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HydroPower HydroPower
Dr. ir. Jacob van Berkel Dr. ir. Jacob van Berkel
Entry Technology Support BV / Eindhoven University of Technology Entry Technology Support BV / Eindhoven University of Technology
The Netherlands The Netherlands
October 2011 October 2011
HydroPower
I t t t I t t t I mport ant not e: I mport ant not e:
Handout s are for addit ional informat ion only. Handout s are for addit ional informat ion only.
The exam will be based on t he course book: The exam will be based on t he course book:
Renewabl e Ener gy Sour ces 4P510 Renewabl e Ener gy Sour ces 4P510
b k b k
Dr. ir. J. van Berkel
Entry Technology, Rhenen
cour se book . cour se book .
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Origin of Hydropower Origin of Hydropower
Concent rat ion process = not efficient , yet very effect ive! Concent rat ion process = not efficient , yet very effect ive!
Hydropower = concent rat ed form of Solar Energy Hydropower = concent rat ed form of Solar Energy
Forms of Hydropower Forms of Hydropower
Tidal energy Tidal energy
Run off t he river Run off t he river
Wave energy Wave energy Salinit y Power Salinit y Power Wave energy Wave energy Salinit y Power Salinit y Power
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From small to large scale From small to large scale
Nepal, 1 kW Nepal, 1 kW
Bigger Hoverdam Bigger Hoverdam
Biggest , Three Biggest , Three
Gorge: 18000 MW Gorge: 18000 MW
Plans for Congo Plans for Congo
River: 40000 MW River: 40000 MW
Bigger, Hoverdam, Bigger, Hoverdam,
2000 MW 2000 MW
Water wheels Water wheels
Gravity Gravity Wheel Wheel
Utilising Utilising dead dead weight weight of of
water in water in buckets buckets
E= m g H low speed E= m g H low speed E m g H, low speed E m g H, low speed
Turbine ( Turbine (primitive primitive))
Conversion Conversion of of potential potential pp
energy energy into into kinetic kinetic energy energy, ,
then then into into mechanical mechanical energy energy
Fluid flow velocity : Fluid flow velocity :
Z g c Z g c 2
2
1
2
= =
4
Water wheels Water wheels
Hydropower : energy conversion
Impulse equation + Bernoulli
Cont rol evl ak 2
c
2 Kanaal
c
1
c
2
F
Force on cont rol surface = sum of impulse and pressure forces Force on cont rol surface = sum of impulse and pressure forces
(vect ors! ): (vect ors! ):
v

d

F A A + u
Cont rol evl ak 1
2
c
1
p
2
,
A
2
p
1
,
A
1
Kracht F
Kanaal
wanden
c
2
F
Energy equat ion : Bernoullis equat ion: Energy equat ion : Bernoullis equat ion:
konstant
2
1
2
= + + Z g c p
t d
v

d
m F=
F c c p A p A
m
= + u
1 2 1 1 2 2
i mp ul s d r uk
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Two turbine types
Impulse turbines: No change of pressure during p g p g
passage of turbine rotor (Pelton turbine).
Reaction turbines: Change of pressure during rotor
passage (lawn sprinkler).
Due to straightforward configuration : Pelton g g
turbine as an example
The Pelton turbine
MW MW- -range range
kW kW--range range kW kW range range
Grand Dixance, CH Grand Dixance, CH
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c - u
c
c - u
u
Max. if : Max. if : ( ) c u u c
du
dP
2
1
2 0 = = =
Jet velocit y : Jet velocit y :
Z g c Z g c 2
2
1
2
= =
Power : Power :
( )u u c T P
m
u = = 2 e
e =
2
D
u
d
C
Force act ing on bucket : Force act ing on bucket :
Torque : Torque :
( )D u c
D
F T
m
u = =
2

Force act ing on bucket : Force act ing on bucket :
( ) ( ) ( ) u c u c u c F
m m

u = u = 2 ) (
= u/c
P
/
P
m
a
x
,
T
/
T
m
a
x
Ver mogen
Kopp el 1
0
0
1 1/2
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Turbine characteristics
Which turbine for given head (Z) and flow rate (F
v
) ?
