ME 427: APPLIED ENGINEERING MATI{EMATICS

BOOK2

Part C: Solution of Boundary Value Problern by Variational Methods of Calculus Part D: Solution ofBoundary Value Problem by Finite Element Method

Table of Contents

st
No.

Title

PartC: Sohrtion of Bonndaty Veluc hoblcu by Yrrhtbnel Mc{tods of Calculus

, q, 4 ,r s L { c o

Applietion ofEuls-Lagrarlge Equation Problem# 33,34,35, 36

Determination of Functional for a given hoblem Problem # 37

Minimum Potential Energy Mettrcd for Solving BVP Problem# 38,39, &,41,42,43,U
Rayleigh-Ritz Method fo'r Solving BVP

Problem#45,46,47,48,49
Problem# 50,51
Galerkin's Method forSolving BVP Problem# 52,53,54, 55,56

Part D: Solution of Boundery Yalue Problem by Finite Element Method

, ^ s e

Direct Mfhod for krivirry Elment Properfy Mahix Problem# 57,58,59, ffi,61,62,63
Element Stiffiress Mafiix using Problem# 64

Linwshape Functions

Part C

Solution of Borrndary Value Problem byVariational Methods of Calculus

Problem

# g2

(Dave_:2o/ lt / t t)

qltabion of bhe cwrue 6oining ?he- bt,tto Painbs an a- plabe. o bhav vhediekanD bevu@en vhe. nbs is ninimum.
For bhe given line,

Find bhe

dg:\&ilU,

+d":1@"0r.
No,rr,

@,9)

Ils: !fr@^* !0 : j6.:Jr :

^'Jro
f
, @6,a,) dx

rAq LagronTe, Eqruafr a n :

q-&\W)
+ L:@K
! t*ul'

_t^ _oF d 7eF\ :u

r o-.+(L\ :o drc\,\Mz)
+ U'": K'(l"W") k + b":#: + -dg- - T< ' d/Leu,

k:Ct

Problan

#gg (oqp: zl/tl/tl

Find bho oxhq,miztng funebion b@ uhich pa,ses t,bhrs- poin7s (o,o) and (t, t), Ateo a/alrrobe- vha
i

fwcaional
:3olu2ion
i

Ig

',,Thn
i

?lven runedonal,
OF

:.

tq:.f' [t*(H"] oo:Ju',@A,{F

'-rho

eqyafiwt VnaV gollaxrL b@.,is,

- d 1of \ffi-#'/:o

216-#e#):o

#-a:o
76e-saLubion

b: At+be*
av (o,o)
ab (,, ,)
So(vin&

of ahe equavlorL is 8n*

bt5

o:Ad+o;1
Ae tl t' ::
IA:

+6:0

r: Ad,*aA, I:' Ao+*:lJ

6-t
D v

L'/ I-e'

-'. b: 6i-

q*l

o'-l

dzd-L
eu-l

tProbtem
I

# g4 (oato: 2l/tl/t)
T->-x

ut
conerUer

l_LJ
bam of sport L.Theof
bhe beam

a,

eimple su-ppornd

'bqmis sub6*Ded vo aolf- p@ o,nd or1 end Dl-rrusbT l\attetiat and geonebriql properbies ere- E q.nd L.The
erpr2ssion for bhe VoAal po*erl?lqt entrg?J!

is

r= * Io' [.r,

ffi)"- T (W^ - 2 p @)U ] .b.

Find vhe difffare abial e4uabion asgociabed beam daf lec don using Dhe ene.ru eec-preae'ron.

Solubion

Un B,ven lunc7ionalt

td=I:i

fz, (Wf - r (M)"ap@a].,.:

Soverns vhe A@

!' r @ b,t, b')on

7ho eqltn)torv bhav

L-#W**;(ffi):o
+- p@)-#(rW)*#(zu#):o + ut#+T#-P@-o
:> -{gL -* -r !L: P(n\ ' d*'a ' 4- dcc' EL

o-%Ae

o_&* le F @-@ a:(#4-(ffi")*#

o-(,$+-(%)+
&q*
Bwp n,affl,n,fr,qr"

ne
JC

ortq su*aAo3 aeq4 uo14vflb

"*i
aVL

f [:ftwrf.W)*.ffi)]of f:(m)z
'puotqcw(z* ua,np

'o

erq +o Q,napunoq otlq t?Ao Vaqlr?eatd 3{ m

ftwp["F*) *.(#r)Joff:@r
'p-Eaur
Bu,molot @q4 v>nrr?r4aa 04
uo{<tp

&qn

olqDupA atlapuadapv Jat

(,t

uoc ?uI+ @u,,wrra4ao

t tt/tz

:wDO)

90#

unlqard

\-

Problem

#97

(Dabez

zj/illtt)
(sax-*U)

Derivo aho funcbional For vhe foltowing bv p.

