln2 2
8

Mo =

13 . 85 7 . 5 5 . 2 2

= 351 kNm

Factored moment due to the self-weight of the cantilever portion of the beam (ho)
M o,beam =

D2

wDf L2n
8

M o,beam =

3 . 33 5 . 2 2
8

= 11 . 3 kNm

328

Chapter 10

Moments are distributed along centreline B as shown below.

B1

Span

B2

Span

B3

Span

5200

5200

5200

Mo (kNm)

351

351

351

Distributed
moment

Ln (mm)
% Mo

0.16

0.59

0.70

0.65

0.35

0.65

0.70

0.59

0.16

Mf,design (kNm)

5.6

207

246

228

123

228

246

207

56

% Mo

0.16

0.59

0.70

0.65

0.35

0.65

0.70

0.59

0.16

Mf,beam design

1.8

6.7

7.9

7.3

4.0

7.3

7.9

6.7

1.8

a) slab+beam

57.8

18.6

18.6

57.8

36.9(*)

36.9(*)

11.3

Mf,beam
design

Mo,beam (kNm)

Mf (kNm)
transferred
to columns
Note:

(*)

Step 6.

b) Equation 10.10

11.3

11.3

M f = 0 . 07 ( 6.65+0.5 5.2 ) 7.5 5.2 2 6.65 7.5 5.2

2 2 = 36 . 9 kNm

Determine the factored moments resisted by the beams

and slabs (transverse distribution; see Table 10.6)

a) East-west direction (along centreline 2)

Percentage of moment resisted by the beam and slab

1 = 2.63 (see Step 2)

l2

l1

5500
7500

= 0 . 73

Percentage carried by the beam:

B4

Percentage carried by the slab:

0.73
1 l2
2 . 63
1
1
=
= 0 . 68
3 l1 0 . 3 + 2 . 63
3
0 . 3 + 1
1

1 0.68 = 0.32

Two-Way Slabs: Direct-Design Method

329

The distribution of moments carried by the beam and slab is as follows.

A2

Span

79

291

346

321

173

321

Beam

100%

68%

68%

68%

68%

Slab

0%

32%

32%

32%

Mf, distributed

79

198

235

Mf, beam self-weight

3.5

12.7

15.1

Total

82.5

210.7

250.1 232.0

Slab

93

Mf, slab
design
(kNm)

Mf, beam design

(kNm)

% Mf

Mf before distribution (kNm)

B2

111

Span

Span

D2

346

291

79

68%

68%

68%

100%

32%

32%

32%

32%

218

118

218

235

198

79

14.0

7.6

14

15.1

12.7

3.5

232.0 250.1

210.7

82.5

93

103

125.6
55

C2

103

111

b) North-south direction (along centreline B)

Percentage of moment resisted by the beam and slab

2 = 1.93 (see Step 2)

l1

l2

7500
5500

= 1 . 36

Percentage carried by the beam:

1.36
1 l1
1 . 93
1
1
=
= 0 . 47

3 l2 0 . 3 + 1 . 93
3
0.3 + 2
2

Percentage carried by the slab:

The distribution of moments carried by the beam and slab is as follows.

B1

Span

56

207

246

228

123

228

Beam

100%

47%

47%

47%

47%

Slab

0%

53%

53%

53%

Mf, distributed

56

97

116

Mf, beam self-weight

1.8

6.7

7.9

Total

57.8

103.7

Slab

110

Mf, beam design

(kNm)

% Mf

Mf before distribution (kNm)

Mf, slab
design
(kNm)

1 0.47 = 0.53

B2

Span

Span

B4

246

207

56

47%

47%

47%

100%

53%

53%

53%

53%

0%

107

58

107

116

97

56

7.3

7.3

7.9

6.7

1.8

103.7

57.8

110

123.9 114.3
130

121

B3

62

114.3 123.9

65

121

130

330

Chapter 10

Step 7.

Compute reinforcement As

a) East-west direction (along centreline 2)

A2

Span

B2

Span

C2

Span

D2

i) Beam: bw = 300 mm ; bb intermediate = 940 mm ; bb edge = 670 mm ; d = 499 mm

Mf,design(kNm)
As, required 

82.5

210.7

250.1

232.0

125.6

232.0

250.1

210.7

82.5

543

1380

1637

1519

823

1519

1637

1380

540

1130

452

1130

1130

452

1130

1130

452

1130

Mf
s fy ( 0 . 9 d )

(mm )
2

As,min (mm 2)

4 No. 20
4 No. 25
3 No. 20
3 No. 25
4 No. 25
4 No. 25 4 No. 25 4 No. 25 4 No. 20
= 1200
= 2000
= 900
bars
bars
bars
bars
bars
bars
2
2
2
mm
mm
mm