Turbine dimensions (D) and speed (w) in
relation with head (Z) and flow rate (Fv) ? relation with head (Z) and flow rate (Fv) ?
Each turbine is characterised
by specific dimensionless
parameters which depend on
its configuration and
construction:
Flow path
Strength of blades
Pelton turbine as an example
Diameter in relation to head Z and flow rate Fv : Diameter in relation to head Z and flow rate Fv :
For For Pelton Pelton : d = D/8 : d = D/8 Z g d
v
2
4
2
t
= u
Angular velocity in relation to head Angular velocity in relation to head
and flow rate: and flow rate:
Z g u 2 48 , 0 2 2
= = e
( )
diameter specific
Z g
D
v
, 7 , 7 7 , 7
4
1
2
1
A =
u
=
d
D
4
( )
velocity angular specific
Z g
v
, 178 , 0 178 , 0
2
1
4
3
O =
u
= e
D D
e
Given certain head and flow: Given certain head and flow: Pelton Pelton turbine turbine
relatively big and slow ! relatively big and slow !
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Other turbines Other turbines
Full radial admittance over rotor periphery Full radial admittance over rotor periphery
Full axial admittance through rotor Full axial admittance through rotor
Axial turbine (as used in Vietnam)
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Various turbines Various turbines
(for different head & flow rate) (for different head & flow rate)
Francis Francis
Propeller Propeller
Pelton Pelton
Propeller Propeller
Comparison of turbine types: Comparison of turbine types:
Kental A O
1 straals Pelton 12,4 0,10
6 straals Pelton 5,04 0,26
Francis 2,70 0,53
Kaplan 1,56 3,26
At given head and flow rate: At given head and flow rate:
Pelton big and strong, but low throughput and slow Pelton big and strong, but low throughput and slow
((Convenient Convenient for high head, low flow) for high head, low flow)
Kaplan turbine small and fast high throughput Kaplan turbine small and fast high throughput
Baseline : Baseline :
Dimensionless numbers determine (at given head and Dimensionless numbers determine (at given head and
flow) most suitable turbine type. flow) most suitable turbine type.
Kaplan turbine small and fast, high throughput Kaplan turbine small and fast, high throughput
((Convenient Convenient for low head, high flow) for low head, high flow)
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Example :
Suppose, you are invited to select a turbine to replace
an old water wheel in a mill (in France).
Given is :
Z=2 meter,
Fv=0,6 m
3
/s.
Required generator speed
n=375 rpm.
Elaboration: Elaboration:
kW 12 2 10 1000 6 , 0 = = u = Z g P
v
Turbine power (h=100 %) : Turbine power (h=100 %) :
( )
25 , 3
4
3
2
1
=
u
= O
Z g
v
e
Which turbine ? Which turbine ?
Turbine selection : calculate W : Turbine selection : calculate W :
Table: W=3,26 : Table: W=3,26 : Kaplan with D=1,56 Kaplan with D=1,56
( ) ( )
] [ 57 , 0
2 10
6 , 0
56 , 1
4
1
2
1
4
1
2
1
m
Z g
D
v
= =
u
A =
Calculation of main dimension D : Calculation of main dimension D :
,, p , p ,
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Turbine selection
Ri & h l T f MW Ri & h l T f MW
Hydro Power in the Netherlands ? Hydro Power in the Netherlands ?
Rivers & channels: Tens of MW Rivers & channels: Tens of MW
Tides: Hundreds of MW Tides: Hundreds of MW
Salinity: > Hundreds of MW Salinity: > Hundreds of MW
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Ri ver s
Nijmegen
Arnhem
Nederrijn
Waal
hagestein
IJssel
maurik
Amerongen
driel
alphen
DenBosch
Eindhoven
Nijmegen
Waal
Maas
lith
grave
sambeek
belfeld
Venlo
roermond
linne
Lar ge scal e: ~ 10 MW uni t s
maasbracht
born
borgharen
Maastricht
Channels Channels
Hooydonks Hooydonks
ee molen molen
Maas Bosscherveld Maas Bosscherveld
400 kW 400 kW
3 GWh/jaar 3 GWh/jaar
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Hydro Power in Europe ? Hydro Power in Europe ?
