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NHNG HIU QU T VIC NG DUNG CC GII PHP

TU NG HO CHO TRAM BIN P


Li m u

Hin nay, c nhiu gii php cho vic t ng ho v ang c nghin
cu phc v cho mc ch nng cao hiu qu kinh t, c th l nng cao cht
lng phc v v gim chi ph vn hnh v bo dng. Rt nhiu gii php
c a ra xoay quanh cc vn iu khin, gim st, v cc h tr v mt
thng tin,.. ti u ho kh nng em li li nhun cho mt gii php t
ng ho, c s h tng v hin trng phi c thc y v nng cp, gim
n mc ti thiu gi cc trang thit b s dng. Trong nhiu trng hp, cc
chc nng t ng phi t c mc ch li nhun sao cho b p c cc
chi ph thc hin.

S sp t cc mc ch t ng ho nhm tho mn cc mc tiu chin lc
v cc i hi v mt li nhun l mt nhim v nng n, phi lun c quan
tm v iu chnh nh k theo kp cc bc tin ca cng ngh mi.
Chng ta cn xc nh mt phng php, m hnh, cu trc t ng ho sao
cho c th cung cp cng c v thng tin cho tt c ngi s dng trong h
thng. M hnh ny c th a n nhng bi ton quy hoch ngn hn v
nhng quyt nh kp thi t c mc tiu ton din. y l mc ch
ca bi vit ny khi cng nhn nhn li cc xu hng t ng ho trm bin
p, chng minh s ng n ca chng trong vic ti u ho cc mc tiu
chin lc.

Cc vn in hnh

Ngy nay, tim nng li nhun t vic p dng t ng ho trong vn hnh
lun c ch . Li nhun y c chia lm 2 loi chnh, v hai kha
cnh: chin lc v hu hnh. Li ch v mt chin lc l kt qu t vic
nng cao nhn thc ca khch hng v cht lng, tin cy. Li ch hu
hnh c c xut pht t vic nng cao kh nng t chc lm vic tt hn,
nhanh hn, v chi ph thp hn. Bng di y cho ta v d minh ho v li
ch chin lc v hu hnh.

Li ch chin lc Li ch hu hnh
Ci thin cht lng phc v Gim chi ph nhn cng
Nng cao tin cy Gim chi ph thc hin h thng
Bo dng/m rng phm vi khch hng Gim chi ph vn hnh
Cung cp dch v cht lng cao Gim chi ph bo dng
Cc dch v ph tr Kh nng tr hon cc d n pht sinh

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Cung cp thng tin cho khch hng Nng cao thng tin cho cc quyt nh k thut
nh hng v mt uy tn ca nh cung
cp dch v
Nng cao thng tin cho cc tnh ton quy hoch
Cc chnh sch linh hot v qung co Gim thi gian mt in khch hng

Nhiu n v sn xut u tin tng rng vic p dng ng cng ngh t
ng ho trong khu phn phi s lm tng tin cy dch v, ng thi gim
chi ph vn hnh v bo dng. i vi trng hp u t cho mt d n trm
bin p, cc tiu ch sau y cn c quan tm ch :

1. Chin lc: D n t ng ha phi ci thin c cht lng in nng,
tin cy cht lng phc v v kh nng sn sng cung cp thng tin cho
nhng ph ti thng mi v cng nghip ln v y l nhm ph ti c s
vn ng k nht. Kh nng kinh doanh thnh cng trong tng lai ph thuc
rt nhiu vo s duy tr v tin tng ca khch hng trong nn kinh t cnh
tranh.
2. Hu hnh: Li nhun hu hnh do vic t ng ho mang li bao gm: tr
hon hoc chm u t ngun in, gim chi ph vn hnh v bo dng, nng
cao cc chc nng thc hin, ta c th d dng nhn ra chng khi so snh vi
trng hp t ng ho khng c p dng.


