Features of AM

Features of Amplitude Modulation

Modulated signal have three frequencies; fc, fc+fm, fc+fm Carrier contains 66.66% of total power at m=1 Carrier and one side band contains the power of 83.33% at m=1 Band width of the modulated signal is 2fm Carrier contains no information Upper and lower side bands contain same information Fading may occur

19 February 2011

DR. M. Amjad Imran

27

SSB SC SSB-SC
Advantages
Power Optimization Reduction in band width Noise can be reduced comparatively Fading can be avoided

Disadvantages
Generation and reception of SSB signal is complex process SSB transmitter and receiver need to have an excellent frequency stability q y y
19 February 2011 DR. M. Amjad Imran 28

DSB SC DSB-SC
D1 D3 D4

Modulating signal i l

+T1
D2

+T2

Carrier

No Modulating Signal
y y y For Positive half cycle of carrier, currents enter the primary coil of T2 in opposite direction, so no out put at the secondary coil of T2 For negative half cycle of carrier, currents leave the primary coil of T2 in opposite direction, so again no out put at the secondary coil of T2

With Modulating Signal

For Positive half cycle of modulating signal D1 and D2 conduct, so output can be achieved from the secondary of T2 For negative half cycle D3 and D4 conduct, and output can be achieved from secondary of T2 180 out of phase

19 February 2011

DR. M. Amjad Imran

29

DSB SC DSB-SC
v1+v2 G
S D

FET1

Carrier v1

id1 + id2
D G

Modulating Signal v2

T3 T1 T2

v1-v2

FET2
S

See analysis in class notes y

19 February 2011 DR. M. Amjad Imran 30

SSB SC SSB-SC
Balanced Modulator
Side band Suppression filter

Balanced Mixer

Linear Amplifier

Crystal oscillator Modulating Signal

mt

Balanced Modulator

c t + 90 m t

c t + 90
90 phase shifter 90 phase shifter
Summing Amplifier

2 ( c t + m t + 90 )
Linear Amplifier

Carrier

ct
Balanced Modulator

m t + 90

c t ( m t + 90 )

19 February 2011

DR. M. Amjad Imran

31

SSB SC SSB-SC
Modulating g signal

0 t + 90 m t
Balanced Modulator 1
Audio LPF

0 t + 90 m t
Balanced B l d Modulator 1

c t ( 0 t + 90 m t )

0 t + 90
90 phase p shifter

ct
Carrier osc

0t
Audio Carrier C osc

ct
90 phase p ase shifter

Summing circuit

10

0t
Balanced Modulator 2

0t m t

Audio A di LPF

0t m t

c t + 90
c t + 90 ( 0 t m t )

Balanced Modulator 1

10 c t + ( 0 t m t )
19 February 2011 DR. M. Amjad Imran 32

Frequency Modulation FM
Carrier wave:

s c (t ) = Vc sin( c t + (t )) where c = 2f c
Instant Phase Deviation: sta t ase e at o It is the instantaneous change in the phase of the carrier at a given instant of time and indicates how much the phase of the carrier is changed with respect to the reference phase

Instantane ous Phase Deviation = (t) rad

Instant Phase: It is the precise phase of the carrier at a given instant of time and is expressed mathematically

Instantane ous Phase = ct + (t) rad ()

19 February 2011 DR. M. Amjad Imran 33

FM........... FM
Instantaneous frequency Deviation: I t t f D i ti It is the instantaneous change in the frequency of the carrier and is defined as the first time derivative of the instantaneous phase deviation

Instantane ous frequency deviation = (t) rad/s

Instantaneous frequency: p q y g It is the precise frequency of the carrier at a given instant of time and is defined as the first time derivative of instantaneous phase

Instantane ous frequency =

Modulating Signal:

d [ct + (t)] dt

s m (t ) = Vm sin m t
19 February 2011 DR. M. Amjad Imran 34

FM............ FM
Frequency Modulated Signal: q y g
S fm ( t ) = V c sin[ c t + (t) dt] In frequency modulation

(t) S m (t)

S fm ( t ) = V c sin[ c t + KV m sin( m t )dt] = V c sin[ c t + cos( m t ) ] m = V c sin[ c t + cos( m t ) ] = KV m / m = + J 1( )[sin( c + m t ) sin( c m t )] = + J 2 ( )[sin( c + 2 m t ) sin( c 2 m t )] = + J 3 ( )[sin( c + 3 m t ) sin( c 3 m t )] + ........ KV m

= V c{ J 0 ( ) sin c t

}
35

19 February 2011

DR. M. Amjad Imran

FM...... FM

In the series for Sfm(t), n = 0 is the carrier component, i.e. Ec J 0 ( ) sin(c t ) , hence the n = 0 curve shows how the component at the carrier frequency, fc, varies in amplitude, with modulation i d ith d l ti index .
19 February 2011 DR. M. Amjad Imran 36

FM........ FM
OBSERVATIONS:
1. AM has only three frequencies ( i.e carrier, upperside band, lowerside band) Where as FM has infinite number of side bands as well as carrier. The side bands are separated from the carrier by fm,f2m,f3m..... 2. Side band distribution is symmetric about the carrier frequency 3. Some of the Bessel Coefficients may have ve values, indicating 180 phase change for that particular pair of bands 4. How many s deba d co po e ts have s g ca t a p tudes is depe de t o a y sideband components a e significant amplitudes s dependent on the Modulation Index 5. In AM, Sideband power and the total transmitted power increases with the depth of modulation. However in FM, total transmitted power always remain same. Increased value of modulation index require, more bandwidths for q , transmission 6. For certain values of modulation index,J0() goes zero, hence carrier may be suppressed by selecting those values of

19 February 2011

DR. M. Amjad Imran

37