As,provided
Effective width
(bw or bb) (mm)

670

300

940

940

300

940

940

300

670

ii) Slab: total width = 5500 940 = 4560 mm; d = 147 mm

Mf,design(kNm)

93

111

103

55

103

111

93

Mf,design (per metre)

(kNm/m)

20.4

24.3

22.6

12.1

22.6

24.3

20.4

453

540

502

269

502

540

453

As ,required 

Mf
s fy ( 0 . 9 d )

(mm / m )
2

No. 15 @
No. 15 @
200 top No. 15 @ No. 15 @ No. 15 @ No. 15 @ No. 15 @
250 bot =
200 top 250 bot 200 top 200 top 250 bot
2 = 1000
800 mm
mm 2

As,provided (per metre)

Notes related to the computation table above:

i) Beam
dbeam = h bc db, stirrup

db

dbeam  550 30 11

2


As+,min =

(beam)

As,min =

(beam)

0 . 2 fcbt h
fy

+
As,min
=

0 . 2 fcbt h
fy

(beam)

As,min
=

(beam)

20
2

= 499 mm

(based on A s = No. 20M bars)

0 . 2 30 300 550
400

= 452 mm 2

0 . 2 30 ( 2 . 5 300 ) 550
400

= 1130 mm 2

Two-Way Slabs: Direct-Design Method

Top reinforcement (M) to be placed across a width of

bb( intermediate beam ) = c1 + 3 hs

bb(edge beam ) = c1 + 1 . 5 hs

ii) Slab
dE W = hs bc

bb( intermediate beam ) = 400 + 3 180 = 940 mm

bb(edge beam ) = 400 + 1 . 5 180 = 670 mm

db

16

dE W = 180 25

2


dN S = hs bc db

db

davg = hs bc db

= 147 mm
(based on A s = No. 15M bars)

dN S = 180 25 16

16
2

= 131 mm

davg = 180 25 16 = 139 mm

As,min = 0 . 002 1000 180 = 360 mm 2 /m No. 15 bars @ 500 mm c/c

As,min = 0 . 002 Ag

Mr,min corresponding to A s,min computed with davg = 139 mm

Mr,min  s f y

331

s As,min f y
As,min
d

2 1 c fcs
s

0 . 85 200 400
3
139
10 = 18 . 5 kNm/m

2 0 . 8 05 30 500
500
200

Mr,min = 0 . 85 400

b) North-south direction
B1

Span

B2

Span

B3

Span

B4

i) Beam: bw = 300 mm ; bb intermediate = 940 mm ; bb edge = 670 mm ; d = 499 mm

Mf,design(kNm)
As, required 

Mf
s fy ( 0 . 9 d )

( mm 2 )

As,min (mm 2/m)

As,provided
Effective width (mm)

57.8

103.7

123.9

114.3

62

114.3

123.9

103.7

57.8

379

679

812

749

406

749

812

679

379

1130

452

1130

1130

452

1130

1130

452

1130

4 No. 20 3 No. 20 4 No. 20 4 No. 20 3 No. 20 4 No. 20 4 No. 20 3 No. 20 4 No. 20

bars top bars bot bars top bars top bars bot bars top bars top bars bot bars top
670

300

940

940

300

940

940

300

670

ii) Slab: total width = 7500 940 = 6560 mm; d = 131 mm

Mf,design (kNm)

110

130

121

65

121

130

110

Mf,design per m (kNm/m)

16.8

19.8

18.4

9.9

18.4

19.8

16.8

Mr,min (kNm/m)

18.5

18.5

18.5

18.5

18.5

18.5

18.5

As,provided (per metre) =

As,min = No. 15 @ 500 mm

No. 15
bars @
500

No. 15
bars @
500

No. 15
bars @
500

No. 15
bars @
500

No. 15 No. 1 No. 15

bars @ bars 5 @ bars @
500
500
500

332

Chapter 10

c) Reinforcement details:

Figure X10.1C provides an example of the reinforcement details in the east-west direction.

Figure X10.1C Reinforcement Details in the East-West Direction

Step 8.

Check shear stress resistance in the slab

davg = 139 mm (see Step 7)

dv = max 0 . 9 d ; 0 . 72 hs

Vr = c

fcbw dv

Vf = w f n d
2

dv = max ( 0 . 9 139 ; 0 . 72 180 ) = 129 . 6 mm

Vr = 0 . 21 1 . 0 0 . 65 30 1000 129 . 6 10 3 = 96 . 9 kN

5.2

Vf = 13 . 85
0 . 131 = 34 . 2 kN
2

Vr = 96 . 9 kN > Vf = 34 . 2 kN OK