T ng ho trm bin p

Trong nhng nm va qua, vic t ng ho trm bin p ng ngha vi s
c mt ca h thng SCADA v RTU. Mt cuc kho st gn y ch ra rng
c n 54% cho rng h thng RTU m ng tt nhim v thng tin h
thng. 35% cho rng mt h thng x l thng tin ring bit cn thit hn mt
h thng RTU, 15% li tin dng h thng PLC v 15% cho rng nn dng
kt hp c hai. Khong 30% trong s ngi c hi ni rng h cha c
tp hun cho vic p dng t ng ho trong trm. Vi mc ch ca tc gi,
vic t ng ho trong trm c hiu tng ng nh mt b vi x l, c
th kt hp v thc hin cc chc nng iu khin, giao tip thng qua h
thng thng tin ti ch hoc t xa.

Trn thc t, kh nng ca thit b nu hiu theo ngha trn, l hon ton khc
nhau. Mt h thng t ng ho trong trm c th t b phn n gin nht
nh RTU cho n h thng my tnh ni mng LAN/WAN, c th cung cp
nhiu chc nng khc nhau cho vic vn hnh trm.


Tn dng kh nng hin thi ca trm

Cc tram truyn ti in cha ng mt s lng rt ln cc thit b t ng
bi tm quan trng ca vai tr trm trong vn hnh. Cc thit b t ng trong

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trm bao gm RTU, b ghi cc s kin, ghi s c, t bng iu khin, v cc
b vi x l trong h thng r le bo v. Cc u vo v ra (I/O) ca cc thit
b ny hon ton c kt ni bng dy, cc tip im trng thi, h thng r
le bo v v qua s mimic. i vi h thng thng tin, ngoi vic s dng
ng dy in thoi, cn c c vic lin kt bng vi sng (micro wave), cp
quang, ng dy in thoi chuyn dng, vi mc ch truyn d liu vi tc
1200 n 9600 baud.

Hu nh cc trm phn phi ngy nay s dng s lng c hn cc thit b
in t thng minh IEDs. Rt nhiu trm c RTU, nhng cng t trm c
trang b b ghi s kin, ghi s c v r le s.

Vic bo dng nhng trm ny thng i hi nhn cng lm vic ti ch.
Nhng thit b trong trm nh l my ct, MBA, b iu chnh in p thng
c bo dng trong khi khng bit r chi tit hin trng thit b.


C hi v s khng nh

C rt nhiu c hi v tim nng trong vic thit k, vn hnh v bo dng
trm bin p nhm s dng hiu qu hn, nhanh hn, chi ph thp hn v kh
nng cung cp dch v phong ph hn. Nhng hiu qu ny c th t c
khi loi b nhng phn khng cn thit v s dng cc b vi x l trong cc
b iu khin qun l tt cc thng tin cung cp bng cc thit b in t
thng minh (IEDs).

Ni chung, mt qu trnh t ng ho trm bin p cn t c cc tiu
chun nh sau:

1. Cu trc mi - s tham gia ca cc b phn: RTU, bng iu khin mimic,
bng tn hiu, cc b ghi s kin, ghi s c, h thng cp dn, v mt lng
ng k khng gian trng. T ng ho trm bin p nhm gim gi thnh
xy dng m vn ci thin thm c nhiu chc nng cho trm.
2. Trang b nhng b phn mi theo hin trng ca trm - cc d n m
rng trm, tng s lng thanh ci, MBA hay cc thit b ng ct c th d
dng tch hp cho vic lp rp cc b phn t ng ho. Tnh trng hin ti
ca trm c th c thay th hoc tch hp vi mt cu trc t ng ho mi.
3. Nng cp mng din rng WAN tng tc truyn thng tin (nh
l T1 hoc Ethernet). Cu trc ca RTU thng lin kt vi SCADA vi tc
1200 baud s khng tng thch vi tc cao khi truyn bng mng
WAN hin i.
4. Mua mi hoc thay th RTU, bng tn hiu, cc b ghi s kin, ghi s
c hay r le c in - nn tng ca vic t ng ha trm bin p l s a

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cc thit b ny vo vn hnh cng vi mt s b phn c bit khc nhm
nng cao thm cc tnh nng cho trm, ng thi gim gi thnh.