#nkb-.7,'
r9ol
i

A@-o and #ln=,:t

ubion
:Aasume

beav func7ion v @) szrch Vhav

19

(o)

,NoN,

"[#*,.U]:vx: + [,' u #or +1,', ng. x- * I t*<JN "

"'

+ Lu J # -4 :- [ (tLJ
+ Lu

# ^*) d*- I:rc6ud *-l"k*,+

u'

> u lo:,- I"t#

l

#l:l "'# So,. *J"' rytrdac -f unax : o

#
6n*loto,4ud

n-lo'tlq-ao<-o

*{' t# *f +kgo@ldnnJ,' u*vx-\t(t):o

Sgb7ing

V:td and )n?roducing t/z as

s\mila'i%

r(d:

Ju'

*t&f*($)
"

nk;bl

dcc+

!rA"d,x-g,(t)

'- r(g) : +1"' f (*FJ kyt'rzn"uf&(-aq

Problem

#41 (Dabez l/t2/lt)

kt
P2

k2

'Find bhe Mf leenion of nocrtl poinrOonO@ uy bl'te,, applicabion of minimun poVen7ial ene,rg6 madtod
Kt= 40 N/nn

Rz- 50 N/nm

Pt

5ON

l.lt :

al

Ks- 8O N/nm
:-

Pz:6O N

W:-l

Solauion

,-TTe

Voful poVen2ial

**ffi, tu:U+R
U

,^o* CL:+ ub|+ IRr6i*!ks6Z:

Lt: - P, u;
Pzur

Kp'+!^"fr*rt\upul
p11.,r2-

?'(4: +
( &2"

Lt",

uf *

k ti + ks$ + L4G - 2 lvrua4o

p,t)t

6n(,.):
) q-

#,6uft#62)2:
ke14-

k1&tt kzut-Fke?ar
koz'L'L-

I ,^z -P2:O

)u* L"*: +{
L-

n:O
Pz

(ar* kz+,<u) q

- teW:
pt

nuu6 ksLg:

+ {L tTota*g)u":60
-Aoq+8o

t-Lz: 50

/ u, = tt/g ' 't tos/z

*, :

Problom

#42

(oavo: l/t2/tl)

C f"

'

boblish bhe- s&

of da. brole e4/yab\orue fpr

brermining bha delle.cdOn of bho epimga-rralgenenb ,*in1 ohe rnin\nun pofunfral 8nor86 me,ftiod.

@Varin6 bhe- ratAz bA *aablishing bhe-&naeQruabionB bA qpfUina bt@ prinaple of nenharrics.

SolubionO
The potenv,a(

qq%

is giuen bg

4*U+U

+ 4, : *
Nour,

kr (ur- rD'*

# : ffi
::'
ouz

L u;$ + t,.:"lua 41 ; u,tu- nu;E& tu.t+ *"ot** gfuo% - o

lLz-_

' oz otu :
ot\e

krl'lrk

Ft: O

Ft

= ktut-

R1tz
1

:k*)z-k11)1+

t'<^u2+,s6-4us:o \
Fz:O

ksus- t<w+ k<ry-

+ F": b*Us-k2{"+k*t4)

["inA foreo
aD node f :

boJance

aD node 1"2, & g

Z F:Oj F1- tq(u,-ul:O -".+ F(: ktllt-ktW

laV
i

t,e,*9*r,
ktO

ncd,e 2:
4s6

iF f== O; k u"+ k1(u;u)*4t(u'-24:O

rI

=) $nu"-

kttA*

14y12+t<uz-L<z4

-o

la-v nd,e o:
I

l_
-

i+ F:O) F"- 4e(w$-4ue:O

|
I I I
I

+ 6:kgtb-ksuz+L<AW

'Oerive vho fwrcdonal for ahe obove e\npl6eupporfuA def lendon . benm problem I n be,rms of ibs ^qgimllrrL Asstrm>, E ard I. are VltO rnazerial alci Beo moVrial 'paralnabers o+ ,he barn
lsoluDion The pof/enV"ral energy