Rhine # 45 Worlds river Rhine # 45 Worlds river
Rhine catchment area Rhine catchment area
Hydro Power Worldwide Hydro Power Worldwide
High fraction used in High fraction used in
Western countries. Western countries.
Large resources in rest of Large resources in rest of
the world the world
World potential 40 % World potential 40 % World potential 40 % World potential 40 %
Source: United Nations Source: United Nations
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Hydro Potential
Costs Costs
Hydropower at this Hydropower at this
moment moment least least
expensive ! expensive !
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Environmental effects Environmental effects (1) (1)
Occupation of Occupation of
space: space: Loss of Loss of
agriculture and agriculture and
wildlife wildlife
Environmental effects Environmental effects (2) (2)
Occupation of Occupation of
space: space: Loss of Loss of
human habitat human habitat
Source: Global Contact (KEMA), Source: Global Contact (KEMA), 33 2001 2001
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Environmental effects Environmental effects (3) (3)
Hindrance of Fish migration Hindrance of Fish migration
Wi i USA Wi i USA
Linne, 25 Linne, 25--04 04--91 91
Wisconsin, USA Wisconsin, USA
Maurik, 2004 Maurik, 2004
Environmental effects Environmental effects (4) (4)
Bacteriological growth Bacteriological growth
Sedimentation Sedimentation
Danger of dam ruptures Danger of dam ruptures
Malpasset, Malpasset,
2 Dec 1959 2 Dec 1959
Malpasset, Fr Malpasset, Fr
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Environmental effects (5)
Energy-Related Severe Accident Database (ENSAD)
Positive Environmental Effects Positive Environmental Effects
Reduce depletion of natural resources Reduce depletion of natural resources
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Frontiers in Worldwide Frontiers in Worldwide
Hydropower Research Hydropower Research
Fish friendly t urbines Fish friendly t urbines yy
Low cost t urbines Low cost t urbines
Low cost dams Low cost dams
Wave energy Wave energy
Tidal energy Tidal energy Tidal energy Tidal energy
Very low head hydropower Very low head hydropower
Salinit y Gradient hydropower Salinit y Gradient hydropower
Fish Friendly Turbines Fish Friendly Turbines
Fish mort alit y at large pumping st at ions and Fish mort alit y at large pumping st at ions and
hydropower plant s 5 hydropower plant s 5- -20 %, for small t urbines higher ! 20 %, for small t urbines higher !
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Fish Friendly Turbines Fish Friendly Turbines
Development of fish friendly rot ors Development of fish friendly rot ors
Efficiency drop (as yet ) 5 Efficiency drop (as yet ) 5- -10 % 10 %
Needs opt imisat ion, also for low cost and bi Needs opt imisat ion, also for low cost and bi- -direct ionalit y direct ionalit y
Development: Pumps As Turbines Development: Pumps As Turbines
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Low Cost Turbines Low Cost Turbines
Turbines are very expensive Turbines are very expensive
Pumps are made in large Pumps are made in large
numbers and t herefore much numbers and t herefore much
cheaper t hen t urbines cheaper t hen t urbines
Slight ly lower efficiency ( Slight ly lower efficiency (- -55- -
10 %) 10 %)
More easily available More easily available
How t o properly How t o properly
convert from pump convert from pump
t o t urbine? t o t urbine?