Nhng li ch ca vic tch hp t ng ho trm bin p

Vic tch hp h thng t ng ho trm bin p s cho ta li ch trn nhiu
kha cnh nh: tnh nng s dng, thit k, vn hnh, bo dng v tin cy
ca mi trng vn hnh. Nn tng cho hu ht cc gii php t ng ho
trm bin p thay i rt nhanh, nhng vn bao gm cc h thng RTU, cc
b phn theo nguyn l hp en, v cc gii php m cho mng WAN/LAN
phc v cho h thng PC v PLC. Danh mc di y s phn loi v tng
hp nhng li ch tim tng t gii php tch hp t ng ho trm bng vic
s dng PC MMI, mng LAN cc b, cc rle in t thng minh (IED) v
modem truy cp t xa.


Nhng li ch v mt thit k

1. Tiu chun ho giao din s dng v ci thin vic truy cp cho ngi s
dng.
2. Tiu chun ho cu trc h thng thng nht vic xy dng, vn hnh v
nng cp cc phn khc nhau ca t ng ho.
3. Loi b cc thit b khng cn thit.
4. Gim nh c s h tng trong trm (gm cc hng mc: i dy, ri cp, t
bng iu khin v bo v v kch thc phng iu khin).
5. Hin i ho, to iu kin thun li v hiu qu cho vic m rng trm
trong tng lai.
6. D dng nng cp cc phn cng v phn mm chuyn dng.
7. Giao thc c lp.
8. Phn phi cc hub thng tin n gin ho vic tch hp cc chc nng t
ng ho.


Nhng li ch v mt vn hnh

1. ng nht h thng MMI truy cp d liu
2. Khai thc kh nng ca cc thit b in t thng minh (IEDs)
3. Tch hp cc tn hiu cnh bo v phi hp vi bo co s kin.

Bng 2 - c lng hiu qu ca vic t ng ho trm bin p



5
Mc
S
lng
n
v
n gi
$/n v
Chi ph
vt liu
Gi LV
/n v
Chi ph
nhn lc
Tng
cng
Gim bt s t bng
iu khin
6 Ci $8000 $48000 50 $12000 $60000
Gim bt s t bng
bo v
4 Ci $5000 $20000 50 $8000 $28000
Gim s rle Txmsn 2 Ci $3500 $7000 20 $1600 $8600
Gim s rle cc l 10 Ci $2500 $25000 20 $8000 $33000
Gim cp ri 660 m $3.03 $2000 0.2 $16000 $18000
Gim i dy 1980 m $12.12 $24000 0.1 $24000 $48000
Gim kch thc
phng iu khin
15 m
2
$160 $2400 5 $32000 $34000
Gim RTU 1 Ci $18000 $18000 750 $30000 $48000
Gim s b ghi s
c
1 Ci $25000 $25000 100 $4000 $29000
Gim s b ghi s
kin
1 Ci $18000 $18000 100 $4000 $22000
Gim b bng tn
hiu ch th
2 Ci $3000 $6000 20 $1600 $7600

c tnh li nhun
tng cng
$195400 $141200 $336600

cung cp cho mt h thng t ng ho trm bin p cn mt khong chi
ph t $ 100000 n $200000, bao gm:

1. My tnh vi giao din MMI, tc 133 MHz Pentium, i km cc phn
mm cn thit, cc driver iu khin, cc phn mm ng dng v qun l h
thng.
2. Mng cc b LAN vi giao din v cc thit b in t thng minh (IEDs)
3. B iu khin c th lp trnh c v cc modul u vo/ra t xa.
4. Gn kt cc thit b in t thng minh (IEDs) vi cc s bo v nht
th v nh th cho cc thit b quan trng. ti u ho chi ph kinh t, cc
thit b in t thng minh (IEDs) nn c t gn nht c th vi thit b
cn bo v.
5. Cc b cm bin v phn mm phc v cho vic gim st MBA.
6. Cc bn v thit k v in, xy dng,.. Cc bn v ny nn c lu tr
di dng file v lu tr trong my tnh v c th d dng truy cp qua mng.
7. Cu hnh ca ton h thng, thit b th nghim, ti liu k thut lin quan.