z-t:Tt+E

)v,: I #
Noat, tho

! u6-lq,tCd' - p6

1o: +l Lut({#,)"- rqbf^q-*|"b"- ra

eQluation fhaV BoyernA b@

ea- o lar \-,o' /, ob ox r og) - oN?aFUd -o

nr. n,

n,[i*=

i I"Lut (#, "- 2qi$dL+ * y1n) P6W

+ -ou** (ut#) +!-kab- P- o

-) =t#*!kb:

P+Q

Problam

#44

(Davez

l/t2/tl)

Alutninum

Find bhe.d.eplaceme,nV
minimurn p ove,r'rA al

qqBb m e-Vh od Qive,n, Enc:7O GPo- , EoD-, eO O G pa.

of Ahe- 6uncdiol po\nu r,rsing

AAt: gOO fiimn, Auo: l2OO mmz Lt= 2oO f,fr, L2- goOnm P= lqooo N
Solubion

7"

bo2al pot'envial ener%,

q'(u):

Z.r.+D

+ TJ (rr): uat+ Eu; tr u

+4,@):++tt+wot- P*
I-AI-

Alo;t,

ou
=+ =+ =+

Eae-Aet

EclaAs."
Lea
CI

Lat 9xl0'x7Ox W
O,z
-A

r{-P:o
ZOOxlO"

lt-t)

1.2 xlO x

-.30

o.3

t&- l0rOOO

IttSxt&LL:lqOOO
?)-: 8. g 6xtO6m

'Proabrn

# 45 (Oaro:3/tz/t0
az6

5olva bho DEg

R&dleiBh-

tuivz mebhod.

%+t)__ (o<r<'t) #+td:-xb@S:r6U)_o

Solu-bion
The,

rqlwred

f uncvronal

ilA :

* J,' [ (#)"

- v' -r*U] dx
:
eW@-O

-T-qv funcvtarL: V(K)- Qr Q,(A

. r (v): +I't(+bu-v"- znvfax

+r:
$r_+

+f#q'**l
ffa*#:o + cr : -#
-&o@-)
@

I'

[_.; (tn-g"- e4"t' (x-r"- 2x.c_tW

)]d*

No,r/,

s- -oi

''
A6,n,
V

b-

@-)-- C 0, (il+ C'

.' J(y) :

: "(4

ct r@-) + c' K" @)

*lr'[t",

) r- rt#cf *fi c c2+ c4/6* l# c,-'+#i Nord, s:o; ffi=#o+ *e,t- b-o 1 c(:-fu : *q-e # cor # :oJ cz: - +E

Qx-r)+c"x-(eo<-43"-t", W)x-+c4x"@E - zx-{e .KLL- t) o co t(*-)} ] u*

# q6 (oaw: g/tz/11) Solva bho DEg % Ra:6teidh- tuiDz. rnezhod. t*7b+2c<$b== 6x

Problem

AU:b(E: o
Solupion
For debermrimg Vhe rq/utre)d ferncVional , t-ep e.ls asa urne a besa funcirort, V@,-@, such 3haD,V(t):VQ):-O

J"ut#dr *[,i*ut** x-:6J "v^An + [vr[ffid"J - IJ{ {" @l aa'4d{

Aroru,

"[,'"ov#dr--

n[,'vndo

+- tI 4*#
+ -tft#
t (d
2-

^4,-Ltzxvffir4\JinvSga,. l'2

: -

'..;J

Vxdx-

*bdec* G[,\/rcdr':o
and invtoducing ,

Sr&sF ivuving V@ niuh

6@ + I: f-tr(#)^+ t, ru7dac

t/z

TesU funcDtort.,
.' . J

A@):q Q,@:
t

C{

(*-0@E

(d

: * 1," @" ex--o)'+ z rq (n-t) @-4ldac

=+r(d:

+b{ef+eel
-,l5 O:O + C1--*? +cr* a.

ft

aI

eor

uvion,

b- *E-@-0@4
b@:Q ArUS* cr6t@ +b@: q@)@4+c. tg)-@t)