Low Cost Turbines Low Cost Turbines
Wit bankdam (SA) Wit bankdam (SA)
KSB KSB
PAT cost s ~ 1,6 Million PAT cost s ~ 1,6 Million
RP/ kW, rat her t hen ~ 20 RP/ kW, rat her t hen ~ 20
million (t urbine) million (t urbine)
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Low cost dams Low cost dams
Plast ic inflat able dams Plast ic inflat able dams
Wave energy Wave energy
Energy flux per meter crest Energy flux per meter crest
for deep water waves : for deep water waves :
e

2 2
4
1 h g
P = Amplit ude h, frequency Amplit ude h, frequency ee..
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Wave energy Wave energy
Pelamis (Portugal) Pelamis (Portugal)
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Tidal Energy Initiatives Tidal Energy Initiatives
Worldwide Worldwide energy energy potential potential
(World Energy (World Energy council council): ):
160 GW 160 GW 380 380 TWh TWh/a (100 /a (100
Milion Milion NL NL households households))
45 45
Energy contents in Tide Energy contents in Tide
E.g. 3 MW per 1 km E.g. 3 MW per 1 km
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in Merauke in Merauke
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Tidal Energy Conversion Tidal Energy Conversion
Two techniques: Two techniques:
Direct conversion of Direct conversion of
C fi t (tid l l ) C fi t (tid l l )
Direct conversion of Direct conversion of
kinetic energy kinetic energy
Confinement (tidal only) Confinement (tidal only)
Tidal Energy Tidal Energy
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Marine Currents Marine Currents
(Tidal currents) (Tidal currents)
Tidal Kinetic Energy Tidal Kinetic Energy
Kinet ic conversion ( under wat er windmill ) Kinet ic conversion ( under wat er windmill )
No dam needed (cheaper syst em) No dam needed (cheaper syst em)
Less efficient , more fish friendly Less efficient , more fish friendly
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Tidal Barrage Energy Tidal Barrage Energy
Inlet gates Inlet gates
Turbines Turbines Turbines Turbines
Royal Haskoning Royal Haskoning
Very low head hydropower Very low head hydropower (< 1 m.) (< 1 m.)
Roll Royce t idal t urbine Roll Royce t idal t urbine
Hydro Hydro- -pneumat ic Conversion pneumat ic Conversion
( The Net herlands) ( The Net herlands)
Cooperat ion wit h Lancast er Universit y (UK) Cooperat ion wit h Lancast er Universit y (UK)
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Salinity Power, Blue energy Salinity Power, Blue energy
Osmotic energy Osmotic energy
Reversed ElectroDialysis Reversed ElectroDialysis
In theory: 0,5 kWh/m In theory: 0,5 kWh/m
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Practical: 3300 MW @ 0,3 kWh/m Practical: 3300 MW @ 0,3 kWh/m
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200 MW plant 200 MW plant IJsselmeer IJsselmeer (NL) (NL)
RED RED
KEMA KEMA
WETSUS WETSUS
Salinity Gradient Power Salinity Gradient Power
WETSUS WETSUS
VolkerWessel VolkerWessel
RedStack RedStack
Landus Landus Industries Industries
Focus: Focus:
Fouling Fouling
Membrane costs Membrane costs Membrane costs Membrane costs
When fresh and salt water mix energy becomes When fresh and salt water mix energy becomes
available available
E.g. by Osmotic pressure E.g. by Osmotic pressure
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To conclude To conclude
Aim of this lecture: Aim of this lecture:
Insight in hydropower principles Insight in hydropower principles
Insight in (im)possibilities of hydropower from rivers, Insight in (im)possibilities of hydropower from rivers,
tides and waves tides and waves
Characteristics of hydropower: Characteristics of hydropower:
At this moment hydropower the least expensive and At this moment hydropower the least expensive and
biggest source of sustainable energy. biggest source of sustainable energy.
Large scale hydro can have a negative environmental Large scale hydro can have a negative environmental
impact. impact.
Lots of interest at this moment for power from low Lots of interest at this moment for power from low
head, waves and tides. head, waves and tides.
Thanks for your at t ent ion! Thanks for your at t ent ion!
My climat e 7 min My climat e 7 min