Ngi ta nhn ra rng li ch mang li thng ln hn chi ph cho vic thc
hin mt trm mi. Chi ph thc hin c th bin i tu thuc vo hin trng
ca trm, vo s tin tng ca ngi s dng vi thit b t ng mi so vi s
mimic truyn thng. Ta ch c th ti u ho chi ph khi t cc thit b
in t thng minh (IEDs) gn nht c th vi thit b cn bo v v ch dng
duy nht mt MMI (mt PC).

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Bng 3 cho ta bit li nhun v gi thnh cho vic thc hin t ng ho trm
bin p ca mt n v cp trung bnh, vi 116 trm bin p, 16 trm bin p
ln, 40 trm bin p phn phi c trung bnh v 60 trm bin p phn phi c
nh.

Bng 3 - c lng gi thnh v li nhun cho mt d n t ng ha cho
mt n v qun l in c trung bnh.


Mc Li nhun D tnh $ Mc Chi ph D tnh $
Gim thi gian tm v
khc phc s c
2,250,000
Trm nh vi cc TB in
t thng minh
4,800,000
Gim chi ph O&M h
thng SCADA
34,800
Trm trung bnh vi cc TB
in t thng minh
4,000,000
Gim chi ph O&M cc
thit b o
46,400
Trm ln vi cc TB in t
thng minh
1,920,000
Gim chi ph O&M h
thng Rle bo v
232,000 H thng gim st MBA 1,320,000
Gim chi ph O&M cc
b ghi s kin v s c
11,600
Vn hnh t xa thng qua
Modem
174,000 Chi ph tng cng $ 12,040,000
Bo dng theo d bo 718,504
Ti u ho ti MBA 1,437,008
Gim chi ph gim st
ng dy v ct s c
153,100

Gim chi ph o to 50,000 # s trm BA nh 60
Qun l bn v k thut 116,000 # s trm BA trung bnh 40
# s trm BA ln 16
Li nhun tng cng $ 5,223,413 Tng cng s trm BA 116



Phng thc nhm t li nhun

Vic tnh ton v thng mi cho mt phng n thc hin t ng ha
trm bin p da trn cc li nhun v mt chin lc cng nh hu hnh (
c nu trn). iu c ngha l mt phn ln nhng li nhun ny c
c l do gim chi ph O&M, l kt qu ca vic gim chi ph cho nhn cng
v cc qu trnh thng mi khc. thu tm nhng li nhun ny, cn c
mt s thay i trong vic t chc cng nh cc chc nng t ng, v nng
cp ci thin cc qu trnh thng mi.




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Sp xp v t chc li cng vic

i vi cc n v qun l lin quan, nhng cng vic cn chuyn i t trm
khng c t ng (theo kiu truyn thng) sang trm vi vic thc hin t
ng ho hon ton gm c: h thng thit b o, bo v, SCADA v vic bo
dng chng. Nhm thit b ny c th hot ng c lp tu theo nhng mc
ch ring bit, v cng vic ny i hi ngi s dng phi c tp hun
trc khi vn hnh thit b. Vi h thng trm c p dng cc gii php t
ng ho, thit b s c kt hp gia qu trnh s ho, cng ngh thng tin
vi h thng thit b c.

Ngi thc hin cng vic o lng s khng cn phi thit k v bo dng
h thng vi nhng ng h o kiu c. Cc chc nng o s c thc hin
bi cc thit b in t thng minh IEDs v cc d liu o thi gian thc s
c a ln mng, ngi s dng c th truy cp d liu bt c khi no. Vi
h thngs t ng ho nh th ny, d liu c lu tr phc v cho cc mc
ch khc nhau nh hin th, nh hng chung cng nh phn tch trng thi.