Aga\n, ?esv fuaclton,

4C - + [,"L*t @.- t) * Q @- z)* Q" @- t)' * c, (zn-z) (*t-t' ", + zxp, t @--t) @-4*c.@- t)- @41] o^
oc1

+I(6): rt-+9'-ec'-r
Noru,

44 ro5

g*?qJ
4go ,79
/79

bE: ffino*6eq:o
AI
ocr aI-

EI

*ot9.-3:ocr +

--t
t-,:

oct

#q-!:o

c--- - 231 z

sotuvion,

b:#@-I/\-ffi

Wf W)

Problern

# 47 (Dauo: 5/tz/tl
@
A

qr e)qmpeA botr shoaln %ne\der, L: I uni4 f-l tt;rti4 A: I uqiv Find oho follouing @ one,-turnt ^i^B solaaion o? Ra,bte$ -tuitz me,bhod.
For bhe circ4l

o.nd @

ar,oo

-Vern

(t)displarerrtenb
(tt)

surain (tr) euress

The re4lwrec\ funcDr ort,al ,

r (u)
I

: + [:E,4 (*+)' dn- pu(4

:TFial

slufion'- uQ):C( 6,@-C1 x{tz)

+r(1.)

= fzn,z (+ -t*4]"_+ PCr + r(4 : + EAq" + 2 P c1: + S+2trCt

NoN,

%: +ct+2P =+Fq +

-' . S olaViort-, u@)

A-

/--@-4

sararrv'

e:g: -+V.-)
c- Ee:- T@)
=gs-:

gtrress,

-+W-0
tc'+zc.xg{'d* +pcr *p?
c'^+
P

Again, ArioJ funcDion,

U(t4: g ,r\q--4+Cu2r-,-? 4

-'.

r(t^):+J:EA{Lq+

c/ @-_z)*

=+r(u)
Nor^\

--t

.,' -

+ cte- E
*XLoq:o

G*q

#-#tq

crJ&tPh#a

c':ffo
.".

sot

uiion' u@) :Ena'rn,

Drese,

gl-nVt)

,:#:-+@)

6: E Tkt =+6:-TWt)

Problem

#49

(Oare-: 5/t2/ t) a

%nbilever benm eub6*bed bo a- vdL q/@ Solvo *or O gingle Parame@r

@-fioo Porcnrteber

deflent\on and bend)ng tttomeslDe uiVh e*.acb sotualon,s of M a_v buo ]oc,o.bion of Vtta bqm
Compare:,

Solu?ion

the reqlirad *uncdr onoJ,

r(d

: rl

fn &)"- zq/@bl a". :

Qr"

Tilal Solr, b Lu): r (uS:+

j: [rrefra-zq@c"*"ldrc
Erq u- ?qW) q /3 l
-: BEre4L3 q/@t3: o

=+rq): *
Atoru,

Lt,

tL:o + -#

+ Q:# Wl^.F,)^- . SoluP) on,' ?r :

A tzEI

4/tru'

ftrial Sola: A@:eL'+"o#

-' . r(b) == + I

Ler ee, + Gcz*f-

4 (e,n'+c,*")f M
12e""

*, ,r(b)- + Ler (Aef L+ I2qc" t+

_-)n/1n,6, \4t_
-zr[/\o

Le)-

-4

I al4)l I /J

Nor4

6r:0+

#: *oQ*#ac2:o
- Z qf =o

#:
&
\-r ' r-, (_z-'.Eotufron,
Dof leeUion d)

Er(Be4 L+t2erL")

-- EL(ze1X+24c2L")24

*qt3:O

EI
L

q/

--

lzEL

A--#, #

',
l

fre? end ' Ono PararlLerte-r \So(lL: b: i"rt

Tao Pcxranno,J olt

: b#

Exach

$olo:

b:#

Pr oblor4

#.

50

(oqve,: 8/ I z/ I l)

Frnd bha eolubion

of bhe DEg

#+P+N:@
Q(o): fr(t):o
asi ng VDO poinb

uttocc&ion meiltod uiVh *p oin hs.

t/z orrd

x=t/4 eott ocnHton

SolrrDion

Residurrt funcD)on, |ac): #+@+xTVial

Sola, U (r.) :

Ct fr

:Cr*W)-bCz't@)

@ + 9+r@

Na-il, Ool

lom Dion qluauions,

qL:'/t):o + fze,* cr- + c1- E ."*tl- o , (x=-t /a): Q + [zq- + a-z& c,- & cz* ql: Sol v[n4 Ct:-a
C.o:-40
2

zt+

i
:

-'. s oLwvion b:-&x-@-t)-#%'@)

Problen
-til

# 5L (Oate.. gltz/tt)
Mevhod.

Solve

b6 ealetuirlo

#*lt:l
u(o)
9ol urtton

(o<a'<9

-o, u(t):l

,Re,sidt^al fiurcniort

bk\: v-/
:-t

q1 +a-l dE
\

rtal Sola ,ug UL):

.