Cc k s lm vic vi h thng thit b bo v s tn dng kh nng truy cp
t xa xc nh trng thi li, cc d liu k thut v HT s c thng
qua h thng mng hay c th truy cp bng modem. Thi gian cho vic thu
thp, x l v truyn tin s c ti u ho mc nhanh nht, hoc coi nh
c b qua. Nhng ti liu h tr s c kt hp cng vi cc d liu tch
hp. Thng qua h thng cc my tnh ni mng, ngi s dng c th xem,
sa cha cc vn bn, ti liu hoc cc bn v ngay trn mng.

Lc ny, h thng SCADA & RTUs s khng cn cn thit na. H thng t
ng ho trm BA s chn lc cc thng tin tng t (analog) v thng tin
trng thi t mng v cng tranh ua vi giao thc ca h thng qun l nng
lng EMS thng qua modul giao din, hot ng tng ng nh mt RTU.
Vic iu khin bng gii php s dng t ng ha s c thc hin trc
tip thng ti EMS.

Cng tc bo dng cng s c ti u ho. Cc thit b quan trng trong
trm s c gim st v cnh bo khi tnh trng vn hnh vt qu ngng
cho php. Nhiu thit b in t thng minh IEDs v thit b thng tin c kh
nng t gim st. V th, qu trnh bo dng thit b c th c d bo
trc, ch khng cn thc hin theo nh k nh trc y.

Lc lng nhn cng vn hnh cng nh bo dng trm s c gim bt
qun s ng k.




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Tng hp v kt lun

Ngy nay, vic p dng cc gii php t ng ho cho trm BA c th em li
mt lng li nhun ng k. T nhng khi nim chung, c th em li cho
ngi s dng nhng gii php thng mi mi cho hin ti v nh hng
cho tng lai nhm t li nhun cao nht. S cng c cho cc gii php v t
ng ho trn kha cnh tnh ton v thng tin c th cho kh nng a ra cc
cu trc li mt cch a dng, phc v cho mc ch tnh ton m rng t
ng ho phn phi in. Cui cng, cc qu trnh c thc hin trong trm
s cho kh nng phong ph v iu khin v gim st cc ng dng.

Cc cng ty iu hnh ang nghin cu, kho st cc gii php khc nhau h
tr cho cc hot ng thng mi nhm mc ch nng cao tin cy v gim
chi ph vn hnh v bo dng. Hng trm chc nng t ng c xem
xt v p dng trn nhiu kha cnh khc nhau v iu khin, gim st v cc
h tr v mt thng tin. ti u ho kh nng em li li nhun ca mt d
n t ng ho trm BA, hin trng ca trm cn c thc y nng cp,
gim thiu chi ph cho cc thit b trm, v cn lu thc hin cc bc trung
gian thc hin chuyn i t chc cng vic. Trong nhiu trng hp, cc
chc nng t ng t ra vi mc ch b p cc chi ph thc hin.

S sp xp cc chc nng t ng nhm tho mn mc tiu chin lc, cc
yu cu v t l li nhun l mt nhim v ht sc kh khn, i hi phi
c nghin cu, iu chnh kp thi theo kp c tin b ca cng ngh
mi. V pha ngi iu hnh, cn phi xc nh c mt m hnh v gii
php c th v t ng ho ph hp c th cung cp c cho khch hng
s dng sn phm in nng vi cht lng tt nht c th. M hnh t ng
ho trm c th coi nh y l nh hng cho vic quy hoch ngn hn. Mc
ch ca bi vit ny l cng tho lun v cc xu th t ng ha trm, vi
mc tiu ti u ho li nhun, gim ti thiu chi ph v chng minh s ng
n ca chng trong vic p dng cc gii php t ng ho cho trm bin p
tho mn mc tiu chin lc chung.