MaN@)

Galerkir/s
Ja

qlur

l'e-W 6,@dac: o

+J 'f.".1tl.+c4x(a-r)- t] n|t) dx'- O

+ #"':+
: \'qCt:b
a 'lL: x-+ A xL*-) Eolt*bton:

'Problem

'

54 (Dat;e: 8/ Iz/10

lfind aho vwo pararnqD@r Gal qkin'e eolubion Do bhe

oltowing 6V P.

ox: --UL:T t*(o): (Q) iEoluvion

Rzesrcl

d^u

'

ual

fwcttiort , tLx):

#*l!- l -'A

TFiol

Sola u@): cr ft@+Qf'($ + u@): q rc@-z)rCzxQx-<)"

2g{- zocC"+4 C"(re--D
-o

-'

. @ *

q x'@-)n* 9x@- 4 -

'qoh, kin's eq/po..

[j.ruS\,@)d'":o
:

=+

ft+-+q !:
+

J: r@ @"@dac: o :) - -i# cz+$ c - # - o

Sotuing Ct: O.re
C2: O,l3
-^. s

otuvion, g-: o.85n@-4+O.tTxQ'c-t)z

iProblem

#55

(Oate,'-

lO/tz/t)

find bho soluhon for displ a.c,e,{nenD orrd sbress fields for Ahe folloruing a%tallt6- toaded bar problem
b6 CaJerkln's mezhod

conerder a par2iedar case

f=,1 unib:

A:l unib,

Lt :

Lz:l unl D' F:Zrttrio

%mpare ?ho einfle pararneW Galerkin's So(rrDiorr uibh hhree obvqined bg dte S/U ryproaeh.
5ol ubion

Qovern'tn$,

qpofrron

,AIh:F +# (=n*f):o
fueddual funcbion

, eq):

#Ge#)

Tri4 EolL : tL@:

CtO@

+ u4): Ax'(Pq

e@)- EA' 2c1

G,aler
Rr n'

E4lta-Vi o n

{""#(=oS*) o@dac*o

+ [@ @) (ra#)]r'- [eq G,q*b] :- I"(ro#)#*

+ [o@G
+A

#ilo: to @ rn #)J,7r: ["" Go #Y^du-o

( Q

[' uA#{ a4-4} {{xaal o** [ au), tEA

0 til:o

+ -['

q eb4 @*-4dx+ zA (t) : o

r

+ EA",

I' Qx-)"rJ^: 2. -4
(r

4 rac,[+ B-4 2"4-1 --/

+ ct:-s/A
-'.
placenenb fieJd, rt@):Srress fiet$ o(g):
Ois

effi:?eU-4
o(z) =8-1"5

+ n@4

Non,

for Ga(qkirls mebhod,

u(o): O, u(t): O'75, uq:O

o (o): {or
h ^ S/ M lAA

t-5

oQ): q

1L(4:O O, u():t' o(): tl, a(Q:-l er (d: l,

t4o):

\r:, :r

Part D

Solution of Botrndaay Value Problems

by Sinite Element Method

Problem

# 5A (oqvo: I 5 / tz/

l)

Kr6olb/irt
kz:ao0o/in ks:1oLb/in
lzq- l5ol,b/tn
kO- lzolblTx

14-l@Utn fi=toolb
Find Ahe dbplacemena
9olabion

^?rg

FEM.

tr^:9OLb

Gtobql V\ffness Mavrir Qruav\orl

Lnf,ru
k1

{1u-, : { FJ ,*,
U1

-ktOO
k1+k2+k6t4

{,

*k1

o o

-b-tg - lzt -kr* ks kz+t<6k6 - <5 t4$%tkc -L<4 -k

lA2

ft
fs
f4
3 t5
F

l^s
l-ltl

OO-k6
f
u,"ta+t'gt
r..t

%
- (t^"* t ") kzt ke-r k * k5
t^4

-'**4e)
-k1

-4
k4+t<5+

l ""J l"

zl:{;l

f sqo l-,uo

-vo
2go

-H{r}

:{ff

I,uo - t20
t,tsing Garres E.llnina7iln,

{-}
lus
( tLt I t^2

:{IE\
(o
o.29 - II o.uo

I o.rs
@n")

l:"

Lo

Problem #

59 (Oata, tO/tz/ t tl

l-52^

O.oOn

|Ae,tut b
A= t2.g

^/^o lbe, bu)o elenenD FEM model Vo ennpQb mnodal disp lacemanbs, elernen7 eoresg, s tLPPorv r<ncdon.

A- 8.OGcrn" cm' E: G.9xfo'o N/^" E: e.Sxloto

f, a 4'46 kN
Fz-: Z.ZOI<N

9olM,on G lobal E?iff ne\s

ry ry)L -j l"j Lo I,l l+*ry 4l*1 ,rE +l *'l:l'f

1

oll*' I f'l -ry ry\l 'I,zf:l.-f l+ r*H?

M

a2r\cc E4tuabi on

\'+

[:::: :;]{:f-{2,::::l
{n}'tj:::;^}^
1

Solving,

{t}:lfx:;+n
fi-58.86Nt8, l.l4x@'
G.7KN
-4

-' .Q@cVion f orce,

Problem

# Ao (oauoz la/tz/tt)
Sini lar mct4e-na(s
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Solue bA Solubion

reU
M aPitcc

Qtobal 9viffnes

trqrua2lort-

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Problem

#62

(DaVe,:

t5/t2/t)

A @mpoeite wall condoDs

of blwe rrctr,eigl lauers

hnvocDlofl henb Vranofq Dd^es plae,e. av oho\nnu wall afr, Which mdium fuinpdabuqe, T*,:8OO'C and
25 N/m"C. DaDqm\ne- pempe-raDttre.dis?rrb yjtion in blte wall btd FEM wi?h rritnL no of ebsnerrD.
Ae

ouves NaU p2g"q,

Solubion

the Gtobal Sffifnes

lAaVize a4,@iort, titVh

gl.1ysla

Melettstlt

LKJo*o{TJo.,

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Or

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o
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sin

fl Gaass Him\naviorl"'

ft) lzz.eI :l ';i::l lzl Lt"J t zo J

(n^")

Proulem

(Dave: l5/tz/il) An insrlq.S)ng wall oF o lwmogeneo&s la6ers.

tb
RFSONfs'C
kz= AOl.t/ y1'C

#ag

Rs:70N/p1"C

Lf SAmn
Lz:95nm
Media" near inner wall Le:25mm

T:tOo'c , 4: tu@Aia- nenr ourer

lO N/m."C
utoJ(

f:.35?

tLo:15

In/rtT
\nnqt ou@r
rual( as

Find vhe Oernpuatatre. aP bhe inuqfoe- b6 FEM.

Solubion

udl as ab '

Global SviFfnes

f\aVftr

Equahon,

L*fa^o{4o*r:
Kt
L1

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Tt
T2

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L1

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t857.t4
-857.14

t4

o
2800

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ol

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Te

-2800

Z,J

ttang

GalrcS Elinirna7ion

E}

4l.ss : I qa.o6 I

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Problem

# 64 (OaVe: 22/ t2/ n Solve Vhe foilowing O\/ p bt6 FEM

#+Rx-:o
iSolutlon 1t\.

(o-<zc-<t

A@)_o,AQ)-l
tLev uS Coneider a- Dhre.e elqn,enV sgs

fum a6 dtontrt,

,.tO
X_:O

r:l/o
I

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Far denen? 2 For elewte-nb3
t-d

Fo,r

elemenz

LF Kz-K _,/e-K

%2A Vo-o : I-ex Lz: K-xt _?-o : gx x-2-\ t/g-O

dlr -.----a dL
dL" d4
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n .\J , I_ 2/a-X =2_U_ l.:I . ^t :+35Ul-l-, L I -z/3 2/g-tb, ._x-4s t L2:@ : gK-2 Lz:-1u

-x-tbyu:3x/,
--h

dx
t---/

dtr

d/r : ,1 -'r \-/ */-

oll' da-

dlr dr- -e,

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